the spread of islam
DESCRIPTION
The Spread of Islam. I. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam. 632: Muh. Died Abu Bakr chosen as successor Caliph = “successor of the Prophet”. A. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs. Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, & Ali All knew Muh. Rule = caliphate Abu Bakr promised to uphold what Muh. stood for - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Spread of Islam
I. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
632: Muh. Died Abu Bakr chosen as successor
Caliph = “successor of the Prophet”
A. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, & Ali
All knew Muh. Rule = caliphate
Abu Bakr promised to uphold what Muh. stood for Some abandoned Islam
“jihad” (striving in the path of God)
Islam expanded 634: Abu Bakr died &
Muslim state controlled all of Arabia
Umar (2nd caliph) Conquered Syria & lower Egypt
Uthman & Ali cont’d to expand Muslim territory
750: stretched 6,000 mi.
Arab policy toward conquered peoples made conquests easier
More tolerant than other conquerors Christians & Jews converted or paid tribute
w/in 100 yrs. of Muh’s death
Attempt to take Const. failed 711: Berbers (N.Af followers) invaded
Spain led by Tariq (against Visigoths) Jabal Tariq (“Mtn. of Tariq”)
Spain = easy conquest 732: Battle of Tours
Stopped advance of Moors into Euro.
B. Reasons for Success
1. Victories = Allah’s support Great inspiration & morale from faith
2. Muslim armies were well-disciplined & commanded
3. people were persecuted under Byz.
rule
II. Internal Conflict Creates Crisis
656: Uthman was murdered (civil war) Ali (Muh’s cousin & son-in-law) became
next caliph 661: Muawiya (Uthman’s cousin)
Accused Ali of protecting Uthman’s assassins
Ali & Muawiya went to war Ali was assassinated (Muawiya took power)
Umayyads came to power Moved Muslim capital to Damascus
Helped control conquered lands Abandoned the “simple” life…
surrounded themselves w/wealth Helped give rise to a division in the umma
A. Division in the Umma
Most accepted Umayyads’ rule Shi’at Ali (“party of Ali”) (Shi’a)
caliph (imam) had to be descendent of the Prophet Muh.
10% of Umma
Sunni 90% of Umma Est. in 661 (Muawiya)
750: rebels overthrew Umayyads Abbasids took control
III. Islamic Control Spreads
Abbasids murdered Umayyads Abd al-Rahman escaped to Spain to est.
a caliphate
Spain = conquered by Muslims (N.Af) 732: Muslims advanced w/in 200 mi. of
Paris – stopped at Battle of Tours
A. Abbasids Consolidate Power
762: capital moved to Baghdad Trade routes
Developed strong bureaucracy Treasury Army Diplomats Supported by taxes
B. Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) Failed to maintain control
Independent Muslim states sprang up
Fatimid caliphate Formed by Shi’a Claimed descent from Muh’s daughter Fatima
Fatimids & smaller states were still connected thru religion, language, & trade
C. Muslim Trade Network
Med. Sea & Indian Ocean Engaged in sea trade w/world
Silk Roads Single language