the scientific method. the scientific method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate...
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The Scientific Method
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• The Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence.
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We shall take a closer look at
these steps and the terminology you will need to
understand before you start
a science project or do a
laboratory exercise.
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Problem/QuestionObservation/Research
Formulate a HypothesisExperiment
Collect and Analyze ResultsConclusion
Communicate the Results
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Steps of the Scientific Method
Problem/QuestionProblem/Question: Develop a question or problem that can
be solved through experimentation.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
Observation/ResearchObservation/Research: Make observations and research
your topic of interest.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
Formulate a HypothesisFormulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the
problem or question.
Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will
increase.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
ExperimentExperiment: Develop and follow a procedure.
Include a detailed materials list.
The outcome must be measurable.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
Collect and Analyze ResultsCollect and Analyze Results: Modify the procedure if
needed.
Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
ConclusionConclusion: Include a statement that accepts or rejects the
hypothesis.Make recommendations for
further study and possible improvements to the
procedure.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
Communicate the ResultsCommunicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project
to an audience.
Expect questions from the audience.
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John watches his grandmother
bake bread. He ask his
grandmother what makes the
bread rise.She explains that
yeast releases a gas as it feeds
on sugar (fermentation).
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Problem/Question
John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread
loaf?
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Caution with Terms
Be careful how you use effect and affect.
Effect is usually a noun and affect, a verb.
“ The effect of sugar amounts on the rising of bread.”
“How does sugar affect the rising of bread?”
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Problem/QuestionActivity:
Come up with a problem or question you might have in your own life.
Answer these questions:
1)What materials are available?
2)What action can be observed?
3)What can I change to get a
different action?
4)What ways can I measure a response to the change?
Ex. My car won’t start
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Problem/QuestionGeneral topic: Plants
Answer these questions:
1)What materials are available?
Soil, Plants, Fertilizer, Water, Light/Heat,
2)What action can be observed?
Plants grow
3)What can I change to get a different action?
Plants spacing, kind, amount of water, location of hole
4)What ways can I measure a response to the change?
Count the number of leaves, Measure the height, Weigh the fruit produced
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Observation/ResearchJohn researches the
areas of baking and fermentation and tries to come up
with a way to test his question.
He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal.
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Observation/ResearchActivity:Make a short list of the things you already
know about that topic.
Ex. 1.Cars need gas2.Cars need electricity from the battery3.Cars need oil
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Formulate a Hypothesis
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Hypothesis
The hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
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Do you know the difference Do you know the difference between the independent and between the independent and
dependent variables?dependent variables?
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Independent Variable• The independent, or
manipulated variable, is a factor that’s intentionally varied by the experimenter.
• John is going to use 25g., 50g., 100g., 250g., 500g. of sugar in his experiment.
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Dependent VariableThe dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may change as a result of changes
made in the independent variable.
In this case, it would be the size of the loaf of bread.
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Formulate a HypothesisActivity:Develop a Hypothesis
Ex. If I put gas in my car,then it will start.
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Experiment
John comes up with a procedure and list of needed
materials.
John discusses with his teacher how to determine the control
group.
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Control GroupIn a scientific experiment, the control is the group that serves as the standard of comparison.
The control group may be a “no treatment" or an “experimenter
selected” group.
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Control Group
The control group is exposed to the same conditions as the
experimental group, except for the variable being tested.
All experiments should have a control group.
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Control Group
Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount in his
control group.
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Constants
John remembers to keep all other factors the same so that any observed changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.
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Constants
The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the
experimenter attempts to keep the same.
What would be some constants in this experiment?
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Project Design
• Get someone’s opinion on your experimental design before you begin.
• Look at all the variables. Independent as well as dependent
• Open ended questions are a way of allowing for critical thinking to begin, but sometimes we start with the basics. Following directions are essential when doing a lab.
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ExperimentActivity:
Develop a materials list and identify a control group.
Ex. Materials: 5 gallon gas can, 5 gallons gasoline, money to buy gasoline, a ride to the gas station
Control group: Not doing anything to the car.
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ExperimentActivity:
Develop a procedure for your experiment.
Procedure: First, I will call my friend Bill and ask for a ride to the gas station. I will take the five gallon gas can and fill it with five gallons of gasoline at the pump. After paying the gas station owner for the gasoline, I will get a ride back to my car and put the gasoline in the tank. Once the gasoline is in the tank, I will attempt to restart the car.
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Collect and Analyze Results
Activity:Make up realistic data.
Ex.
Action performed
Did nothing
Added gas
Pumped the
peddle
Pumped the
peddle
Result Didn’t start
Didn’t start
Almost started
Started
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Conclusions
Activity:Draw your own conclusions
Ex. My hypothesis was supported by the data. It shows that after adding gas the car started.
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• A graphic organizer is an instructional tool used to visually illustrate a topic.
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• describe a central idea
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• describe the stages of something–the life cycle of a
primate
–a sequence of events
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• time lines–showing historical
events or ages
–degrees of something
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• Compare/Contrast– How are they similar? – How are they different?
Name 1 Name 2
Attribute 1
Attribute 2
Attribute 3
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• Problem/Solution Outline– What was the problem?– What attempts were
made to solve the
problem?– Did those attempts
succeed?
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• Network Tree– show causal information (causes of poverty),– a hierarchy (types of insects)– branching procedures (the circulatory system)
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• Cycle– weather phenomena– the life cycle– water cycle