the phonetics of english pronunciation session 04€¦ · session 04 ingmar steiner1 institute of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Phonetics of English PronunciationSession 04
Ingmar Steiner1
Institute of PhoneticsSaarland University
24.11.2008
1using material by William Barry
![Page 2: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• Problematic consonants (cont’d)
• Practice run of typical test questions
• Articulograms
![Page 3: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview
• Problematic consonants (cont’d)
• Practice run of typical test questions
• Articulograms
![Page 4: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Overview
• Problematic consonants (cont’d)
• Practice run of typical test questions
• Articulograms
![Page 5: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
〈w〉 /w/: What a worry!
• Description: Labial-velar glide.. . . it’s really an /u/ vowel used as a consonant!(Read pp. 69-75)
• Say: “uuuuater”, “uuuuuish”, “uuuuuet”, “uuuueather”!
• But one big problem is the orthography!(We can’t escape from our education © German 〈w〉 = /v/)
• Another problem is /w/ in consonant clusters (/tw/, /kw/). . . the first consonant has to have rounded lips too!e.g. twenty twins; quite queer; queen’s question
• And when you have practised and practised. . . the danger is:you over-correct, “vich is wery vorrying!”
![Page 6: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
〈w〉 /w/: What a worry!
• Description: Labial-velar glide.. . . it’s really an /u/ vowel used as a consonant!(Read pp. 69-75)
• Say: “uuuuater”, “uuuuuish”, “uuuuuet”, “uuuueather”!
• But one big problem is the orthography!(We can’t escape from our education © German 〈w〉 = /v/)
• Another problem is /w/ in consonant clusters (/tw/, /kw/). . . the first consonant has to have rounded lips too!e.g. twenty twins; quite queer; queen’s question
• And when you have practised and practised. . . the danger is:you over-correct, “vich is wery vorrying!”
![Page 7: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
〈w〉 /w/: What a worry!
• Description: Labial-velar glide.. . . it’s really an /u/ vowel used as a consonant!(Read pp. 69-75)
• Say: “uuuuater”, “uuuuuish”, “uuuuuet”, “uuuueather”!
• But one big problem is the orthography!(We can’t escape from our education © German 〈w〉 = /v/)
• Another problem is /w/ in consonant clusters (/tw/, /kw/). . . the first consonant has to have rounded lips too!e.g. twenty twins; quite queer; queen’s question
• And when you have practised and practised. . . the danger is:you over-correct, “vich is wery vorrying!”
![Page 8: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
〈w〉 /w/: What a worry!
• Description: Labial-velar glide.. . . it’s really an /u/ vowel used as a consonant!(Read pp. 69-75)
• Say: “uuuuater”, “uuuuuish”, “uuuuuet”, “uuuueather”!
• But one big problem is the orthography!(We can’t escape from our education © German 〈w〉 = /v/)
• Another problem is /w/ in consonant clusters (/tw/, /kw/). . . the first consonant has to have rounded lips too!e.g. twenty twins; quite queer; queen’s question
• And when you have practised and practised. . . the danger is:you over-correct, “vich is wery vorrying!”
![Page 9: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
〈w〉 /w/: What a worry!
• Description: Labial-velar glide.. . . it’s really an /u/ vowel used as a consonant!(Read pp. 69-75)
• Say: “uuuuater”, “uuuuuish”, “uuuuuet”, “uuuueather”!
• But one big problem is the orthography!(We can’t escape from our education © German 〈w〉 = /v/)
• Another problem is /w/ in consonant clusters (/tw/, /kw/). . . the first consonant has to have rounded lips too!e.g. twenty twins; quite queer; queen’s question
• And when you have practised and practised. . . the danger is:you over-correct, “vich is wery vorrying!”
![Page 10: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
〈r〉 /r/ – [ô]
• Definition: Post-alveolar approximant (= blade of tonguepulled back and raised towards front of palate)
• A “tapped” or “flapped” tongue-tip /r/ is often heard inScotland and Ireland, particularly between vowels: verybut the flapped /r/ is the “normal” sort of “R” after 〈th〉 [T]:three, through, thrash, throw, thrift
• The /r/ only occurs before a vowel and between vowels inBritish English. In American it also occurs after vowels.
British: American:fought = fort /fO:t/; fought /fO:t/ 6= fort /fOôtsought = sort /sO:t/; sought /sO:t/ 6= sort /sOôt
Also: cart /kA:t/; /kAôt/dirt /d3:t/; /d3ôt/ or /dÇ:t/
![Page 11: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
〈r〉 /r/ – [ô]
• Definition: Post-alveolar approximant (= blade of tonguepulled back and raised towards front of palate)
• A “tapped” or “flapped” tongue-tip /r/ is often heard inScotland and Ireland, particularly between vowels: verybut the flapped /r/ is the “normal” sort of “R” after 〈th〉 [T]:three, through, thrash, throw, thrift
• The /r/ only occurs before a vowel and between vowels inBritish English. In American it also occurs after vowels.
British: American:fought = fort /fO:t/; fought /fO:t/ 6= fort /fOôtsought = sort /sO:t/; sought /sO:t/ 6= sort /sOôt
Also: cart /kA:t/; /kAôt/dirt /d3:t/; /d3ôt/ or /dÇ:t/
![Page 12: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
〈r〉 /r/ – [ô]
• Definition: Post-alveolar approximant (= blade of tonguepulled back and raised towards front of palate)
• A “tapped” or “flapped” tongue-tip /r/ is often heard inScotland and Ireland, particularly between vowels: verybut the flapped /r/ is the “normal” sort of “R” after 〈th〉 [T]:three, through, thrash, throw, thrift
• The /r/ only occurs before a vowel and between vowels inBritish English. In American it also occurs after vowels.
British: American:fought = fort /fO:t/; fought /fO:t/ 6= fort /fOôtsought = sort /sO:t/; sought /sO:t/ 6= sort /sOôt
Also: cart /kA:t/; /kAôt/dirt /d3:t/; /d3ôt/ or /dÇ:t/
![Page 13: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Practising your “R”s
• If you have problems articulating the [ô] . . . Don’t panic!
Start with [A::: ô ô A:::]Pronounce a long [A:::] and slowly move your tongue tip upand back. . . then down again to its [A] position
• Don’t rush it. Listen to the effect the tongue raising has onthe quality of the sound. . . until you can hear you areproducing two syllables.
• Then practise your /r/ in words:
a) intervocalically (hurry, ferry, lorry, barrier, sorry)b) word initially (right, rock, rat, rub)c) after /p/ and /b/ (price, bright, pray, break, prove)
![Page 14: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Practising your “R”s
• If you have problems articulating the [ô] . . . Don’t panic!
Start with [A::: ô ô A:::]
Pronounce a long [A:::] and slowly move your tongue tip upand back. . . then down again to its [A] position
• Don’t rush it. Listen to the effect the tongue raising has onthe quality of the sound. . . until you can hear you areproducing two syllables.
• Then practise your /r/ in words:
a) intervocalically (hurry, ferry, lorry, barrier, sorry)b) word initially (right, rock, rat, rub)c) after /p/ and /b/ (price, bright, pray, break, prove)
![Page 15: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Practising your “R”s
• If you have problems articulating the [ô] . . . Don’t panic!
Start with [A::: ô ô A:::]Pronounce a long [A:::] and slowly move your tongue tip upand back. . . then down again to its [A] position
• Don’t rush it. Listen to the effect the tongue raising has onthe quality of the sound. . . until you can hear you areproducing two syllables.
• Then practise your /r/ in words:
a) intervocalically (hurry, ferry, lorry, barrier, sorry)b) word initially (right, rock, rat, rub)c) after /p/ and /b/ (price, bright, pray, break, prove)
![Page 16: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Practising your “R”s
• If you have problems articulating the [ô] . . . Don’t panic!
Start with [A::: ô ô A:::]Pronounce a long [A:::] and slowly move your tongue tip upand back. . . then down again to its [A] position
• Don’t rush it. Listen to the effect the tongue raising has onthe quality of the sound. . . until you can hear you areproducing two syllables.
• Then practise your /r/ in words:
a) intervocalically (hurry, ferry, lorry, barrier, sorry)b) word initially (right, rock, rat, rub)c) after /p/ and /b/ (price, bright, pray, break, prove)
![Page 17: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Practising your “R”s
• If you have problems articulating the [ô] . . . Don’t panic!
Start with [A::: ô ô A:::]Pronounce a long [A:::] and slowly move your tongue tip upand back. . . then down again to its [A] position
• Don’t rush it. Listen to the effect the tongue raising has onthe quality of the sound. . . until you can hear you areproducing two syllables.
• Then practise your /r/ in words:
a) intervocalically (hurry, ferry, lorry, barrier, sorry)b) word initially (right, rock, rat, rub)c) after /p/ and /b/ (price, bright, pray, break, prove)
![Page 18: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Practising your “R”s
• If you have problems articulating the [ô] . . . Don’t panic!
Start with [A::: ô ô A:::]Pronounce a long [A:::] and slowly move your tongue tip upand back. . . then down again to its [A] position
• Don’t rush it. Listen to the effect the tongue raising has onthe quality of the sound. . . until you can hear you areproducing two syllables.
• Then practise your /r/ in words:
a) intervocalically (hurry, ferry, lorry, barrier, sorry)
b) word initially (right, rock, rat, rub)c) after /p/ and /b/ (price, bright, pray, break, prove)
![Page 19: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Practising your “R”s
• If you have problems articulating the [ô] . . . Don’t panic!
Start with [A::: ô ô A:::]Pronounce a long [A:::] and slowly move your tongue tip upand back. . . then down again to its [A] position
• Don’t rush it. Listen to the effect the tongue raising has onthe quality of the sound. . . until you can hear you areproducing two syllables.
• Then practise your /r/ in words:
a) intervocalically (hurry, ferry, lorry, barrier, sorry)b) word initially (right, rock, rat, rub)
c) after /p/ and /b/ (price, bright, pray, break, prove)
![Page 20: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Practising your “R”s
• If you have problems articulating the [ô] . . . Don’t panic!
Start with [A::: ô ô A:::]Pronounce a long [A:::] and slowly move your tongue tip upand back. . . then down again to its [A] position
• Don’t rush it. Listen to the effect the tongue raising has onthe quality of the sound. . . until you can hear you areproducing two syllables.
• Then practise your /r/ in words:
a) intervocalically (hurry, ferry, lorry, barrier, sorry)b) word initially (right, rock, rat, rub)c) after /p/ and /b/ (price, bright, pray, break, prove)
![Page 21: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Final voiced consonants
• We know that German has no FVCs – so what must we dodifferently for cart and card , bend and bent ?
/kA:t/: shorter vowel /kA:d/: longer vowellonger, stronger /t/ shorter, weaker /d/
![Page 22: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Final voiced consonants
• We know that German has no FVCs – so what must we dodifferently for cart and card , bend and bent ?
/kA:t/: shorter vowel /kA:d/: longer vowellonger, stronger /t/ shorter, weaker /d/
![Page 23: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Final voiced consonants
• We know that German has no FVCs – so what must we dodifferently for cart and card , bend and bent ?
/kA:t/: shorter vowel /kA:d/: longer vowellonger, stronger /t/ shorter, weaker /d/
![Page 24: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
〈ng〉 /N/
• Definition: Velar nasal
• Appears to be absolutely no problem. . .English has singer, long, German has Sanger, lang
• But unfortunately, intervocalically. . .English has finger /"fINg@/, German has Finger /"fIN5/
• The basic rule: (Read VII.1.3, pp. 236-8)If the word is monomorphemic, the 〈ng〉 is pronounced [Ng](e.g., anger, linger) but hangar is /"hæN@/
• But the basic rule is broken with comparatives andsuperlatives!long /l6N/, longer /"l6Ng@/, longest /"l6NgIst/
![Page 25: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
〈ng〉 /N/
• Definition: Velar nasal
• Appears to be absolutely no problem. . .English has singer, long, German has Sanger, lang
• But unfortunately, intervocalically. . .English has finger /"fINg@/, German has Finger /"fIN5/
• The basic rule: (Read VII.1.3, pp. 236-8)If the word is monomorphemic, the 〈ng〉 is pronounced [Ng](e.g., anger, linger) but hangar is /"hæN@/
• But the basic rule is broken with comparatives andsuperlatives!long /l6N/, longer /"l6Ng@/, longest /"l6NgIst/
![Page 26: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
〈ng〉 /N/
• Definition: Velar nasal
• Appears to be absolutely no problem. . .English has singer, long, German has Sanger, lang
• But unfortunately, intervocalically. . .English has finger /"fINg@/, German has Finger /"fIN5/
• The basic rule: (Read VII.1.3, pp. 236-8)If the word is monomorphemic, the 〈ng〉 is pronounced [Ng](e.g., anger, linger) but hangar is /"hæN@/
• But the basic rule is broken with comparatives andsuperlatives!long /l6N/, longer /"l6Ng@/, longest /"l6NgIst/
![Page 27: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
〈ng〉 /N/
• Definition: Velar nasal
• Appears to be absolutely no problem. . .English has singer, long, German has Sanger, lang
• But unfortunately, intervocalically. . .English has finger /"fINg@/, German has Finger /"fIN5/
• The basic rule: (Read VII.1.3, pp. 236-8)If the word is monomorphemic, the 〈ng〉 is pronounced [Ng](e.g., anger, linger) but hangar is /"hæN@/
• But the basic rule is broken with comparatives andsuperlatives!long /l6N/, longer /"l6Ng@/, longest /"l6NgIst/
![Page 28: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
〈ng〉 /N/
• Definition: Velar nasal
• Appears to be absolutely no problem. . .English has singer, long, German has Sanger, lang
• But unfortunately, intervocalically. . .English has finger /"fINg@/, German has Finger /"fIN5/
• The basic rule: (Read VII.1.3, pp. 236-8)If the word is monomorphemic, the 〈ng〉 is pronounced [Ng](e.g., anger, linger) but hangar is /"hæN@/
• But the basic rule is broken with comparatives andsuperlatives!long /l6N/, longer /"l6Ng@/, longest /"l6NgIst/
![Page 29: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉
• Non-word-final /t/ and /d/ are not really a problem!(except for the dental [t”] before /T/ and /D/)
• But American words likewriter letter tighterrider wider louder
have a “flapped” /t/ or /d/ (phonetically [R] or [d])
• I suggest [d] or [t]: e.g.["raItÄ] ["lEtÄ] ["taItÄ]["raIdÄ] ["waIdÄ] ["laUdÄ]
• The basic rule: If the word has the first syllable stressed andthe second syllable unstressed.
• But the rule also applies across word boundaries:He got away [hi "gAt @"weI]; Put it down ["pUt It "daUn].
![Page 30: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉
• Non-word-final /t/ and /d/ are not really a problem!(except for the dental [t”] before /T/ and /D/)
• But American words likewriter letter tighterrider wider louder
have a “flapped” /t/ or /d/ (phonetically [R] or [d])
• I suggest [d] or [t]: e.g.["raItÄ] ["lEtÄ] ["taItÄ]["raIdÄ] ["waIdÄ] ["laUdÄ]
• The basic rule: If the word has the first syllable stressed andthe second syllable unstressed.
• But the rule also applies across word boundaries:He got away [hi "gAt @"weI]; Put it down ["pUt It "daUn].
![Page 31: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉
• Non-word-final /t/ and /d/ are not really a problem!(except for the dental [t”] before /T/ and /D/)
• But American words likewriter letter tighterrider wider louder
have a “flapped” /t/ or /d/ (phonetically [R] or [d])
• I suggest [d] or [t]: e.g.["raItÄ] ["lEtÄ] ["taItÄ]["raIdÄ] ["waIdÄ] ["laUdÄ]
• The basic rule: If the word has the first syllable stressed andthe second syllable unstressed.
• But the rule also applies across word boundaries:He got away [hi "gAt @"weI]; Put it down ["pUt It "daUn].
![Page 32: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉
• Non-word-final /t/ and /d/ are not really a problem!(except for the dental [t”] before /T/ and /D/)
• But American words likewriter letter tighterrider wider louder
have a “flapped” /t/ or /d/ (phonetically [R] or [d])
• I suggest [d] or [t]: e.g.["raItÄ] ["lEtÄ] ["taItÄ]["raIdÄ] ["waIdÄ] ["laUdÄ]
• The basic rule: If the word has the first syllable stressed andthe second syllable unstressed.
• But the rule also applies across word boundaries:He got away [hi "gAt @"weI]; Put it down ["pUt It "daUn].
![Page 33: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉
• Non-word-final /t/ and /d/ are not really a problem!(except for the dental [t”] before /T/ and /D/)
• But American words likewriter letter tighterrider wider louder
have a “flapped” /t/ or /d/ (phonetically [R] or [d])
• I suggest [d] or [t]: e.g.["raItÄ] ["lEtÄ] ["taItÄ]["raIdÄ] ["waIdÄ] ["laUdÄ]
• The basic rule: If the word has the first syllable stressed andthe second syllable unstressed.
• But the rule also applies across word boundaries:He got away [hi "gAt @"weI]; Put it down ["pUt It "daUn].
![Page 34: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉 (cont’d)
• The sound is not a “stop” or “plosive” consonant phonetically!(it is a “tap” or “flap”, and it is the same for /t/ and for /d/)
• So, are the words in the pairs identical?No! The preceding vowel is different! (longer before /d/)
• Note 1: It is also found in German regional accents – for thosewho like accents: Schl.-Holst.: Alles in Butter auf’m Kutter.To represent it as a sound we can use what we like; The“official” IPA symbol for the apical tap is [R] which mightmake you think of an “R” sound. Therefore my suggestion: [t]
• Note 2: Between /n/ and schwa (/@/), the 〈t〉 is notpronounced. . .
winter enter centerhunter counter gentle
Just like Saarland German: “komm’ runner!”Historically speaking, they have been elided.
![Page 35: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉 (cont’d)
• The sound is not a “stop” or “plosive” consonant phonetically!(it is a “tap” or “flap”, and it is the same for /t/ and for /d/)
• So, are the words in the pairs identical?No! The preceding vowel is different! (longer before /d/)
• Note 1: It is also found in German regional accents – for thosewho like accents: Schl.-Holst.: Alles in Butter auf’m Kutter.To represent it as a sound we can use what we like; The“official” IPA symbol for the apical tap is [R] which mightmake you think of an “R” sound. Therefore my suggestion: [t]
• Note 2: Between /n/ and schwa (/@/), the 〈t〉 is notpronounced. . .
winter enter centerhunter counter gentle
Just like Saarland German: “komm’ runner!”Historically speaking, they have been elided.
![Page 36: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉 (cont’d)
• The sound is not a “stop” or “plosive” consonant phonetically!(it is a “tap” or “flap”, and it is the same for /t/ and for /d/)
• So, are the words in the pairs identical?No! The preceding vowel is different! (longer before /d/)
• Note 1: It is also found in German regional accents – for thosewho like accents: Schl.-Holst.: Alles in Butter auf’m Kutter.To represent it as a sound we can use what we like; The“official” IPA symbol for the apical tap is [R] which mightmake you think of an “R” sound. Therefore my suggestion: [t]
• Note 2: Between /n/ and schwa (/@/), the 〈t〉 is notpronounced. . .
winter enter centerhunter counter gentle
Just like Saarland German: “komm’ runner!”Historically speaking, they have been elided.
![Page 37: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
American flapped 〈t〉 and 〈d〉 (cont’d)
• The sound is not a “stop” or “plosive” consonant phonetically!(it is a “tap” or “flap”, and it is the same for /t/ and for /d/)
• So, are the words in the pairs identical?No! The preceding vowel is different! (longer before /d/)
• Note 1: It is also found in German regional accents – for thosewho like accents: Schl.-Holst.: Alles in Butter auf’m Kutter.To represent it as a sound we can use what we like; The“official” IPA symbol for the apical tap is [R] which mightmake you think of an “R” sound. Therefore my suggestion: [t]
• Note 2: Between /n/ and schwa (/@/), the 〈t〉 is notpronounced. . .
winter enter centerhunter counter gentle
Just like Saarland German: “komm’ runner!”Historically speaking, they have been elided.
![Page 38: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio
voiced post-alveolar approximant
thought
voiceless dental fricative
sunset
voiceless alveolar fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 39: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced
post-alveolar approximant
thought
voiceless dental fricative
sunset
voiceless alveolar fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 40: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar
approximant
thought
voiceless dental fricative
sunset
voiceless alveolar fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 41: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought
voiceless dental fricative
sunset
voiceless alveolar fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 42: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless
dental fricative
sunset
voiceless alveolar fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 43: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental
fricative
sunset
voiceless alveolar fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 44: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset
voiceless alveolar fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 45: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless
alveolar fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 46: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar
fricative
though
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 47: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough
voiced dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 48: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced
dental fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 49: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental
fricative
vase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 50: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase
voiced labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 51: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced
labio-dental fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 52: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental
fricative
shoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 53: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 54: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless
post-alveolar fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 55: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar
fricative
tornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 56: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado
voiceless alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 57: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless
alveolar plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 58: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar
plosive
sure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 59: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure
voiceless post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 60: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless
post-alveolar fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 61: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless post-alveolar
fricative
photograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 62: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless post-alveolar fricativephotograph
voiceless labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 63: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless post-alveolar fricativephotograph voiceless
labio-dental fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 64: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless post-alveolar fricativephotograph voiceless labio-dental
fricative
parasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 65: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless post-alveolar fricativephotograph voiceless labio-dental fricativeparasite
voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 66: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless post-alveolar fricativephotograph voiceless labio-dental fricativeparasite voiceless
bilabial plosive
![Page 67: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless post-alveolar fricativephotograph voiceless labio-dental fricativeparasite voiceless bilabial
plosive
![Page 68: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Exercise 1
What are the place and manner of articulation and the“voicing” status of the initial consonant in the followingwords?
Voicing Place Mannerradio voiced post-alveolar approximantthought voiceless dental fricativesunset voiceless alveolar fricativethough voiced dental fricativevase voiced labio-dental fricativeshoes voiceless post-alveolar fricativetornado voiceless alveolar plosivesure voiceless post-alveolar fricativephotograph voiceless labio-dental fricativeparasite voiceless bilabial plosive
![Page 69: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Exercise 2
What is the phonetic difference (i.e. what do you have to do topronounce them correctly) between the following word pairs?
bend – bent
longer /n/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/
hard – heart
longer vowel before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/
bug – buck
longer vowel before /g/ and weaker /g/ than /k/
cold – colt
longer /l/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/
lived – lift
longer vowel before /vd/ and weaker /vd/ than /ft/
It is not enough to say: “There is a /d/ in bend and a /t/ in bent”!
![Page 70: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Exercise 2
What is the phonetic difference (i.e. what do you have to do topronounce them correctly) between the following word pairs?
bend – bent longer /n/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/hard – heart
longer vowel before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/
bug – buck
longer vowel before /g/ and weaker /g/ than /k/
cold – colt
longer /l/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/
lived – lift
longer vowel before /vd/ and weaker /vd/ than /ft/
It is not enough to say: “There is a /d/ in bend and a /t/ in bent”!
![Page 71: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Exercise 2
What is the phonetic difference (i.e. what do you have to do topronounce them correctly) between the following word pairs?
bend – bent longer /n/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/hard – heart longer vowel before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/bug – buck
longer vowel before /g/ and weaker /g/ than /k/
cold – colt
longer /l/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/
lived – lift
longer vowel before /vd/ and weaker /vd/ than /ft/
It is not enough to say: “There is a /d/ in bend and a /t/ in bent”!
![Page 72: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Exercise 2
What is the phonetic difference (i.e. what do you have to do topronounce them correctly) between the following word pairs?
bend – bent longer /n/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/hard – heart longer vowel before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/bug – buck longer vowel before /g/ and weaker /g/ than /k/cold – colt
longer /l/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/
lived – lift
longer vowel before /vd/ and weaker /vd/ than /ft/
It is not enough to say: “There is a /d/ in bend and a /t/ in bent”!
![Page 73: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Exercise 2
What is the phonetic difference (i.e. what do you have to do topronounce them correctly) between the following word pairs?
bend – bent longer /n/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/hard – heart longer vowel before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/bug – buck longer vowel before /g/ and weaker /g/ than /k/cold – colt longer /l/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/lived – lift
longer vowel before /vd/ and weaker /vd/ than /ft/
It is not enough to say: “There is a /d/ in bend and a /t/ in bent”!
![Page 74: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Exercise 2
What is the phonetic difference (i.e. what do you have to do topronounce them correctly) between the following word pairs?
bend – bent longer /n/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/hard – heart longer vowel before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/bug – buck longer vowel before /g/ and weaker /g/ than /k/cold – colt longer /l/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/lived – lift longer vowel before /vd/ and weaker /vd/ than /ft/
It is not enough to say: “There is a /d/ in bend and a /t/ in bent”!
![Page 75: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Exercise 2
What is the phonetic difference (i.e. what do you have to do topronounce them correctly) between the following word pairs?
bend – bent longer /n/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/hard – heart longer vowel before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/bug – buck longer vowel before /g/ and weaker /g/ than /k/cold – colt longer /l/ before /d/ and weaker /d/ than /t/lived – lift longer vowel before /vd/ and weaker /vd/ than /ft/
It is not enough to say: “There is a /d/ in bend and a /t/ in bent”!
![Page 76: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Exercise 3
What problem for German learners of English is there in thefollowing expressions and how is incorrect pronunciationavoided?
down there all that good thinking fight the good fight
Answer: The /n/ in down, the /l/ in all, the /d/ in good, the /t/in fight are all articulated as dental consonants preceding theinterdental fricatives: [n” D] [l” D] [d” T] [t” D]
Why is the same strategy not possible in the followingexpression?
wise thought
Answer: The /z/ in wise must be pronounced as an alveolarfricative. It would become a different sound if it was pronounced asa dental fricative. It is therefore necessary to pronounce the /z/ asa laminal (tongue-blade) rather than an apical (tongue-tip) /z/, sothat the tongue tip is free to move up onto the teeth for the /T/.
![Page 77: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Exercise 3
What problem for German learners of English is there in thefollowing expressions and how is incorrect pronunciationavoided?
down there all that good thinking fight the good fightAnswer: The /n/ in down, the /l/ in all, the /d/ in good, the /t/in fight are all articulated as dental consonants preceding theinterdental fricatives: [n” D] [l” D] [d” T] [t” D]
Why is the same strategy not possible in the followingexpression?
wise thought
Answer: The /z/ in wise must be pronounced as an alveolarfricative. It would become a different sound if it was pronounced asa dental fricative. It is therefore necessary to pronounce the /z/ asa laminal (tongue-blade) rather than an apical (tongue-tip) /z/, sothat the tongue tip is free to move up onto the teeth for the /T/.
![Page 78: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Exercise 3
What problem for German learners of English is there in thefollowing expressions and how is incorrect pronunciationavoided?
down there all that good thinking fight the good fightAnswer: The /n/ in down, the /l/ in all, the /d/ in good, the /t/in fight are all articulated as dental consonants preceding theinterdental fricatives: [n” D] [l” D] [d” T] [t” D]
Why is the same strategy not possible in the followingexpression?
wise thoughtAnswer: The /z/ in wise must be pronounced as an alveolarfricative. It would become a different sound if it was pronounced asa dental fricative. It is therefore necessary to pronounce the /z/ asa laminal (tongue-blade) rather than an apical (tongue-tip) /z/, sothat the tongue tip is free to move up onto the teeth for the /T/.
![Page 79: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Exercise 4
What are the phonetic difference between the followingsounds?/u:/ /w/ /v/
Answer: The first two are articulated in the same position (as an[u], with rounded lips). The /w/ immediately glides from the [u]position towards the following vowel and is thus heard as a“consonantal” onset. /v/ is a labio-dental fricative (upper teethclose to bottom lip) and is not produced with rounded lips.
![Page 80: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Exercise 4
What are the phonetic difference between the followingsounds?/u:/ /w/ /v/
Answer: The first two are articulated in the same position (as an[u], with rounded lips). The /w/ immediately glides from the [u]position towards the following vowel and is thus heard as a“consonantal” onset. /v/ is a labio-dental fricative (upper teethclose to bottom lip) and is not produced with rounded lips.
![Page 81: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Exercise 5
What is the biggest difference in the use of the /r/ in Britishand American English?
Answer: In American English the /r/ is also pronouncedpost-vocalically.
![Page 82: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Exercise 5
What is the biggest difference in the use of the /r/ in Britishand American English?
Answer: In American English the /r/ is also pronouncedpost-vocalically.
![Page 83: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Exercise 6
In which context is the /r/ usually pronounced as an apicalflap in British English?
Answer: Following the dental fricative /T/ (e.g., throw, thrifty,through, etc.)
![Page 84: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Exercise 6
In which context is the /r/ usually pronounced as an apicalflap in British English?
Answer: Following the dental fricative /T/ (e.g., throw, thrifty,through, etc.)
![Page 85: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Exercise 7
In which contexts does the British English /l/ differ fromStandard German /l/ and what is the difference?
Answer: Post-vocalically, either syllable-finally or in a syllable-finalconsonant cluster (e.g., tell, seldom, felt). In these positions /l/ is“dark” (i.e., is pronounced with a raised tongue dorsum to producean accompanying [U] colouring.
Does /l/ behave the same in American English as in StandardBritish English?
Answer: No. American English /l/ tends to be pronounced moredarkly pre-vocalically than British English /l/.
![Page 86: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Exercise 7
In which contexts does the British English /l/ differ fromStandard German /l/ and what is the difference?
Answer: Post-vocalically, either syllable-finally or in a syllable-finalconsonant cluster (e.g., tell, seldom, felt). In these positions /l/ is“dark” (i.e., is pronounced with a raised tongue dorsum to producean accompanying [U] colouring.
Does /l/ behave the same in American English as in StandardBritish English?
Answer: No. American English /l/ tends to be pronounced moredarkly pre-vocalically than British English /l/.
![Page 87: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Exercise 7
In which contexts does the British English /l/ differ fromStandard German /l/ and what is the difference?
Answer: Post-vocalically, either syllable-finally or in a syllable-finalconsonant cluster (e.g., tell, seldom, felt). In these positions /l/ is“dark” (i.e., is pronounced with a raised tongue dorsum to producean accompanying [U] colouring.
Does /l/ behave the same in American English as in StandardBritish English?
Answer: No. American English /l/ tends to be pronounced moredarkly pre-vocalically than British English /l/.
![Page 88: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Exercise 8
Why and how does the letter sequence 〈ng〉 sometimes causepronunciation problems?
Answer: Under certain morphological conditions, it is pronouncedas /Ng/ (even before schwa (/@/), which is not possible inGerman).
![Page 89: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Exercise 8
Why and how does the letter sequence 〈ng〉 sometimes causepronunciation problems?
Answer: Under certain morphological conditions, it is pronouncedas /Ng/ (even before schwa (/@/), which is not possible inGerman).
![Page 90: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Now – to help you think about sounds
The articulogram (example: Southampton)
![Page 91: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Here’s one for you to do at home
• Draw an articulogram for the expression
absent-minded
• Make a transcription in IPA
• Follow the conventions of the articulogram you have just seen:
• the mouth (oral cavity) can be open or constricted (either fullclosure or a narrowing to create friction) at different places.(So don’t just pay attention to your lips; your mouth can beclosed or the opening narrowed to a fricative position even ifyour lips are open!)
• the velum controls the aperture to the nasal cavity. It islowered for nasal sounds and raised for oral sounds.
• glottis (the opening between the vocal folds); when the vocalfolds are adducted, they can vibrate; if they are opened, theyresult in voiceless sounds. (Note if they are adducted a bit andkept fairly stiff, they allow friction to arise at the glottis. Thisis necessary for /h/ – a glottal fricative.)
![Page 92: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Here’s one for you to do at home
• Draw an articulogram for the expression
absent-minded• Make a transcription in IPA
• Follow the conventions of the articulogram you have just seen:
• the mouth (oral cavity) can be open or constricted (either fullclosure or a narrowing to create friction) at different places.(So don’t just pay attention to your lips; your mouth can beclosed or the opening narrowed to a fricative position even ifyour lips are open!)
• the velum controls the aperture to the nasal cavity. It islowered for nasal sounds and raised for oral sounds.
• glottis (the opening between the vocal folds); when the vocalfolds are adducted, they can vibrate; if they are opened, theyresult in voiceless sounds. (Note if they are adducted a bit andkept fairly stiff, they allow friction to arise at the glottis. Thisis necessary for /h/ – a glottal fricative.)
![Page 93: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Here’s one for you to do at home
• Draw an articulogram for the expression
absent-minded• Make a transcription in IPA
• Follow the conventions of the articulogram you have just seen:
• the mouth (oral cavity) can be open or constricted (either fullclosure or a narrowing to create friction) at different places.(So don’t just pay attention to your lips; your mouth can beclosed or the opening narrowed to a fricative position even ifyour lips are open!)
• the velum controls the aperture to the nasal cavity. It islowered for nasal sounds and raised for oral sounds.
• glottis (the opening between the vocal folds); when the vocalfolds are adducted, they can vibrate; if they are opened, theyresult in voiceless sounds. (Note if they are adducted a bit andkept fairly stiff, they allow friction to arise at the glottis. Thisis necessary for /h/ – a glottal fricative.)
![Page 94: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Here’s one for you to do at home
• Draw an articulogram for the expression
absent-minded• Make a transcription in IPA
• Follow the conventions of the articulogram you have just seen:
• the mouth (oral cavity) can be open or constricted (either fullclosure or a narrowing to create friction) at different places.(So don’t just pay attention to your lips; your mouth can beclosed or the opening narrowed to a fricative position even ifyour lips are open!)
• the velum controls the aperture to the nasal cavity. It islowered for nasal sounds and raised for oral sounds.
• glottis (the opening between the vocal folds); when the vocalfolds are adducted, they can vibrate; if they are opened, theyresult in voiceless sounds. (Note if they are adducted a bit andkept fairly stiff, they allow friction to arise at the glottis. Thisis necessary for /h/ – a glottal fricative.)
![Page 95: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Here’s one for you to do at home
• Draw an articulogram for the expression
absent-minded• Make a transcription in IPA
• Follow the conventions of the articulogram you have just seen:
• the mouth (oral cavity) can be open or constricted (either fullclosure or a narrowing to create friction) at different places.(So don’t just pay attention to your lips; your mouth can beclosed or the opening narrowed to a fricative position even ifyour lips are open!)
• the velum controls the aperture to the nasal cavity. It islowered for nasal sounds and raised for oral sounds.
• glottis (the opening between the vocal folds); when the vocalfolds are adducted, they can vibrate; if they are opened, theyresult in voiceless sounds. (Note if they are adducted a bit andkept fairly stiff, they allow friction to arise at the glottis. Thisis necessary for /h/ – a glottal fricative.)
![Page 96: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Here’s one for you to do at home
• Draw an articulogram for the expression
absent-minded• Make a transcription in IPA
• Follow the conventions of the articulogram you have just seen:
• the mouth (oral cavity) can be open or constricted (either fullclosure or a narrowing to create friction) at different places.(So don’t just pay attention to your lips; your mouth can beclosed or the opening narrowed to a fricative position even ifyour lips are open!)
• the velum controls the aperture to the nasal cavity. It islowered for nasal sounds and raised for oral sounds.
• glottis (the opening between the vocal folds); when the vocalfolds are adducted, they can vibrate; if they are opened, theyresult in voiceless sounds. (Note if they are adducted a bit andkept fairly stiff, they allow friction to arise at the glottis. Thisis necessary for /h/ – a glottal fricative.)
![Page 97: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Danger points
Take a text. . .George was the tenth person to walk past the playground andwonder what the three piles of sand were doing in front of theschool. But the others walked on, while he lingered a while,worried by a half-remembered comment from one of his colleaguesin the Council offices.
How many “danger points”?
• 〈th〉 related
• FVC related
• /l/ related
• “R” related
• 〈w〉 related
• 〈ng〉 related
![Page 98: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Danger points
Take a text. . .George was the tenth person to walk past the playground andwonder what the three piles of sand were doing in front of theschool. But the others walked on, while he lingered a while,worried by a half-remembered comment from one of his colleaguesin the Council offices.
How many “danger points”?
• 〈th〉 related
• FVC related
• /l/ related
• “R” related
• 〈w〉 related
• 〈ng〉 related
![Page 99: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Danger points
Take a text. . .George was the tenth person to walk past the playground andwonder what the three piles of sand were doing in front of theschool. But the others walked on, while he lingered a while,worried by a half-remembered comment from one of his colleaguesin the Council offices.
How many “danger points”?
• 〈th〉 related
• FVC related
• /l/ related
• “R” related
• 〈w〉 related
• 〈ng〉 related
![Page 100: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Danger points
Take a text. . .George was the tenth person to walk past the playground andwonder what the three piles of sand were doing in front of theschool. But the others walked on, while he lingered a while,worried by a half-remembered comment from one of his colleaguesin the Council offices.
How many “danger points”?
• 〈th〉 related
• FVC related
• /l/ related
• “R” related
• 〈w〉 related
• 〈ng〉 related
![Page 101: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Danger points
Take a text. . .George was the tenth person to walk past the playground andwonder what the three piles of sand were doing in front of theschool. But the others walked on, while he lingered a while,worried by a half-remembered comment from one of his colleaguesin the Council offices.
How many “danger points”?
• 〈th〉 related
• FVC related
• /l/ related
• “R” related
• 〈w〉 related
• 〈ng〉 related
![Page 102: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Danger points
Take a text. . .George was the tenth person to walk past the playground andwonder what the three piles of sand were doing in front of theschool. But the others walked on, while he lingered a while,worried by a half-remembered comment from one of his colleaguesin the Council offices.
How many “danger points”?
• 〈th〉 related
• FVC related
• /l/ related
• “R” related
• 〈w〉 related
• 〈ng〉 related
![Page 103: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Danger points
Take a text. . .George was the tenth person to walk past the playground andwonder what the three piles of sand were doing in front of theschool. But the others walked on, while he lingered a while,worried by a half-remembered comment from one of his colleaguesin the Council offices.
How many “danger points”?
• 〈th〉 related
• FVC related
• /l/ related
• “R” related
• 〈w〉 related
• 〈ng〉 related
![Page 104: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Danger points
Take a text. . .George was the tenth person to walk past the playground andwonder what the three piles of sand were doing in front of theschool. But the others walked on, while he lingered a while,worried by a half-remembered comment from one of his colleaguesin the Council offices.
How many “danger points”?
• 〈th〉 related
• FVC related
• /l/ related
• “R” related
• 〈w〉 related
• 〈ng〉 related
![Page 105: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Danger points (cont’d)
Try at home with the sequel:
One of the secretaries had whispered rather loudly to her friendthat there were plans being hatched to close the local primaryschool and bus the children to the neighbouring village. The doorsand windows would then be bricked up to discourage vandals,pending a decision on the future use of the building.
![Page 106: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Summary• We completed our tour of “problematic” consonants in
English:
• “new sound” problems• “distribution” problems• In both cases we need to look at them in terms of how they fit
into the sounds around them.• Sounds are not produced in isolation; the smallest unit of
pronunciation is the syllable and most of our utterances aresyllables fitted together for words and phrases.
• We did a short practice run of typical test questions.• We introduced the articulogram as a means of schematically
visualising speech production.
Homework
a) Analyse consonantal problems in text
b) Draw articulogram
You do not have to hand anything in this week!
![Page 107: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Summary• We completed our tour of “problematic” consonants in
English:• “new sound” problems
• “distribution” problems• In both cases we need to look at them in terms of how they fit
into the sounds around them.• Sounds are not produced in isolation; the smallest unit of
pronunciation is the syllable and most of our utterances aresyllables fitted together for words and phrases.
• We did a short practice run of typical test questions.• We introduced the articulogram as a means of schematically
visualising speech production.
Homework
a) Analyse consonantal problems in text
b) Draw articulogram
You do not have to hand anything in this week!
![Page 108: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Summary• We completed our tour of “problematic” consonants in
English:• “new sound” problems• “distribution” problems
• In both cases we need to look at them in terms of how they fitinto the sounds around them.
• Sounds are not produced in isolation; the smallest unit ofpronunciation is the syllable and most of our utterances aresyllables fitted together for words and phrases.
• We did a short practice run of typical test questions.• We introduced the articulogram as a means of schematically
visualising speech production.
Homework
a) Analyse consonantal problems in text
b) Draw articulogram
You do not have to hand anything in this week!
![Page 109: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Summary• We completed our tour of “problematic” consonants in
English:• “new sound” problems• “distribution” problems• In both cases we need to look at them in terms of how they fit
into the sounds around them.
• Sounds are not produced in isolation; the smallest unit ofpronunciation is the syllable and most of our utterances aresyllables fitted together for words and phrases.
• We did a short practice run of typical test questions.• We introduced the articulogram as a means of schematically
visualising speech production.
Homework
a) Analyse consonantal problems in text
b) Draw articulogram
You do not have to hand anything in this week!
![Page 110: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Summary• We completed our tour of “problematic” consonants in
English:• “new sound” problems• “distribution” problems• In both cases we need to look at them in terms of how they fit
into the sounds around them.• Sounds are not produced in isolation; the smallest unit of
pronunciation is the syllable and most of our utterances aresyllables fitted together for words and phrases.
• We did a short practice run of typical test questions.• We introduced the articulogram as a means of schematically
visualising speech production.
Homework
a) Analyse consonantal problems in text
b) Draw articulogram
You do not have to hand anything in this week!
![Page 111: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Summary• We completed our tour of “problematic” consonants in
English:• “new sound” problems• “distribution” problems• In both cases we need to look at them in terms of how they fit
into the sounds around them.• Sounds are not produced in isolation; the smallest unit of
pronunciation is the syllable and most of our utterances aresyllables fitted together for words and phrases.
• We did a short practice run of typical test questions.
• We introduced the articulogram as a means of schematicallyvisualising speech production.
Homework
a) Analyse consonantal problems in text
b) Draw articulogram
You do not have to hand anything in this week!
![Page 112: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Summary• We completed our tour of “problematic” consonants in
English:• “new sound” problems• “distribution” problems• In both cases we need to look at them in terms of how they fit
into the sounds around them.• Sounds are not produced in isolation; the smallest unit of
pronunciation is the syllable and most of our utterances aresyllables fitted together for words and phrases.
• We did a short practice run of typical test questions.• We introduced the articulogram as a means of schematically
visualising speech production.
Homework
a) Analyse consonantal problems in text
b) Draw articulogram
You do not have to hand anything in this week!
![Page 113: The Phonetics of English Pronunciation Session 04€¦ · Session 04 Ingmar Steiner1 Institute of Phonetics Saarland University 24.11.2008 1using material by William Barry. Overview](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060609/6060c23d02aa1e776b20f40c/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Summary• We completed our tour of “problematic” consonants in
English:• “new sound” problems• “distribution” problems• In both cases we need to look at them in terms of how they fit
into the sounds around them.• Sounds are not produced in isolation; the smallest unit of
pronunciation is the syllable and most of our utterances aresyllables fitted together for words and phrases.
• We did a short practice run of typical test questions.• We introduced the articulogram as a means of schematically
visualising speech production.
Homework
a) Analyse consonantal problems in text
b) Draw articulogram
You do not have to hand anything in this week!