the reformation and john milton - unideb.huieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_7795.pdf · satan in paradise...
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The Reformation and John Milton
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Reformation
Thirty Years’ War
‘English Reformation’ (Church of England,
1532)
Puritans, Levellers, Independents, Diggers,
Quakers, Shakers, Presbyterians (Church
of Scotland, John Knox, 1560), Methodists
Religious context of life: witch-hunts, the
reality of the devil
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Protestantism ‘Any man who wishes to be saved must
work out his beliefs for himself’ (Milton)
a personally felt religion
less emphasis on things between the individual and the word of God:
‘God hath revealed the way of eternal salvation only to the individual faith of every man’ (Milton);
‘God’s word alone is the rule of faith’ (Milton)
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the idea of the Covenant
in Paradise Lost: the Spirit „doth prefer /
Before all Temples th’upright heart and pure”
(I. 17-8)
No mediators, no intercession: just the word
of God
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Bible translations
Luther 1534; Geneva Bible 1560
Vizsolyi Biblia (Károli Gáspár, publ.
1590)
John Wyclif(fe), 1384 (from Latin);
William Tyndale 1525-37 (from
Hebrew and Greek)
Early 17th century: the King James
Bible (the „Authorized Version”)
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John Milton (1608-1674)
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Milton
Renaissance poet (poetry: a vocation)
poeta doctus
+Protestant sense of poetic mission
involved in religious and political debates;
many tracts (in Latin and English): theology,
government, freedom of speech and
censorship, divorce
justification of the Regicide
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Munkácsy Mihály: A vak Milton műveit diktálja leányainak (1878)
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Orlay Petrich Soma: A vak Milton (1862)
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Paradise Lost (1667)
epic
new metre (unrhyming iambic pentameter: blank verse)
epic properties reworked for the new topic
the history of the universe (from Creation)
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Paradise Lost
central event: the Fall (sin of disobedience)
‘to justify the ways of God to man’
Twofold context of the Fall:
(1) cosmic story
(2) the human story of Adam and Eve
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Gustave Doré’s illustrations: Satan
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Satan on his throne
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Satan’s journey
Chaos: ‘The womb of
Nature, and perhapsher grave’
It will stay like thisunless God ordains‘his dark materials to
create more worlds’
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Satan, Adam and Eve
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William Blake:
Satan envious of Adam and Eve
‘imparadis’d in each other’s arms’
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Satan, Adam and Eve
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Paradise Lost as a political allegory
Anarchy – Chaos
Tyranny - Satan’s rule (lack of reason,
tyranny of passions)
God: perfect government
God foresees the Fall but does not decree
it
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Paradise Lost
‘…they themselves decreed
Their own revolt, not I: if I foreknew,
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault
…
They trespass, authors to themselves in all,
Both what they judge and what they choose; for so
I formed them free, and free they must remain
Till they enthrall themselves” (III. 117-124)
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Satan in Paradise Lost
Satan as the epic hero
„Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven”
Sublime figure (figure of the sublime)
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Satan
and the sublime
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Satan in Paradise Lost Mock-creator
‘The mind is its own place, and in itself
Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven’
‘What matter where, if I be still the same’
‘Myself am hell’ (IV. 75)
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Satan
A character with an inner life,doubts, torments
e.g. when watching Adam and Eve:
creatures ‘whom my thoughts pursue / With wonder, and could love’
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Satan
Romantic view: Prometheus figure
Blake: ‘Milton is a true poet and of theDevil’s party without knowing it’