the scientific revolution. 1300-1600: renaissance reformation scientific rev. scientists = uncover...
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The Scientific Revolution
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1300-1600: Renaissance Reformation Scientific Rev.
Scientists = uncover the questions of universe thru experiments & math Prior reasoning = GOD & spirits
Nothing was an accident This faded
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I. Experiments & Mathematics Early ideas of universe = ancient Greeks &
Romans Humanists discovered contradictions Began to make other observations
Early 1500s: began to experiment Described nature w/out reference to previous
beliefs Principle of Doubt
Scientific Rev. (1500s – 1600s)
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Scientists had access to new instruments Barometer, microscope, thermometer
Scientific Method (logical procedure for gathering & testing ideas) Problem or question Hypothesis Tests/experiments Analysis to reach conclusion
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II. Astronomy, Physics, & Anatomy A. Copernicus
Earth = center of the universe? All celestial bodies moved in perfect circular paths around
Earth? Common sense supported this, right? Also, God placed Earth at the center? Originated w/Aristotle (4th cent. BCE), and expanded by
Ptolemy (2nd cent. CE) “Geocentric Theory” (Ptolemy)
Nicolaus Copernicus developed the “Heliocentric Theory” 1543: published findings (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Bodies) Few accepted it – he could not test/prove theory
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B. Kepler & Galileo Johannes Kepler:
used math to test Heliocentric Theory Calculated the problem many times Orbits = NOT exact circles, they were ellipses
Only mathematicians understood until… Galileo Galilei discovered concrete evidence
1609: created a telescope to see heavens Details of moon Sunspots Discovered moons orbiting around Jupiter (disproved
Geocentric Theory of Ptolemy) 1610: published Starry Messenger
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Galileo’s findings frightened Church leaders 1616: Church warned Galileo 1632: published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World
Systems Galileo supported Heliocentric Theory
1633: Pope summoned Galileo to Rome Inquisition – he renounced ideas of Copernicus With sincere heart & unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest
the aforesaid errors & heresies [of Copernicus] & also every other error contrary to the Holy Church, & I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.
--Yet the earth does move.
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Galileo was never again a free man 1992: Catholic Church acknowledged
Galileo was right
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C. Bacon & Descartes Rene Descartes—Fr. Philosopher & scientist
One should question all assumptions Discourse on Method (1637) –everything had to
be proved except basic ideas EX: b/c he could think proved his existence I think, therefore I am.
“Father of Modern Philosophy” Also, a great mathematician:
Created the Cartesian coordinate system “Father of Analytical Geometry”
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Francis Bacon—English philosopher Urged scientists to experiment & then draw
conclusions Empiricism (experimental method)
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D. Newton Isaac Newton—developed theory of motion Published Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy Laws of motion & gravitation (explained
movements of objects on earth as well as other planets)
Nature & Nature’s laws lay hid in night; God said, ‘Let Newton be!,’ and all was light.
--Alexander Pope
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E. Scientific Instruments Zacharias Janssen—microscope Anton van Leeuwenhoek—discovered bacteria Robert Hooke—discovered cells Evangelista Torricelli—developed barometer Gabriel Fahrenheit—first thermometer (32°) Anders Celsius—different scale (0°) Joseph Priestly—discovered oxygen
Elements = fundamental substances that make up matter Antoine Lavoisier—fire is NOT an element
Also: matter is indestructable
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F. Medicine & the Human Body
Andreas Vesalius—dissected corpses On the Structure of the Human Body
Details of human organs, bones, muscle
Edward Jenner—introduced vaccine to prevent smallpox (cowpox)
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G. Discoveries in Chemistry
Robert Boyle—founder of modern chemistry The Sceptical Chymist (1661)
Aristotle = world is made up of four elements? NO, it’s made up of many smaller particles
Boyle’s Law = explains how volume, temp., & pressure of gas affect each other