the three elements of flexicurity flexible labour market social security system employ- ment and...
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The Three Elements of Flexicurity
Flexible labour market
Social security system
Employ-ment and training policy
Employment Security
NOTE: Figures in brackets are unemployment rates in 2006.SOURCE: CEPS (2004) and Eurostat.
0123456789
DK AT NL SE DE FI BE IE UK IT FR ES PT GR0123456789
Scale from 1-10 – the higher the number the more secure, 2001
(3,9) (4,8)(3,9) (7,0) (8,4) (7,7) (8,2) (4,4) (5,3) (6,8) (9,4) (8,6)
(7,7)
(8,9)
Job SatisfactionPer cent of employed, 2006
50
60
70
80
90
100
DK NO UK CH AT BE DE NL IE LU SE PT FI FR ES IT EL50
60
70
80
90
100
SOURCE: EFILWC (2007).
NOTE: The figures show the rate of employed who are satisfied or very satisfied with their occupation.
Is Globalisation a Threat or an Opportunity
-100
-50
0
50
100
DK SE NL UK IE FI IT ES DE PT BE AT GR FR
-100
-50
0
50
100
Globalisation represents an opportunity Globalisation represents a threat
SOURCE: The European Commission Special Eurobarometer, The Future of Europe, May 2006.
Average Job TenureYears
SOURCE: OECD (2004) and Eurostat (2005).
4
6
8
10
12U
S ISU
KD
K IE ES
CH
HU
NO PL CZ SK AT FI EL SE DE
NL
PT IT LU BE
FR EU
4
6
8
10
12
Labour Market RegulationIndex, the lower the number the less regulation, 2003
SOURCE: OECD, 2004.
0
1
2
3
4
UK IE DK AT IT FI NL BE DE SE GR FR ES PT0
1
2
3
4
Regulation and UnemploymentUnemployment, per cent 2003
0
3
6
9
12
0 1 2 3 40
3
6
9
12
Employment regulation index 2003
UK IEDK
AT
IT
FI
NL
BEDE
SE
GRFR
ES
PTUS
JP
Estimated line
NOTE: A high number reflects tight regulations.SOURCE: OECD (2004)
Flexibility in Wage SettingPer cent of employees where wages are negotiated:
NOTE: DA/LO area.SOURCE: DA.
Centrally Locally
1989 2005
34
66
16
84
Flexibility in Working Hours
The 37 hours of work per week is calculated as an average over:
Share of employed per cent
In 1998 In 2004
No flexibility 7 2
3 weeks – 6 months 24 7
6 months to 11 months 13 15
1 year or more 56 77
NOTE: The figures represents collective agreements for
approximately 90 per cent of the employees at the DA/LO area.SOURCE: DA.
Mobility in the Wage Distribution
Per cent of employees in 1st wage decile who are in a higher wage decile 1 year after. 1999-2000.
SOURCE: European Commission, 2003.
0
6
12
18
24
30
36IR
L
DK P E F
NL
FIN
UK
EU EL A D I B
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
Participation in Continuing Education
Per cent of employed, 2003
SOURCE: OECD (2006).
0
10
20
30
40
50
SE DK
US
FI
CH
UK
CA
AT
FR
SK BE
DE
LU
CZ
IE NL
PL
PT
ES
GR
HU
IT
0
10
20
30
40
50
NOTE: Covers non-formal job-related continuing education and training over the previous 12 months.
Educational Costs at Company Level
Per cent of total labour costs for educational training in private companies, 1999
SOURCE: Eurostat (2002).
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
DK
SE NL
EI
FR FI EU
-15
NO
LUX
IT BE
DE
ES
AU
PT EL
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
Educational AttainmentPer cent of labour force (25-64 year-olds) with higher education
SOURCE: OECD and FN.
CanadaUSAJapanFinlandSwedenBelgium
Australia
DenmarkNorway
New Zealand
Korea
Ireland
UKSpain
Switzerland
Germany
France
Holland
Luxembourg
Island
Canada
Spain
JapanKorea
Belgium
Finland
USA
IrelandNorway
Sweden
Australia
DenmarkUK
New Zealand
SwitzerlandIsland
Germany
Luxembourg
Holland
France
60 50 40 30 20 10 10 200 30 40 50 6020202004
Israel Israel
People on public benefits1,000 people, 2006
SOURCE: Statistics Denmark.
0 50 100 150 200 250
Disability pension
Flexjob (active and inactive)
Social assistance
Sickness benefit
Parental leave
Unemployed
Employable
Less employab
le
Job training, rehabilitation, etc.
Early retirement (including
65-66 year old pensioners)
Low Availability of Unemployed
Per cent of unemployed, 2005
SOURCE: Special report from Statistics Denmark.
0
10
20
30
40
50
15-24 25-29 30-49 50-59 60-66
0
10
20
30
40
50
Do not wish to work Do not seek work Not able to attend work
Years old
Making Work Pay
Incentives to work for the lowest paid are small
26 per cent of the unemployed gain less than 70 Euro/month if they get a job.
12 per cent of the employed gain less than 70 Euro/month compared with the unemployment benefit.
5 per cent of the employed earn less than if they were unemployed.
SOURCE: Rockwool Foundation (2003).
Expenditure on Labour Market Measures
Per cent of GDP, 2005
SOURCE: OECD (Employment Outlook, 2007)
0
1
2
3
4
5
DK BE
NL
GE FI SE FR ES
AT PT CH
NO IE AU
CA
NZ
UK JP CZ
US
KR
0
1
2
3
4
5
Active measures Total measures
GDP per capitaEU-25=100 calculated in PPP, 2006
SOURCE: OECD, 2007.
020406080
100120140160
USA EU-25 Denmark Japan020406080100120140160
UnemploymentPer cent
SOURCE: OECD (Employment Outlook, 2007).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
'94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '060
2
4
6
8
10
12
EU 15
Denmark
USA
Japan
Employment rate
SOURCE: OECD (Employment Outlook 2007).
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU15 Denmark USA Japan
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 2006Per cent of 15-64 years old
Population – Working Age15-64 years old relative to entire population, index 2005=100
SOURCE: UN, World Population Prospects, Medium variant.
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 205075
80
85
90
95
100
105
Japan
Denmark
USA
Western Europe
Flexible Regulation in Denmark
Main CharacteristicsBasic principles established more than 100 years ago
Regulation at company-level through collective agreements
Disputes are handled by the two sides of industry solely
Employment Regulation Collective agreements the primary
regulation:
Wages
Working time, overtime
Redundancies, shop stewards, extra holidays
Sickness pay, maternity leave, pension, training,
Legislation only on specific topics:
Holidays
Health and safety
Equal pay and equal treatment (sex, race, religion etc.)
Regulation by Framework Agreements
Collective agreements cover aprox. 90 pct. of the employeed in companies affiliated to DA member federations
Framework agreements
Supplemented by agreements at company level