the social factors of code-mixing in annisa...

THE SOCIAL FACTORS OF CODE-MIXING IN ANNISA TOUR AND

TRAVEL AGENCY'S TICKETING STAFF'S UTTERANCES

A Thesis

Submitted to The Letter and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The

Requirement for the Degree of Strata One (SI)

AIDA SORAYA

NIM: 1110026000081

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIESFACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2015

ABSTRACT

Aida Soraya, Language Attitude as Social Factors of Code-Mixing in Annisa

Tour and Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's utterances. Thesis: English Letters

Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty. State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah. Jakarta. 2015.

This research discusses about social factors of code-mixing. The purposes

are to analyze the types of code-mixing of Travel Agency's jargons which used in

ticketing staff in Annisa Tour and Travel, South Jakarta. It classifies the code-

mixing's utterances into three types, Insertion, Alternation, and Congruent

Lexicalization. It also analyzes social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix

her utterances by two languages, Indonesian and English (which used as Travel

Agency's Jargons).

This research used qualitative method in analyzing the types and social

factors of code mixing. The procedures of this research are: the data (the staff's

utterances which arranged by two languages [Indonesian and English]) are

classified into three types of code mixing based on Muysken's Theory. Then, the

data are analyzed about the social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix

their utterances based on Eunhee Kim's Theory.

The result of this research, there are five sentences include in congruent

lexicalization type, and two sentences include in insertion type. There are four

sentences which included in participant role factor, two utterances which included

in situational factor, one utterance which included in message-intrinsic factor, and

two sentences identified as dominance factor.

The reason's result of using congruent lexicalization when expressing the

jargons are; the jargons already habitually used in daily life, the staff knew the

meaning well, the jargons quoted from the information of airlines.

The reason's result of using insertion when expressing the jargons are; The

staff arranged that phrase same as Indonesian grammatical, there are two of

jargons used successively and they have relation but they do not arrange parallel.

ii

APPROVEMENT

THE SOCIAL FACTORS OF CODE-MIXING IN ANNISA TOUR AND

TRAVEL AGENCY'S TICKETING STAFF'S UTTERANCES

A Thesis

Submitted to The Letter and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The

Requirement for the Degree of Strata One (SI)

AIDA SORAYA

NIM: 1110026000081

APPROVED BY

Advisor I, Advisor II,

Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd. Sholikhatus Sa'diyah, M.Pd.

NIP: 19650919 200003 1 002 NIP: 1975041720050 1 2007

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2015

iii

LEGALIZATION

Name : Aida Soraya

NIM : 1110026000081

Title : The Social Factors of Code-Mixing in Annisa Tour and Travel

Agency's Ticketing Staff's Utterances

The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and

Humanities Faculty's Examination Committee on February 16th

, 2015. It has

already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

strata one.

Jakarta, February 16th

, 2015

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs.Saefudin, M.Pd (Chair Person) ....................... ................ NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary) ....................... ................

NIP. 19781003 200112 2 002

3. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd (Advisor I) ....................... ................

NIP: 19650919 200003 1 002

4. Sholikhatus Sa'diyah, M.Pd (Advisor II) ....................... ................

NIP: 19750417 20050 1 2007

5. Hilmi, M. Hum (Examiner I) ....................... ................

NIP. 19760918 20080 1 1009

6. Rima Muryantina,S.Hum,M. Ling (Examiner II) ....................... ................

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work, and that to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extend that has been accepted

for the any other degree or diploma of the university or the institute of the higher

learning, except, where due knowledge has been made in the text.

Jakarta, 1 April 2015

Aida Soraya

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In the name of Allah, the most gracious, praise, and gratitude to Allah who

has been giving me his mercy and blessing until I can finish this research without

any obstacles. Shalawat and Salam are with our prophet Muhammad SAW who

has guided me from the darkness to the lightness.

This research is presented to the English Letters Department of Adab and

Humanities Faculty Syarif Hidayatullah, State Islamic University Jakarta as a

partial of requirement for the degree of strata 1. This work never be completed

without a great deal of help from many people, especially Mr. Dr. M. Farkhan, M.

Pd. and Mrs. Sholikatus Sa'diyah, M. Pd. as my research advisors, who guided me

during the process of this research arranging. Without their advices, support,

encouragement and patience this research is never be completed.

I also would like to express the deepest gratitude to those who helped me

to finish this research, namely:

1. Dr. Syukron Kamil, MA. As a Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd. The Head of English Letters Department and

Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum. The Secretary of English Letters

Department.

3. Mr. Hilmi, M. Hum and Mrs. Rima Muryantina, S. Hum, M. Ling. As the

examiners.

4. All the lecturers in English Letters Department for teaching the writer a lot

of things and educated me during the study.

vi

5. Mr. H. Amat Kosim and Mrs. Hj. Sutinah, my lovely parent. The deepest

gratitude for them, who always has guided and loved me in every

situation and condition. For supporting me to be a good and strong

woman. May Allah always protects and blesses both of these writer's

angles a healthy and blessing life.

6. My family, Syarifudin, Asmawih, Annisa, Yuningsih, Tri Heru

Pamungkas, Abdul Husein, Faisal Rijal, and Indra Juliansah, who had

given me big support to finish this research.

7. My best friend Adea Fitriana, who accompanied and helped me during the

study to become an intelligent girl. Siti Aisyah, Fadilah Mahmudah, Dian

Agustina, who always gave a big support and a madness moment which

the other friends never gave. Derry Pratama, who helped me tireless, and

encouraged me each time. Thank you so much.

8. Nurdiana and Adijaya, who helped me to be participants of this research.

Without their help this research is never be completed.

9. The last, this research is dedicated for my lovely friend who leaved the

writer to meet the God, the deceased Selvia Sri Adiyanti. May Allah

enlighten her last place.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACK................................................................................... ....................... i

APPROVEMENT . .............................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION ............................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION .. .............................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... .................................................................................. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... ...................................................................... 1

A. Background of The Research.......................................................... 1

B. Focus of The Research .................................................................... 4

C. Research Question ....... .................................................................... 4

D. Significance of The Research.... ...................................................... 4

E. Research Methodology.................................................................... 5

1. Objective of The Research .................................................. 5

2. Method of the Research........................................... ........... 5

3. Technique of The Research ................................................. 6

4. Instrument of The Research ................................................ 7

5. The Unit of Analysis ........................................................... 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ............................................. 8

A. Previous Research.. .......................................................................... 8

B. Theoretical Background............ ....................................................... 9

1. Diglossia ............................................................................ 9

2. Code-Switching .................................................................. 11

viii

3. Code-Mixing ..................................................................... 13

4. Types of Code-Mixing ....................................................... 14

5. Social Motivation of Code-Mixing .................................... 17

6. Jargon ................................................................................. 21

CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 24

A. The Analysis of Types of Code-Mixing and

Social Factors Motivating The Code-Mixing. ............................... 25

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 36

A. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 36

B. Suggestion ...................................................................................... 38

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 39

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 43

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Research

In daily life, people use language to communicate with other, to built and

keep the social relationship. Now days, almost in every place have two or more

languages that people used to communication with other in daily life. People use it

in different places based on the situation. When people choose the appropriate

language in congruent situation, it is called diglossic situation. According to

Holmes diglossia is characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals.

Individuals may be bilingual.1

Because of so many languages appear in social communities, it causes

people mix or switch from one language to another. These phenomena called

code-mixing and code-switching.

Holmes establishes definition about code-switching, he said that Code-

switching occurs when the speaker shifts from one language to another or when

the speaker switches from one code to another.2 It explains code-switching is not

only occurs when someone switches the language but also switches the code

(dialect, intonation etc.).

Then, the phenomena of code-mixing are also often happen in our social

life. According to Hudson, code-mixing means where a fluent bilingual talking to

another fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the

1Janet Holmes, An Introduction of Sociolinguistics (New York: Longman Publishing,

1992), p.30

2Ibid .p.49-50

2

situation.3

It explains that code-mixing occurs when the bilingual speaker

alternates his language/her language in one situation (sentence).

Code-mixing has three types which are established by Muysken, the first is

insertion. This type occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporate

into another4. For the example, the Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with

English, (1) "Aku sih yes, kamu lolos ke show selanjutnya".

Another type is alternation. This type occurs when structures of two

languages are alternated indistinctively both of the grammatical and lexical level.5

For the example, the Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with English,

(2) "You have to belajar yang giat."

The last type is congruent lexicalization. Congruent lexicalization is

refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which

can be filled lexically with elements from either language.6 For the example is

when Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with English,

(3) "Saya suka performance kamu malam ini."

Code-mixing also has some functions, it can become someone's sign to

show what the second language which has mastered. Such as someone who often

inserts the Arabic terminology when she/he talks to other, it can be describe that

someone wants to show that she know Islam further.

3

R.A. Hudson. Sociolinguistics Second Edition.(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1996), p. 53

4 Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, "Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Internet

Chatting:Between 'yes', 'ya', and 'si' a Case of Study", Vol.5.No.3: (2009). JALTCall Joural.

Accessed on 20 February 2015

5Ibid.

6Ibid.

3

It is not only being the sign of someone's identity, but also can be the

measure of someone's language attitude towards the other language. Attitude in

language gives the people a good or bad choice to decide whether the best

language which the people have to choose.

There are some social factors, which motivated someone to code-mix or

code switch their utterances into two languages. Eunhee Kim has established four

social factor of code-mixing. The first, code mixing can occur when people know

well who the interlocutor, it usually called participant role and relationship factor.

The second, situation and condition of people also can occur code-mixing in daily

life, and it called situational factor. The third, quotation, hedging, idioms also can

appear people to code-mix their utterances. It is called message-intrinsic factor.

The last, language attitude, security, and dominance also can be the social factor

of people to code-mix.

From the explanation above, this research is aimed to discuss the types of

code-mixing, the social factors that motivate someone to code-mixing and

someone's reasons of using some types of code-mixing when she/he expressing

jargons (which form by English words or phrases). The data is taken from Tour

and Travel Agency's ticketing staff utterances, because as we know, that company

is one of communities which use some of English words or phrases to be their

occupational jargon. These jargons are usually inserted by the ticketing staffs in

their utterances when they serve the customers.

4

B. Focus of The Research

This research will analyze code mixing on the conversation when one of

Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staffs served the customer on 9 March 2015 at

South Jakarta. This analysis research is only limited in code-mixing between

Indonesian and English (which included as tourism-specific Travel Agency's

jargons) which occurred in Annisa Travel Agency's ticketing staff's utterances.

C. Research Question

Based on the background of the study above, the problem will be

explained in the research questions as follows:

1. What are the types of code mixing that occur when Annisa Agency's

Ticketing Staff use tourism-specific jargons in their speech?

2. What are the social factors motivating the code-mixing by Annisa

Agency's Ticketing Staff?

D. Significance of The Research

This research is expected to be useful in the development of science in the

field of Sociolinguistics, especially in the types and the social factors of code-

mixing. It also expected to be useful to add the insights in the linguistics,

especially for students of State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta,

majoring in English Letters Department.

The result of this research also can be useful to formulate the suitable

strategy in upgrading the code-mixing. This research also expected to be useful

for providing sufficient linguistics knowledge, particularly in proper use of code-

mixing in interactions and daily conversations.

5

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of The Research

This research is aimed to identify the types of code-mixing where

jargons occur in Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's utterances. This

research also aimed to identify the social factors which motivate the

occurrence of code-mixing in Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff

utterances when she/he served the customer and to identify Annisa Travel

Agency's Ticketing Staff's reasons of using some of code-mixing's types

when expressing the Tourism-Travel Agency's jargons in her/his

utterances.

2. Method of The Research

The method of this research is qualitative. It tries to describe the

types of code-mixing from Annisa Travel Agency's staff utterances, the

social factors that motivate the code-mixing by Annisa Agency's Ticketing

Staff, and to identify Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's reasons of

using some of code-mixing's types when expressing the Travel Agency's

jargons (which form by English) in her/his utterances.

According to Subroto, qualitative research is a research method

which explains about a problem without statistically procedure.7 Then,

Bodgan and Bikle (1982) stated that qualitative research is a research

7Edi Subroto, Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural, (Surakarta: Sebelas

Maret University Press, 1992). p. 5

6

which includes some of research's strategies which have some of particular

characteristics.8

3. Collecting Data and Data Analysis

The writer records the conversation of Annisa Travel Agency's

Ticketing Staff's utterances when she/he served the customer on 9 March

2015. After that, the writer listens the result of the recording and

transcribes it. When transcribing the data is processed, the writer

italicizes the utterances which said in Indonesian. The writer also italicizes

the code-mixing elements which occur in those utterances. Then, the writer

sorts the utterances which contain the code-mixing elements. The sorted

utterances will classify based on the types of code-mixing by the Pieter

Muysken's Theory and the writer will analyze it. After that, the writer will

analyze the social motivation of code-mixing from the sorted utterances by

the Eunhee Kim's theory and the writer will analyzes the staff's reason of

using some types of code mixing when she/he expressing Travel Agency's

jargons. The last the writer makes conclusion from the data which had

analyzed.

4. Instrument of The Research

This research used a recorder as the instrument of this research.

That instrument is used by the writer to record the conversation when

Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff served the customer directly (walk

in) on 9 March 2015. It also used to record one of Annisa Travel Agency's

8 Ibid.

7

Ticketing Staff's interviews about the staff's reasons of using some types of

code mixing when she/he expresses Travel Agency's jargons.

5. The Unit of The Research

The source of this research is the utterances from Annisa Travel

Agency's Ticketing Staff when served the customer directly (walk in) on 9

March 2015, which the utterances contained the tourism-specific jargon of

Travel Agency.

8

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

The phenomena of code-mixing and code-switching were analyzed by

some people; two of them are Kachru (1978) and Goke-Pariola (1983). Kachru

analyzed the code-mixing with the title, "Code-Mixing as a Communicative

Strategy in India". Goke-Pariola analyzed the code-mixing with the title, "Code-

Mixing among Yoruba-English Bilinguals.9

Annisa Ramadhani (2011) is also had analyzed about code-mixing. The

title of her research is, "Campur Kode Indonesian Indonesia-Indonesian Inggris

dalam Acara "Welcome to BCA" di Metro TV". She analyzed the types and the

language elements of code-mixing which occurred in the conversation between

the presenter and the guess stars.10

The other research written is by Ema Nurlaela (2012) with the title,

"Campur Kode pada Percakapan Customer Service Agent Telkomsel". In her

research, she discusses the types of code mixing and identifies the social factor of

code-mixing on the conversation between Customer Service of Telkomsel with

the customer.11

9 Anisa Ramadhani,"Campur Kode Indonesian Indonesia-Indonesian Inggris dalam Acara

"Welcome to BCA" di Metro TV". Unpublished thesis. (Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2011). Accessed on 22 February 2015

10 Ibid.

11

Ema Nurlaela, "Campur Kode pada Percakapan Customer Service Agent Telkomsel".

Vol.4.No.6. (September 2012). Unpad Journal. Accessed on 22 February

9

The differences between these researches which are analyzed by the other

previous writers are this research explains the types of code mixing in Travel

Agency and tries to know the social factors which motivate the Travel Agency's

ticketing staff to code-mix her utterances with Indonesian and tourism jargon

which exist in Annisa Travel Agency. Then, this research also discusses the

speaker's reason towards the jargons play-role in the type of code-mixing. So

these points distinguish this research with others.

B. Theoretical Background of The Study

I. Diglossia

In this world, we find so many of speech communities, some of

social functions of language, the differences of social stratification in

every place, and the differences of states and tribal. These are caused

there are so many language are used by the speech communities. In every

speech community, we can find two languages or more which they used

when they communicate each other. This situation can occur a diglossic

situation.

A diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct

codes which show clear functional separation; that is employed in one set

of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set.12

Holmes has definition about diglossia, Diglossia is characteristic of

speech communities rather than individuals. Individuals may be

12Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, (New York: Basil Blackwell

Inc, 1986 ). P. 87

10

bilingual.13

In Holmes's definition, he explains that language's

characteristic which occurs among bilingual speech communities.

As quoted by Wardhaugh, Ferguson has defined diglossia as follows:

"Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in

addition to the primary dialects of the language (which include a

standard or regional standards), there is very divergent, highly

codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety,

the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either

of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is

learned largely by formal education and is used for most written

and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the

community for ordinary conversation."14

In this definition, Ferguson explains that a speech communities' situation

where there are two variations from one language which exist

contiguously and each language has particular function when people used

it.

So from both definitions, it can be conclude that diglossia means a

situation where there are some languages or variety of language exist in a

speech community and each language has different function.

In each situation there is a high variety (H) and a low variety (L).

Each variety has its own specialized functions, and each is viewed

differently by those who are aware of both.15

The H varieties are used by people in formal situation, such as for

delivering sermons, for giving political speeches and for writing poetry.

In fact, H varieties do not use in high frequent, because this variety is the

prestige variety and people do not use it when they talk in daily life.

13Holmes, Op. Cit. P.30

14

Ronald Wardhaugh. Loc. it.

15

Ibid. P. 87

11

This variety only used in particular situation which is suitable to

use it, because its variety has some characteristics which make this

variety is appropriate for formal situation. As Wardaugh said,

"Associated with this prestige valuation for the H variety, there is

likely to be strong feeling that the prestige is deserved because the

H variety is more beautiful, logical, and expressive that the L

variety."16

It explains that H variety is more beautiful and expressive than L variety.

Contrast with the H variety, the L variety is used by people in

informal situation, it gives someone an impression of low-prestige when

used it. It used in conversation with familiars, popular program in radio

and in 'folk literature', etc. This variety is usually used in daily life also,

because people do not need aware about the grammatical of language

when they use L variety in communication. As Wardaugh said,

"The L variety lacks prestige. In fact, there can be so little prestige

attached to the L variety that people may even deny that know it

although they may be observed to use it far more frequently than H

variety". 17

It also explains that L variety is used more frequently than H variety,

because this variety is more suitable used in daily conversation.

II. Code-Switching

In speech communities, there are some languages and varieties of

language exist and people use it in contiguous situation. This case will

appear some language phenomena, such as someone switches or mixes

16 Ibid. P. 88

17

Ibid. P. 88

12

her/his language with other language, and it usually called code-

switching and code-mixing.

According to Gumperz, code-switching means the juxtaposition

within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two

different grammatical systems or subsystems.18

It explains that code-

switching is the usage of two languages which has differences in

grammatical system in one situation.

Holmes also has definition about code-switching; he said that

code-switching occurs when the speaker shifts from one language to

another or when the speaker switches from one code to another.19

It

explains code-switching is not only occurs when someone switches the

language but also switches the code (dialect, intonation etc.).

From both definitions, it can conclude that code-switching occurs

when a bilingual speaker uses more than one language in a single

utterance.

Code-switching has two types, situational code-switching and

metaphorical code-switching.

According to Wardhaugh,

"Situational code-switching occurs when the languages used

change according to the situations in which the conversant find

themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in

a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of

18 John Gumperz, Discourse Strategy. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

P. 59

19

Janet Holmes, Op. Cit. Pp.49-50

13

topic requires a change in the language used we have metaphorical

code-switching"20

It explains that situational code-switching occurs when the bilingual

speaker speaks in a language in one situation and he/she change the other

language when he/she speaks in different situation. Metaphorical code-

switching occurs when the bilingual speaker changes the code or

language when he/she explain about different topic.

III. Code-Mixing

When we talk about code-switching, the other phenomena will

arise, that is code-mixing. Code-mixing is one of phenomena which exist

in bilingual speaker. The speaker usually says sentence in a language and

he/ she inserts the other word or phrase from another language in that

sentence, this case is called code-mixing.

According to Hudson, code-mixing means where a fluent bilingual

talking to another fluent bilingual changes language without any change

at all in the situation.21

It explains that code-mixing occurs when the

bilingual speaker alternates his language/her language in one situation

(sentence).

Wardhaugh had definition to code-mixing, code-mixing occurs

when conversant use both of languages together to the extent that they

20Ronald Wardhaugh, Op. Cit. P.103

21

R.A. Hudson. Op. Cit. P.53

14

change from one language to the other in the course of a single

utterance.22

Both of definitions from Hudson and Wardhaugh have same

meaning, that code-mixing is the language (word, or phrase) alternation

in a single utterance by the bilingual speaker.

Someone has some purposes when she/he code-mixes two

languages, it seems to be to symbolize a somewhat ambiguous situation

for which neither language on its own would be quite right.23

It also can

be a solidarity marker when the speaker code-mixes two languages.24

Using code-mixing in daily life is not just a haphazard mixing of

two languages, it has to be aware with the syntactic categories which

used in classifying linguistic items, but usually some people do not

observe it clearly.

IV. Types of Code-Mixing

Muysken defines three types of code-mixing; these are insertion,

alternation, and congruent lexicalization.25

a) Insertion

According to Muysken which noted by Isharyanti, insertion

occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporate into

another.26

Insertion also paraphrased by Deuchar, that is one

language determines the overall structure into which constituents

22 Ronald Wardhaugh, Loc. Cit.

23

R.A. Hudson. Loc. Cit.

24

Ronald Wardhaugh, Op. Cit. P. 104

25 Ema Nurlela, Op. Cit. P. 5

26

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Op. Cit. P. 68

15

from the other language are inserted.27

From both definitions,

they explain that insertion is the unification of lexical item

between languages A into language B.

Figure I illustrate a graphic representation of insertion.

For the insertion example, the bilingual speaker which used

Indonesian as the first language and English is the second

language,

A : Topik pembicaraannya bored ya, membuat semakin

mengantuk. (The topic of that conversation is bored,

makes me sleepy.)

b) Alternation

According to Muysken which noted by Isharyanti,

alternation occurs when structures of two languages are alternated

indistinctively both of the grammatical and lexical level.28

It

explains both languages occur alternately, each with their own

structure.

27 Margaret Deuchar, "Minority Language Survival: Code-Mixing in Welsh", Vol.608-

620. (2005). International Journal of Bilingualism. Accessed on 23 February 2015

28Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Op. Cit. P. 69

A B C

...a... ...b... ...c...

16

Figure II illustrates a graphic representation of alternation.

For the alternation example, the bilingual speaker which used

Indonesian as the first language and English is the second

language,

A : I think itu bisa membahayakan penumpang.

(I think it can endanger the passenger)

c) Congruent Lexicalization

According to Muysken which quoted by Bogaerde,

congruent lexicalization is a material from different lexical

inventories into a shared grammatical structure.29

The definition

of congruent lexicalization is also paraphrased by Isharyanti, she

said that congruent lexicalization is refers to the situation where

two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled

lexically with elements from either language.30

This type is most often present in mixing between dialects

and between languages, which are close to each other in structure.

29Van den Bogaerde and A.E. Baker.Code-Mixing in Mother-Child Interaction in Deaf

Family”, Vol. 5.No. 7. (2006). Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics. Accessed on 22 February

2015


...a... ...b...

A B

17

Figure III illustrates a graphic representation of congruent

lexicalization.

The example is the bilingual speaker which used Indonesian as

the first language and English is the second language,

A : Kita lihat situation, dan juga tergantung condition.

(We will see the situation and it also depends on the condition).

Using three types of code-mixing it becomes clearer what the

extent of mixing is. Insertion explains about mixing at a more restricted

lexical level. Alternation is mixing at a structural level. The last is

congruent lexicalization is an avoidance of structural mixing through the

choice of a parallel structure in both languages.31

V. Social Motivation for Code-Mixing

People must be have a reason when they code-mix their language

into other language. According to Hudson, the purpose someone

alternates her/his language is seems to be symbolize a somewhat

ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be

31Van den Bogaerde and A.E. Baker, Loc. Cit.

...a... ...b... ...a... ...b...

A/B

18

quite right.32

Grosjean also postulates the motivation of code mixing and

code switching,

"Code switching can also be used for many reason, such as quoting

what someone has said (and thereby emphasizing one's group

identity), specifying the addressee (switching to the usual language

of a particular person in a group will show that one is addressing

that person), qualifying that has been said, or talking about past

events."33

It explains that code-mixing and code switching has many reasons, it

helps someone when he/she quotes some utterances from other, and to

specify who our interlocutor is.

Eunhee Kim also has explanation about four kinds of social

motivation of code-mixing, these are:

a. Participant Role and Relationship

In bilingualism, participant role and relationship has an

important role, we have to choose the suitable language when talk

to other. The bilingual code-mix or not depends on whom they

talk to. Their relationship between the speaker and the

interlocutors will affect the speaker's code-mix.34

Such as a

Javanese will code-mix their utterances between Javanese and

Indonesian when they talk to their friends, but when Javanese talk

to their parent, they talk in one language which appropriate with

their culture that is in Kromo Inggil.

32R.A. Hudson, Op. Cit. P. 53

33

Eunhee Kim, “Reason and Motivation for Code-Mixing and Code-Switching”, Vol. 4

No. 1. (2006). ELF Journal. P. 46. Accessed on 25 February 2015 34

Ibid

19

b. Situational Factor

In the Uenhee Kim's journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined

that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the

suitable setting, participant, and topic. It caused each social group

has a different language with other.35

They also said that gender,

class, religion, age and the other social variable can influence the

occurrence of code-mixing.36

Some of social traditional, the role of gender has a clearly

constraint such as the usual phenomena that men who work

outside will has a different code-mixing with women who only do

domestic activity.37

Pedraza and Hoffman also postulate that using code-mixing

is reputed as adolescent attitude, when people (bilingual speakers)

are adult; they will keep their own language and use it

separately.38

c. Message-Intrinsic Factors

Message-Intrinsic of language such as quotation,

reiteration, topic-comment, hedging, interjections, idioms and

deep-rooted cultural wisdom are some factors which cause the

occurrence of code-mixing.39

35Ibid., P.47

36

Ibid.

37

Ibid., P. 48

38Ibid.,

39

Ibid.

20

d. Language Attitudes, Dominance, and Security

Attitude of language can influence the existence of code-

mixing in daily life. Frequency of bilingual to code-mix

influenced from how speech community consider the code-

mixing positively or negatively.40

Dominance also influenced the occurrence of code-mixing.

As Genesee said, the bilingual children will code-mix between

the first language with the second language, but they will incline

use more the first language than the second language. It caused

they do not dominate the linguistic structure of the second

language.41

So many people secure their selves by code-mix their

language. To avoid the disunion of people's relationship, they

usually code-mix their language when they are angry and tired in

order to the interlocutors do not understand what they mean.42

That is when people feel not secure; they tend to mix language

more.43

VI. Jargon

Specificity of language in a particular group has a lot of characters;

one of them is closed-ended. It means there is a language code which is

only understood by the same group. Members of this group have a

40Ibid., P. 49

41

Ibid.

42Ibid., P. 49

43

Ibid., P. 50

21

special term used in the context of the other members of their group.44

According to Fromkin, jargon is special words peculiar to the

members of the profession or group.45

So, jargon means a word or

phrases used by members of particular group (especially occupational

group) which people beyond the group are difficult to understand the

meaning.

Jargon is usually found in every life scope, for example, linguistics'

jargons are phoneme, semantics, and morphology.46

Meanwhile in

restaurant, word "greeting" means the waiters greet new costumers and

find it out seat, as we know the meaning of greeting is first word used on

seeing somebody or writing somebody like 'Hello'47

.

Jargon also has some functions. It is used by someone to

shortening a long explanation, it also used for making the solidarity

among the members of the group, social class identify.

As Wijayana said, jargon berfungsi sebagai Indonesian yang

mudah dan menjadi identitas kelompok tertentu.48

Although jargon

should not use in generally because of the limited meaning , but it has

44Naryatmojo and Deby Luriawati, “Bentuk dan Faktor Penyebab Penggunaan Jargon

Masyarakat Nelayan di Rembang”.Vol. 3. No.4. (2010). UNNES Journal. online available:

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/indek.php/ lingua/. Accessed on 22 November 2013

45

George Yule, The Study of Language Third Edition, (New York: Cambridge

University Press, 2006) P. 63 46

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language

Seventh Edition. (USA: Thomson Place, 2003). p.475

47Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Third Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2010) p.184

48

Fitri Anggraini Harahap."Jargon Narapidana di Lembaga Permasyarakatan kelas IIB

Lubuk Pakam". Vol. 3.No. 1. (2013). UNIMED Journal. Accessed on August 2013

22

some functions that give easiness to get communication well for

members of the group.

In the other word, jargon can increase the image and prestige's

user. In social life, jargons also help someone to create and keep the

relationship between those who regard them as part of the group and who

are not.49

According to Grave and Mokienko, jargon separated into five

kinds, such as collocation jargon, criminal jargon, occupational jargon,

obscenities jargon, and adolescence jargon.

First is Collocation jargon, it used widely in society. It also used by

people in common and in non-formal situation. Such as collocation

jargon in Indonesia is sikon, it means situation and condition. The second

is Criminal jargon, it is used by the carries criminal. Such as in

Indonesia's criminal jargon, Barang or Thing in English is jargon which

is used by wrongdoer to mention the criminal target. The third is

occupational jargon; it is used by employee in particular profession to

make communication with their peer. It is usually used to show what

someone's occupation. Such as Roda gila or crazy tire is jargon usually

used by mechanic. The forth is obscenities jargon, is jargon which

derived from basic words but produce new meaning. The fifth is

adolescence jargon. It used by young people aged 14-25 years. For

example, in Indonesia there is jargon kepo. Kepo means someone who

49 George Yule, Op. Cit. P. 71

23

enthusiastic to know something. 50

There are factors of using jargon in daily communication and

everyone has their own motives of using it. Angelina explains that

situational factors like time, language, place, and conversation's topic is

influencing of using jargon.51

Naryatmojo also added two motives of using jargon, she explains

that a speech community using jargon because people before them used it

for making communication, and they used it to show their group

identity.52

50Fitri Anggraini Harahap, Loc. Cit.

51

Siska Angelina, "Penggunaan Jargon oleh Pemasar Produk Multi Level Marketing

Greenlite RDC-009 Padang". Vol. 5.No. 3. (2010). P.1

52 Naryatmojo, Deby Luriawati, Loc. Cit

24

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

This chapter is intended to discuss about types of code-mixing, the social

factors of doing it, and the speaker's reasons of using some types of code-mixing

when expressing jargons which used by Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff

when she served the customer in South Jakarta. This research carried out the

analysis by using the theory that the writer wrote down in the review of literature

part including Types of code-mixing and social factors of code-mixing. This

chapter also tries to solve the problem formulation and to attain the goal arranged

in objectives of the study.

From the conversation which had been recorded, there are nine of

utterances which can become the data of this research, but this research only

analyzes the utterances which state from Annisa Tour and Travel Agency's

Ticketing Staff, so that there are seven utterances only which can be analyzed.

The data are collected from the conversation of Annisa Travel Agency's

Ticketing Staff's utterances when she/he served the customer on 9 March 2015

which had been recorded by the writer. After that, the data are transcribed. Then,

the utterances which contain the code-mixing elements are sorted by the writer.

The sorted utterances are classified based on the types of code-mixing by the

Pieter Muysken's Theory. After that, the data are analyzed about the social factors

of code-mixing from the sorted utterances by the Eunhee Kim's theory and the

data are also analyzed about the staff's reason of using some types of code mixing

25

when she/he expressing Travel Agency's jargons. The last, the result of analysis

will be concluded by the writer.

The Analysis of Types of Code-Mixing and Social Factors of The Code-

Mixing.

i. Analysis of Data I

Customer : "Mbak, saya mau pesen tiket tanggal 15 April."

Staff : "Destination-nya kemana, Ibu?"

Customer : "Jakrta-Medan, jam 15.00, ada?"

From the conversation above the writer found the formation of

code-mixing's process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word

"destination" in her Indonesian's utterance. It is called congruent

lexicalization because the staff inserted the word "destination" which the

English lexical class is a noun, and -nya in Indonesian is one of affixation

which can modify with noun. So, the writer concludes that the type of

code-mixing in this utterance is congruent lexicalization because from

Muysken's theory, this type is refers to the situation where two languages

share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements

from either language.53

The social factors which motivated the staff to code-mix in her

utterance from data I is dominance factor. From the cutoff of

conversation above, the staff inserted word "destination" in her utterance

because she habitually use that word (destination) which already became


26

one of Travel Agency's jargons. Because of it, the staff unconsciously

used tourism jargon when she served the customer. The staff already

dominated by Travel Agency's jargon when she served the customer.

So, that the writer concludes that dominance factor influences her

to code-mix unconsciously because that word or jargon already

dominated her language.54

The staff's reason when she code-mixed in the type of congruent

lexicalization because word "destination" is not only used as jargons, but

also it already habitually used in daily life. So, the staff could place that

jargon in congruent place.

ii. Analysis of Data II

Staff : "One-way atau return?"

Customer : "Return saja mbak".


code-mixing's process of insertion, the staff inserted phrase "One-way"

and word "return" in her Indonesian's utterance. It called Insertion

because the English lexical class of phrase "One-way" and word "return"

is not agree with the lexical class in Indonesian. Sentence with following

with conjunction "or" is included in parallel sentence. Parallel sentence is

the sentence which forms from the same lexical class, whereas the lexical

class of "One-way" and "return" are different. So that, this cutoff of

conversation is included in Insertion, because insertion occurs when

54Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit

27

lexical items from one language are incorporate into another.55

The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix their

utterance with English is situational factor. Because of the staff knew the

customer understood the Travel Agency's jargons, she inserted the Travel

Agency's jargons continuously in their conversation. It also supported

from the customer's response, she said "return saja mbak.", that utterance

signed that the customer knows well about the meaning of Travel

Agency's jargon, so the conversation's message can be deliver well.

So that, from that analysis the writer concludes that the social

factor which motivated the staff to code-mix is the situational factors,

because the staff knew her interlocutor mastered the Travel Agency's

jargons also. In the Uenhee Kim's journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined

that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable

setting, participant, and topic.56

The staff's reason of using Insertion type when she/he expressing

Travel Agency's jargons in this cutoff conversation because she already

habitually used two of jargons between "one-way and return"

successively, it is caused "one-way and return" are jargons which have

relation in Travel Agency's world. So that the staff using it without

knowing which the correct grammatical.

iii. Analysis of Data III

Staff : "Boleh tahu nomer passanger-nya bu?"

55Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit

56

Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit

28

Customer : "Indah Permata"



"passenger" in her Indonesian's utterance. It called congruent

lexicalization because the staff combined word "passenger" which used

as Travel Agency's jargon from English modifies Indonesian affixation -

nya. Indonesian affixation -nya can modify with noun. Whereas the

lexical class of passenger is noun.

So the writer concludes that this statement includes Congruent

Lexicalization, because word "passenger" and affixation -nya are two

languages which can share grammatical structures which can be filled


The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix in this

cutoff of conversation is the Participant Factor. From the conversation,

the staff code-mixed from Indonesian to English because she was

convinced that the customer has mastered of some of Travel Agency's

jargons. It showed when the customer looked enjoy and did not ask some

questions when the staff inserted the tourism jargons such as destination,

one-way, return, and passenger. It is a sign that customer understood the

meaning of Travel Agency's jargons well. These all made the staff more

confident and enjoy to inserted Travel Agency's jargon which formed by

English anymore.


29

So, the writer concludes that social factor which motivated the

ticketing staff to code-mix is affected from who the interlocutor is.58

The staff's reason used congruent lexicalization as her type of

code-mixing in this cutoff conversation because she already habitually

used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously.

iv. Analysis of Data IV

Staff : "Baik tunggu sebentar, reservation-nya akan segera saya

buat."

From the staff statement that above the writer found the formation

of code-mixing's process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted

word "reservation" her Indonesian's utterance. It called congruent

lexicalization because the staff combined the word "reservation" which

used as Travel Agency's jargon from English with Indonesian affixation -

nya. Indonesian affixation -nya can be attached to a noun. Meanwhile the

lexical class of reservation is noun.

So the writer concludes that this statement included congruent

lexicalization, because word "reservation" and affixation -nya are two

languages which can share grammatical structures which can be filled



utterance with English is participant role factor. The reason is same with

the analysis of data II, the staff used English jargon like "reservation"


59

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit

30

because she knew the customer understood the Travel Agency's jargons,

so that she inserted the Travel Agency's jargons continuously in their

conversation.

On the other hand, she already habitually used Travel Agency's

jargons which are formed from English. So that she prefer to use English

than Indonesian (to mention "reservation") when the customer fixed to

order the ticket. This is included in dominance factor.60

So that, from that analysis the writer concludes that the social

factor which motivated the staff to code-mix in data IV is the Situational

Factors and dominance factor, because the staff knew her interlocutor

mastered the Travel Agency's jargons. It also showed from the staff

habitually to use Travel Agency's jargon which is formed from English.

In the Uenhee Kim's journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined that some

languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable setting,

participant, and topic.61



used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously.

v. Analysis of Data V

Staff : "Oke Ibu, reservation-nya sudah saya buat a/n Indah

Permata, DSI90 Y class, 15 April 2015, dengan rute

Jakarta-Medan, pukul 15.05, tiba pukul 17.30. Lalu

GA195 Y class, 18 April 2015, dengan rute Medan-

Jakarta, jam 20.35, tiba pukul 23.00. Untuk harganya,


61

Ibid.

31

Mohon ditunggu sebentar, Ibu. Total Rp.

4.519.000.00."

Customer : "Oke makasih ya mbak."

From the staff statement above the writer found the formation of


"reservation" her Indonesian's utterance. It called congruent

lexicalization because the staff combined word "reservation" which used

as Travel Agency's jargon from English with Indonesian affixation -nya.

Indonesian affixation -nya can modify with noun. Whereas the lexical

class of "reservation" is noun.

Phrase "Y class" in that conversation is include in congruent

lexical too, because she inserted that phrase in suitable place as a lexical

class in English and it did not break the Indonesian grammatical because

it only a quotation from the airplane.

So the writer concludes that code-mixing are included congruent

lexicalization Type, two languages which can share grammatical

structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either

language is called congruent lexicalization.62

There are two social factors which motivated the staff to code-mix

between Indonesian with English (used as Travel Agency's Jargon). The

first is participant role, the second is message-intrinsic factor.

When the staff code-mixed in word "reservation"-nya is one of

proof that she knew who the interlocutor. She was conscious that the


32

interlocutor known well about Travel Agency's jargons, so that she used

it continuously when they talked each other.

The second is message-intrinsic Factor. The staff insert phrase such

as "Y class" because that phrase is quotation from the airplane enterprise,

she only mentioned the airplane specification which has already printed.

As Eunhee Kim said that quotation can cause the occurrence of code-

mixing.63

So, from the analysis above the writer concludes that the social

factors of data V are participant role factor and message-intrinsic factor.



used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously. Besides it, she

also quoted a phrase like "Y class" as mentioned in the information of

airlines.

vi. Analysis of Data VI

Staff : "Untuk reservation ticket-nya saya issued atau tidak, Ibu?

Customer : "Boleh issued saja."

From the staff's utterance above the writer found the formation of

code-mixing's process of insertion, the staff inserted phrase reservation

ticket in her Indonesian's utterance. It called Insertion because the staff

inserted phrase reservation ticket ungrammatically. She formed that

phrase same as Indonesian phrase. The true arrangement of phrase in


33

English is ticket reservation.

The staff also inserted word issued in her utterances. It also

includes as Insertion, because it should be in verb I, but the staff said it in

verb II.

So, from the explanation above the writer concludes that the data

VI belonging to code-mixing type insertion, because insertion occurs

when lexical items from one language are incorporate into another.64


utterance with English is participant role factor. Because of the staff

knew the customer understood the Travel Agency's jargons, she inserted

the Travel Agency's jargons continuously in their conversation. It also

supported from the customer's response, she said "Boleh, issued saja"

that utterance signed that the customer knew well about the meaning of

Travel Agency's jargon, so the conversation's message can be deliver

well.

So that, from that analysis of data VI, the writer concludes that the

social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix is the participant role

factors, because the staff convinced her interlocutor mastered the Travel

Agency's jargons. In the Uenhee Kim's journal, Bhatia and Ritchie

determined that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in

the suitable setting, participant, and topic.65

The staff's reason used Insertion as her type of code-mixing in this


65

Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit

34

cutoff's conversation because she arranged that phrase same as

Indonesian grammatical, it is caused she already habitually to use

Indonesian when she communicates with other. So that she code-mixed

ungrammatically and identified as insertion.

vii. Analysis of Data VII

Staff : "Baik, tunggu sebentar ya, Bu. Ini tiketnya ya bu, jangan

sampai telat datang ke Airport."

Customer : "Oke, makasih banyak ya mbak."

From the staff statement that above the writer found the formation

of code-mixing's process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted

word airport her Indonesian's utterance. It called congruent lexicalization

because word airport is a noun in English lexical class. Whereas,

Indonesian conjunction ke- is always followed by noun.

So that, the writer concludes that data VII is called Congruent

Lexicalization because it refers to the situation where two languages

share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements

from either language.66

The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix this cutoff

of conversation with English is participant role factors. Because of the

staff knew that her interlocutor mastered English, so the staff prefers to

use English than Indonesian (She mentioned Airport, not Bandara).

According to Eunhee Kim participant role and relationship has an

important role in code mixing, someone has to choose the suitable


35

language when talk to other. The bilingual code-mix or not depends on

whom they talk to, and the writer concludes that the staff motivated to

code-mix because she know well with whom she talked to.67

The staff's reason she code-mixed in the type of congruent

lexicalization because word "airport" is not only used as jargons, but also

it already habitually used in daily life and she knew the meaning well.

So, the staff could place that jargon in congruent place.


36

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

By referring to the analysis in Chapter Three, there are seven sentences

which arranged from two languages, these are Indonesian and English (which

used as travel Agency's Jargons). They are separated into three types of code-

mixing, insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. From the result of the

analysis, they are showed that there are 5 sentences which are included in

congruent lexicalization type and 2 sentences which are included in insertion type.

Besides that, this research also analyzed the social factor which motivates

Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff to code-mix her utterances when served

the customer. They separated into four social factors; these are participant role and

relationship factor, situational factor, message-intrinsic factor, and language

attitude, dominance, and security factor. Based on the analysis, there is one

utterance from the staff contains two social motivations, so that the analysis result

of social motivation are more than the analysis result of types.

From seven utterances which considered as code-mixing utterances, there

are 4 sentences which are included in participant role factor. It is caused the staff

knew who her interlocutor is, and how far the interlocutor's ability in mastering

Travel Agency's jargons which formed from English.

There are two utterances which included in situational factor. It caused the

staff could catch the sign of customer's understanding from her responses which

37

used Travel Agency's jargons also without asked the meaning of it. That responses

signed that the customer knows well about the meaning of Travel Agency's

jargon, so the staff inserted English word (which used as Travel Agency's jargons)

continuously.

After participant role factor and situational factor, there is message-

intrinsic factor. There is only one sentence which included in this social factor of

code-mixing. It caused that phrase (English phrase which used as Travel Agency's

Jargons) is quotation.

The last is dominance factor. There are two sentences identified as

dominance factor. It caused the staff had mastered the Travel Agency's jargons

and habitually inserted them into her utterances when the staff serves the

customers so that she code-mixed unconsciously.

Besides analyzing the type and social factors, the writer also analyzed the

staff's reasons in using some of types of code-mixing when expressing Travel

Agency's jargons.

The reason of using congruent lexicalization when expressing the jargons

are; the jargons already habitually used in daily life, the staff knew the meaning

well, the jargons quoted from the information of airlines.

The reason of using insertion when expressing the jargons are; The staff

arranged that phrase same as Indonesian grammatical, there are two of jargons

used successively and they have relation but they do not arrange parallel.

38

B. Suggestion

The readers (especially for linguistics learners) are hoped to continue the

analysis of code-mixing, not only in Travel Agency, but also in the other wide

profession, because in the writer's opinion, code-mixing is one of the unique

phenomena appeared from people's social life.

By referring to this research, it also hoped there will be the learners who

will analyze further about the code-mixing which occur in Travel Agency, not

only analyze the type and the social factors, but also analyze the other sides of

linguistics.

The last, this research are expected to be useful to sharpen the reader's

understanding about code-mixing especially in type of code-mixing based on

Muysken's Theory and the social factors which established by Eunhee Kim.

39

REFERENCES

Anisa Ramadhani, "Campur Kode Indonesian Indonesia-Indonesian Inggris dalam

Acara "Welcome to BCA" di Metro TV". Unpublished Thesis. (Depok:

Universitas Indonesia, 2011). Accessed on 22 February 2015

Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Third Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2010)

Ema Nurlaela, "Campur Kode pada Percakapan Customer Service Agent

Telkomsel." Vol.4.No.6. (September 2012). Unpad Journal. Accessed on 22

February

Eunhee Kim, Reason and Motivation for Code-Mixing and Code-Switching, Vol.

4 No. 1. (2006). P. 46. EFL Journal. Accessed on 25 February 2015

Fitri anggraini harahap. "Jargon Narapidana di Lembaga Permasyarakatan kelas

IIB Lubuk Pakam". Vol. 3.No. 1. (2013). UNIMED Journal. Accessed on

August 2013

Fromkin, V, Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. An Introduction to Language Seventh

Edition. Boston: Thompson Heinle. 2003.

Gumperz, John. Discourse Strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1982.

Holmes, Janet. An Introduction of Sociolinguistics. New York: Longman

Publishing. 1992.

Lambert, W.W. and W.E. Lambert. Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J:

Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1973.

Margaret Deuchar, "Minority Language Survival: Code-Mixing in Welsh",

Vol.608- 620. (2005). International Journal of Bilingualism. Accessed on 23

February 2015

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti."Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Internet

Chatting:Between 'yes', 'ya', and 'si' a Case of Study,Vol.5.No.3: (2009).

JALTCall Journal Accessed on 23 February 2015

Naryatmojo and Deby Luriawati, "Bentuk dan Faktor Penyebab Penggunaan

Jargon Masyarakat Nelayan di Rembang".Vol. 3. No.4. (2010). Unnes Journal.

Online available: http://journal.unnes.ac.id/indek.php/ lingua/. Accessed

on 22 November 2013

40

R.A. Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press. 1996.

Siska Angelina, "Penggunaan Jargon oleh Pemasar Produk Multi Level Marketing

Greenlite RDC-009 Padang". Vol. 5.No. 3. (2010). Unand Jurnal.

Subroto, Edi. Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. Surakarta:

Sebelas Maret University Press. 1992

Suwito. Pengantar Awal Sosiolinguistik Teori dan Problema. Surakarta: Henari

Offset Solo. 1983.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.UK: Blackwell

Publishing Ltd. 1986.

Van den Bogaerde and A.E. Baker. "Code-Mixing in Mother-Child Interaction in

Deaf Family". Vol. 5.No. 7. (2006). Dutch Journal of Applied

Linguistics. Accessed on 22 February 2015

Yule, George. The Study of Language (Third Edition). New York: Cambridge

University Press. 2006

Private Interview with Participant 1, Adijaya,Annisa Tour and Travel, Depok,

December 10, 2014

Private Interview with Participant 2, Nurdiana, Anissa Tour and Travel, Depok,

October 9, 2014

41

Appendices

The Staff : Hallo Selamat siang, dengan Nurdiana dari Annisa

Travel, ada yang bisa saya bantu?

Customer : Mbak, saya mau pesan tiket tanggal 15 April.

The Staff : Destination-nya kemana, Ibu? (I)

Customer : Jakarta-Medan, jam 15.00. Ada?

The Staff : Oke baik Ibu, tunggu sebentar ya.

: Jam 15.05, tersedia untuk berapa orang, Ibu?

Customer : Satu orang.

The Staff : One-way atau return,? (II)

Customer : Return saja mbak.

The Staff : Lalu rencana kepulangannya tanggal berapa, Ibu?

Customer : Tanggal 18 April yang jam 20.35.

The Staff : Baik ibu, harap menunggu sebentar.

Boleh tahu nomer passanger-nya bu? (III)

Customer : Indah Permata

The Staff : Baik, Mohon sebutkan nomer teleponnya, Ibu?

Customer : 081272992071.

The Staff : Baik tunggu sebentar, reservation ticket-nya akan segera

saya buat. Oke Ibu, reservation-nya sudah saya buat a/n

Indah Permata, DSI90 Y class, 15 April 2015, dengan

rute Jakarta-Medan,jam pukul 15.05, tiba pukul 17.30. Lalu

GA195 Y class, 18 April 2015, dengan rute Medan-

Jakarta, jam20.35, tiba pukul 23.00. Untuk harganya,

Mohon ditunggu sebentar, Ibu. Total Rp.

4.519.000.00. (IV)(V)

Customer : Oke makasih ya mbak.

The Staff : Untuk reservation ticket-nya saya issued atau tidak,

Ibu?(VI)

Customer : Boleh, issued saja.

The Staff : Baik, tunggu sebentar ya, Bu.

Ini tiketnya ya bu, jangan sampai telat datang ke Airport.

(VII)

Customer : Oke, makasih banyak ya mbak.

42

Nurdiana's Interview fromAnissa Tour and Travel, South Jakarta

R: Ka nia ngegunain jargon biar lebih percaya diri ga sih? Entah lagi komunikasi

sama pelanggan atau sama rekan kerja?

Nia: Iya pasti, karna di kantor kalau ngomongin tentang tiket itu selalu

Indonesian-Indonesian itu yang dipake. Kalo pake Indonesianindonesia malah

kagok, gak biasa. Dan kadang kalo diIndonesian indonesiain itu kurang pas

artinya.Lebih simple. Orang lebih tau kita pake Indonesian travel dibanding pake

Indonesianindonesia.

R: Tapi bukannya orang-orang awam itu ga ngerti Indonesian-Indonesian travel

itu ka?

Nia : iya, sebagian ada yang tau dan kebanyakan sih emang yang ga tau. Tapi kita

nyiasatinnya dengan mengiringi Indonesian travel dan dibelakang kita kasih tau

atinya.

R : Oh gitu, jadi biar pelanggan juga ngerti ya ka Indonesian-Indonesian travel.

R : kaka ngegunain jargon itu ngerasa lebih deket ga sama rekan kerja kaka? Jadi

merasa lebih akrab gitu?Ga ada diskriminasi diantara kalian.

N : Iya jadi awal-awal kan kita bingung gitu, ih ini apa yah ko temen-temen gue

pada ngomong Indonesian-Indonesian inggris gini tapi ko gue ga ngerti. Nah dari

situ ada motivasi buat menguasai Indonesian-Indonesian itu deh, jadi setelah tau

Indonesian dan artinya kita jadi lebih santai ngobrol soal kerjaan sama rekan kerja

kita. Jadi ga minder juga.

R : oh jadi kaka ngerasa lebih nyaman gitu kalo ngobrol pake Indonesian travel

itu?

N : nah iyaa, percaya diri kita lebih tinggi setelah kita komunikasi ngeggunain

jargon.

R : Terus kaka pernah kepikiran ga sih awal-awal masuk kerja, kaka

menggunakan jargon ini agar diperlakukan adil atau disepadanin di tempat kaka

bekerja, di lingkungan travel?

N: iya, karna sebenernya menggunakan jargon itu suatu tuntutan kita kerja. karna

kalau kita tidak menggunakan jargon itu bisa di judge bodoh sama orang-orang.

"masa elu orang travel tapi ga ngerti Indonesian-Indonesiannya si?" gitu, jadi kita

menghindari dari pandangan seperti itu.

43

R : Apakah dengan menggunakan jargon travel, kaka merasa termasuk dalam

golongan orang travel agent?

N : Iya pasti. Jadi menggunakan Jargon itu menunjukan salah satu identitas kita

dan dengan begitu mereka bakal mengganggap kita dari salah satu bagian mereka

juga.

R : Oh gituu. Terus kaka pernah kepikiran ga sih, dengan kaka menggunakan

jargon travel itu menjadi salah satu tolak ukur kalau kaka udah menguasai dunia

pertravelan?

N : Iya pasti, jadi kita merasa lebih dipercayai sama costumer dengan

menggunakan Indonesian-Indonesian travel itu. Jadi orang kan mikirnya "oooh

iya nih dia beneran orang travel nih karna komunikasinya pake Indonesian travel."

R : selain itu apakah kaka punya niatan menunjukkan identitas pekerjaan kaka

dengan menggunakan jargon-jargon travel? Semisal kaka lagi ngobrol sama temen

kaka di luar travel agent dan kaka menggunakan salah satu jargon itu saat ngobrol.

N : Iya bener, jadi secara sadar atau ga sadar terkadang kita ada niatan buat

menunjukan " Ini loh gue kerja di travel." melalui penggunaan jargon-jargon

tersebut saat ngobrol.

R : Pernah ga sih kaka menganggap jargon itu adalah salah satu pencapaian atau

tujuan kaka untuk menguasai suatu hal, andai dulu awal-awal kaka mikir "Gue

kayanya harus menguasai Indonesian travel deh biar sepadan sama temen-temen

kantor.""

N : iya pasti, apalagi kalau kita ga ada basic sama sekali di bidang ticketting, pasti

motivasi untuk menguasai Indonesian travel itu semakin tinggi. biar setara

R: apakah dengan menggunakan jargon kaka lebih merasa dihargai?

N : iyaa jelas, kita jadi lebih dihargai dikalangan travel. Jadi kita lebih

"meyakinkan" sebagai orang travel.

the social factors of code-mixing in annisa...

Documents