Issue 224 October 23, 2013 Stan Paregien, Editor The Paregien Journal

The U.S. Military inWorld War II

Compiled and Edited byStan Paregien Sr

The following pages are filled with a wide range of photos and illustrations, many of whichI have collected over decades. I understand this photo-essay is a kind of hodge-podge,

abbreviated look at our military. My goal is simply to salute our current military peopleand veterans, as well as those who are now part of the ages. Why not search out a World

War II vet in your community and personally thank him or her for their service??

World War II

This photo-essay covers only that period of time when the United States was officialinvolved in World War II (also called WW 2 and The Second World War), that is, from1941 to 1945.

By 1939, WW II was growing wider and wider in terms of countries being sucked into theconflict because of treaty alliances or because of direct attacks by aggressors. And it wasbecoming wider in the sense of being a global war. The combatants were divided into twomain groups:

1. The Allied ForcesThese countries included Poland, France, The British Commonwealth, The Republic ofChina, the Soviet Union (Russia),

2. The Axis ForcesThese countries included Germany, Italy, and The Empire of Japan. Germany and Italylaunched aggressive and brutal campaigns to take control of all of Europe. "War alonebrings up to their highest tension all human energies and imposes the stamp of nobilityupon the peoples who have the courage to make it." Benito Mussolini (ruler of Italy, anally with Germany), in "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism." Meanwhile, Japanset about to capture and control the entire Pacific rim of nations.

By the time WW 2 ended in 1945, an estimated one-million men and women had served insome type of military unit. And it is believed there were more than fifty-million dead orwounded military people and civilians. There was a willingness to extinguish human lifeon a wider scale than previously seen, as the Germans committed mass murder against theJews and others . . . and as the U.S. dropped devastating atomic bombs which virtuallywiped out two large Japanese cities.

WW 2 in Europe ended when Polish and Soviet Union troops on May 8, 1945 capturedBerlin, Germany. Bowing to the inevitable, after the Allied Forces dropped atomic bombson Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese unconditionally surrendered to GeneralDouglas McArthur on Aug. 15, 1945.

[ story of Lonnie Cook ]

Black Americans in Uniform

In spite of adversity and limited opportunities, African Americans have played asignificant role in U.S. military history over the past 300 years. They were denied militaryleadership roles and skilled training because many believed they lacked qualifications for

combat duty. Before 1940, African Americans were barred from flying for the U.S.military.

Civil rights organizations and the black press exerted pressure that resulted in theformation of an all African-American pursuit squadron based in Tuskegee, Alabama, in1941. They became known as the Tuskegee Airmen.

A group of Tuskegee Airmen in about 1942 with the U.S. Army.You may read more about their exploits at:

http://www.tuskegeeairmen.org/

Former TV anchor Tom Brokaw wrote, "It's not that black Americans were notrepresented numerically. There were 1.2 million in uniform during the war, almost 10percent of America's black population at the time. Most were confined to the service areasof the military, however. They were ships stewards or worked in the quartermaster corpsor served as drivers for transportation outfits. Ten percent saw combat. Those who didhad distinguished records, but the myths remained. The military establishment wasreluctant to acknowledge that black Americans were fully capable of taking their place inthe front ranks (The Greatest Generation, p. 193).

Oriental Americans in Uniform

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Hawaii National Guard was activated. Thatunit contained a large number of Japanese Americans. They were entrusted withguarding the beaches, helping the wounded and clearing some of the rubble from theattach.

However, these same Japanese Americans just three days later had their firearms takenaway from them solely because of their ancestry. The order was reversed the very nextday and the men took up arms, again. But some resentment and tension remained.

The full insult came in June of 1942 when any Japanese American man who was notalready in the military was actually classified as an enemy alien and treated accordingly.That policy was finally overturned in 1943.

Those American men of Japanese ancestry were eventually put together to form the 442ndRegiment Combat Team. They became part of the Fifth Army under Lt. General MarkClark. They had heavy losses of men in battle, resulting in their being honored with thetitle of "Purple Heart Battalion." They went on to fight in Germany, Italy and France,and they helped liberate the infamous concentration/death camp at Dachau, German.

Of course, it was a select group of Japanese American linguists who were highly effectivein successfully decoding Japanese communications. And they help coordinate the actualrebuilding of Japan after the war. It is estimated that over 30,000 Japanese Americansserved Uncle Sam during World War II.

Private First Class Sadao Munemori died heroically in Italy and for that he wasposthumously given the Medal of Honor. Eventually 21 others were so honored, includinga young soldier named Daniel K. Inouye. He went on to serve as a U.S. Senator fromHawaii.

Some 142,000 Filipinos served in the U.S. military during World War II. Ironically, theywere often mistaken for Japanese and were sometimes treated badly because of it. Manyof these men were high decorated after the war for their heroism against the Japanese insuch places as Burma, New Guinea and in the Philippines.

At the beginning of World War II, Korean Americans were designated as enemy aliens.That ruling was rescinded in 1943. A few hundred Korean Americans serviced in thearmy, mainly serving as translators. One young Korean American named Young-OakKim served in the regular army. He received the Distinguished Service Cross for hisservice above and beyond the call of duty at the Battle of Anzio in Italy. And Fred Ohrachieved the status of "Ace" fighter pilot for shooting six enemy planes out of the sky.

Lieutenant Junior Grade Susan Ahn Cuddy, USN

In 1942, like many Korean Americans, the three Ahn siblings--Ralph, Philip, and Susan(above)--children from California's first Korean immigrant family, enlisted in the U.S.military. The Ahn sister, Susan Ahn Cuddy, was the first Korean American woman in theU.S. military and the first female Navy gunnery officer. For her service in the WAVES,she reached the rank of Lieutenant Junior Grade in the USN.

Brig.-General Patrick Hurley

Patrick J. Hurley was also born near Lehigh, Oklahoma on Jan. 8, 1883. It was Patrick J.Hurley who raised the money for nearby Coalgate's very first hospital and nursing home.Hurley became a lawyer, than a soldier who rose to the rank of Colonel in the U.S. Armyduring World War I. President Herbert Hoover appointed Hurley as his Secretary of War(now called "Secretary of Defense") in 1929 and served in that position until 1933. He wasgiven the rank of Brigadier General when World War II started in 1941. He wasappointed Ambassador to China in 1944 but resigned in disgust in 1945. He moved toSanta Fe, New Mexico and headed a company mining uranium. He died there in 1963.

The above is a copy of the document my maternal grandmother Ola Vada Cauthen signedon May 4, 1942 to get a book of "War Ration Stamps." These were used to buy things

which were being rationed. The document shows her mailing address as "GeneralDelivery, Wapanucka (Johnston County), Oklahoma. She was 38 years of age with browneyes and black hair, and she stood 5ft 3 /12" tall and weighed 137 pounds. It was signed by

the registrar of Local Board #53, a Ms. Dorothy Rose Taylor.

Henry L. Bellmon

The Last Cavalry Charge

It was on Jan. 16, 1942 that an end of an era took place in the U.S. Army. It happened atBataan in the Philippines, as American and native Philippine troops were fighting againsta wave of invading Japanese soldiers. On that date Lt. Colonel Edwin Price Ramseysaddled his horse and let the very last cavalry charge. That fight and subsequent oneswere not enough to turn back the invaders, so Bataan and all the rest of the island of thePhilippines came under brutal Japanese domination.

To his credit, Lt. Col. Ramsey escaped capture and actually organized a rag-tag group ofguerilla fighters in the area of central Luzon, where with hit-and-run tactics they madeoperations unpredictable and costly for the Japanese.

Lt. Col. Edwin Place Ramseyon his horse "BrynnAwryn"

Later, the commander of the U.S. Army in the Philippines, General JonathanWainwright, presented Lt. Col. Ramsey with the Silver Star which denoted his bravegallantry in leading that historic last charge on horseback. In June of 1945, none otherthan General Douglas McArthur pinned on his uniform the Distinguished Service Cross.He also received the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart and three Presidential Unit Citationsfor his bravery and leadership.

Born in Illinois on May 11, 1927, Ramsey received his high school education in Claremore,Oklahoma at the highly respected Oklahoma Military Academy. In February of 1941, hejoined the U.S. Army and was assigned to the famed 14th Cavalry Regiment in FortCampo in California. In June he volunteered to go fight in the jungles of the Philippinesagainst the Japanese. He became a part of the 26th Cavalry Regiment often called "thePhilippine Scouts."

And after the war, he studied at the University of Oklahoma's School of Law. He went onto have a distinguished career in international business. He never lost his love of horsesand horseback riding, as he played polo for many years.

Along the way, he and Stephen Rivele wrote a book about his military experiences called,Lieutenant Ramsey's War, and it was published in 1991. Reader's Digest magazine evenran an excerpt from the book, and he soon spent much of his time making speeches acrossthe country.

Retired Lt. Colonel Edwin Price Ramsey died at the age of 96 on March 7, 2013 afterhaving lived in the Los Angeles area many years. Appropriately, Ed (as he was known tohis friends) was buried with honors at Arlington National Cemetery.

[ Read more at the official Edwin Price Ramsey web site:http://www.edwinpriceramsey.com/index.asp ]

LIFE magazine photographer George Strock took the above photo of three deadAmerican soldiers lying on the beach at Papua, New Guinea on Sept. 20, 1943. President

F.D. Roosevelt had approved this first-ever publication of our dead troops because hebelieved Americans were way too complacent about the war. The publication of this photoand subsequent ones shocked the nation into a renewed determination to be victorious.

Dess Applegate and Stan Paregien Jr rehearsing their program for the Oklahoma HistoryDay contest in 1981 in Stroud, OK. They went on to compete in Washington, D.C.

Edwin Allen had been raised in Stratford, Okla.,and was a brother of W.W. ("Woody") Allen.This would make him Peggy Allen Paregien'suncle. Stan Paregien performed his funeral in

Tulsa many, many years after the war.

Pendleton Woods was captured by the Germans duringWorld War II and imprisoned for over 5 months. Hecelebrated his 21st birthday in that German prison. Heworked for Oklahoma Christian University in Edmond,

Oklahoma for several decades. (Photo by Stan Paregien Sr in 2007)

John D. Higgenbotham

John D. Higgenbotham, a native of West Virginia, moved to California about 1940. Heserved in the U.S. Army, fighting in Europe. He later married my aunt, Eupel Paregien,and farmed east of Santa Paula, Calif. He was an expert marksman with any rifle. He didnot volunteer much about his time in the Army (at least not to me).

Actor Dale Robertson in 2005with Stan Paregien Sr

Dale Robertson was in some 63 movies, but the actor who just died on Feb. 26, 2013, isbest remembered by his roles in TV Western series. He was born in Harrah, Oklahoma.He joined the U.S. Army in 1942, and after basic training he served as a tank commanderin the 777th Tank Battalion in North Africa. He was wounded by enemy action there inNorth Africa. He went on to serve with the 322nd Combat Engineering Battalion as partof the campaign in Europe. And, again, he was wounded in action. By the time he left theArmy, Robertson had been awarded the Bronze Star, the Silver Star, a Purple Hart, andthe Cross of Lorraine from the government of France.

He told me in 2005, during the National Cowboy Symposium in Lubbock, Texas (photo,above), that he and a few of his Army buddies during the last weeks of basic training in

California decided to have photos taken so they could send them home to their respectiveparents before they got shipped overseas to a war front from which some of them mightnot return.

The young troops stopped at a photography shop in Hollywood, had their photos taken,mailed them to their folks back home, and sure enough, off they went to the war. And thenDale laughed and said just a few months later he started getting letters from agents whowanted to represent him in Hollywood. He finally found out the photographer, impressedby Dale's big, handsome smile and large shock of coal-black hair, had blown up his photoand placed it in his store window to draw more business his way. It also caught theattention of Hollywood, always looking for new talent. And that is how his fabledHollywood career began, by backing into Hollywood.

General MacArthur leads his staff ashore at Leyte in the Philippinesafter liberating the residents from the Japanese Army.

This was my maternal grandfather's nephew.

"It's funny how those who are most pro-war are almost always the guys who never had tofight in one." -- Jerome P. Crabb in War Quotes and Quibbles

"Wars do not end wars any more than an extraordinarily large conflagration [i.e., fire]does away with the fire hazard. -- HENRY FORD, founder of the Ford Motor Company,in his book, My Life and Work

Marvin Cauthen in his U.S. Army uniformwhile back home in Wapanucka visiting his

parents, John W. Cauthen & Vada Walters Cauthen.He was a brother to my mother, Evelyn C. Paregien,

making him my uncle. He later lived and diedin Tulsa, Oklahoma.

One way families showed their patriotism was to dress their children in Army uniforms.This is my cousin, Roger Paregien, in 1944 in Bakersfield, CA. His father, Bueford(below), fought in Italy and other places during World War II.

Bueford Paregien of Bakersfield, Calif., was my father's brother and my uncle. That is hisbaby son, Roger, in the photo just above this one. He was in the light artillery in Italy. Hehad been born and reared in Wapanucka, Oklahoma. He was a brother to MyrelParegien, below.

This is U.S. Army soldier Myrel Paregien in 1946,son of Frank & Mattie Paregien and a brotherto Bueford (photo, above), Marvin, Harold &

Eupel. Stationed in Okinawa. He returned to SantaPaula, Calif., with PTSD or some similar mental

problems. He was born and reared in Wapanucka,Oklahoma.

"In war there is no prize for the runner-up." --General Omar Bradley, U.S. Army

"The object of war is not to die for your country, but to make the other bastard die forhis." – General George Patton, U.S. Army

"I hate war as only a soldier who has lived it can, only as one who has seen its brutality, itsstupidity." --General Dwight D. Eisenhower, U.S. Army, in a speech on Jan. 10, 1946.

In peace, sons bury their fathers. In war, fathers bury their sons. -- Herodotus

"Older men declare war. But it is youth that must fight and die." – Herbert ClarkHoover (1874 to 1964; 31st president of the United States) in his speech at the RepublicanNational Convention in Chicago on June 27, 1944.

"You can’t say civilization don’t advance, however, for in every war they kill you a newway. " -- Will Rogers (1879 to 1935; Oklahoma-born humorist, writer and movie star) inAutobiography (Chapter 12).

Been There, Already

And when he gets to heaven,To St. Peter he will tell,

"Another soldier reporting sir,"I've served my time in Hell."

- Unknown

Bringing the World-Wide Warto an End

On May 8, 1945 the German Nazi leaders officially surrendered and that part of the warwas over.

However, the war in the Pacific theater against the Japanese was still being waged withhundreds of soldiers dying on each side each day. U.S. leaders made secret plans to boldlyinvade Japan and bring the war home to them. But as details of the offensive were beingmade, they came to realize that such an action would result in an unacceptably highnumber of deaths for the American military. So, as a slightly more favorable solution,President Harry S. Truman authorized the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan.

This, the first of only two atomic bombs ever used in the entire history of human warfare,incinerated much of Hiroshima, Japan in a sheer instant on Aug. 6, 1945. U.S. militarymen nicknamed the bomb, "Little Boy." On the first day, alone, the blast killed over100,000 men, women and children. Those may have been the lucky residents, as manythousands who survived the force of the blast later died excruciatingly painful and oftenslow deaths from the radiation let loose into the atmosphere. United States politicians andmilitary leaders thought the absolute horror of the devastation would bring the Japaneseleaders running to the bargaining table. It did not.

The Japanese would not surrender, so a second atomic bomb was dropped. This one, abomb called "Big Boy," landed on Nagasaki, Japan.

When the atomic bomb exploded over Nagasaki, resulted in the deaths of some 70,000people within the first 24 hours. And it wiped out most of the buildings in the city. Thisimportant port city and manufacturer of military supplies had several hills within its area,and that factor gave protection to some of the residents.

The epicenter of the bomb (which detonated 1,500 feet in the air) flattened or burned for amile in any direction. Those residents who were in that area, and that included a largenumber of doctors and nurses in their offices, were instantly vaporized. They were gone inthe snap of a finger.

Ironically, a Japanese boy name Tsutomu Yamaguchi suffered burns and other injuries athis home in Hiroshima, during the first bombing. So, after initial treatment, Yamaguchi'sfamily fled with him to the safety of nearby Nagasaki on August 8th. The very next day heagain suffered some burns from the explosion of the second atomic bomb. In Japan theycall people who had wounds from an atomic bomb a "niju hibakusha" or "explosionaffected people." The young man had the dubious distinction of being a doublehibakusha. Yet he lived to the age of 93, dying in 2010.

It took the Japanese royalty and military six days after the second bombing to decide theywanted no more atomic bombs dropped on their cities. They finally surrendered,unconditionally, on September 2, 1945. And the rest of the world celebrated.

Young women in Nebraska celebrated the end of World War II

And there was rejoicing when our young soldiers returned home.

A skinny kid from Greenville, Texas joined the U.S. Army and grew up quick. He was afighting machine, and he became the most decorated military hero in World War II. He

went on to have a successful career as a movie star.

Let's Stop Glorifying War

by William Astore

Writer, University Professor, Lt. Colonel USAF (Ret)

When's the last time our media covered war honestly? When's the last time you sawcombat footage of American troops under fire, or of American troops killing others in thename of keeping us safe from enemies? When was the last time you saw an Americansoldier panicking, firing wildly, perhaps killing members of his own unit (fratricide) orinnocent civilians caught in the crossfire of war? Maybe in the 1960s during coverage ofthe Vietnam War?

War is not glorious. It may feature noble deeds and remarkable sacrifices, but it alsofeatures brutality and many other bloody realities. War breaks men (and women) down.It does so because war is unnatural. Yes, war is many things, but it most certainly is aboutkilling. Occasionally, the killing is even necessary. (Just ask those enslaved by the Nazis orthe Japanese whether they greeted Allied troops as liberators.)

War should never be debated in the abstract; it's only at our own peril when we reduce itto mindless entertainment. We must always remember how hideous the face of war canbe, and how pitiless it is to those caught in its path of destruction.

To young men unaccustomed to its horrors, even training for war can be shocking.Consider the following letter from my father, who was in an armored unit during WorldWar II. In April 1943, my dad wrote from Camp Young, California, about his training atthe Army's Desert Training Center:

All the companies have to go through a battle inoculation [indoctrination] course whichconsists of crawling over the ground and having machine guns firing over your head. Everyso many feet, charges of dynamite are set off to simulate cannon fire. Nobody has been hurtbut a few fellows have had cases of hysteria and anxiety and crying spells. By going throughthis course they can tell how you react under fire. In that way they can weed out the unfit.Those fellows that begun hysterical would probably become shell-shocked in actual fightingconditions.

Even under "safe" training conditions, it just isn't natural to have machine gun roundswhizzing around your head while dynamite charges explode a dozen or so yards away.

Most troops eventually got "inoculated," as my dad put it, but a few found even thissimulation to be too nerve-shattering for them.

Those few trainees who were "hysterical" -- those few who apparently lacked the moralfiber (as they used to say in Britain) to endure bullets and bombs even in training -- theyremind us that war is traumatic, that war is unnatural, that war is shattering to minds aswell as hearts.

War is an exercise in concrete realities, kill or be killed, him or me. Let's stop talkingabout it as if it's ennobling. Let's stop glorifying it in movies. And let's stop treating it likea game.

HUFFPOST POLITICS (Huntington Post online) - Posted: 02/22/2013 3:03 pm

When the war of the giants is over the wars of the pygmies will begin. -- -- WinstonChurchill, Prime Minister of England

Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the finalsense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are notclothed. -- Dwight D. Eisenhower, Army General and Allied Forces Commander (laterto serve as President of the U.S.

When the rich wage war, it's the poor who die. -- Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher

Military Museumsto Visit

The Forty-Fifth Army Infantry Museum2145 N.E. 36th StreetOklahoma City, OK 73111(405) 424-5313

Thunderbirds

The 45th Infantry Division, known as "The Thunderbirds," served 511 days in battle duringWorld War II. The Thunderbirds served 429 days in battle during the Korean War. The 45thInfantry Division Museum is designed to be self-guided. With 27,000 square feet of exhibitspace and our 15 acre park, there is much to see at the museum so be sure to schedule plenty oftime for your visit. Museum Mission Statement: To collect, preserve, and display Militariarelative to the military history of the State of Oklahoma. To provide to the Oklahoma NationalGuard and visitors to the Museum an educational tool designed to enhance appreciation of ourState and its citizen soldiers and their participation in our Nation’s lineage.To exhibit the icons of our State’s military past in such a manner that the visitor is left with avisual impact commensurate to the scope of Oklahoma’s contribution to America’s history, andour National Defense. You can visit the 45th Infantry Division Museum: Tues-Fri 9:00 AM -4:15 PM; Saturday 10:00 AM - 4:15 PM; Sunday 1:00 PM - 4:15 PM; The Museum is closedon Mondays.

Museum of Military History, Inc.5210 West Irlo Bronson Memorial HighwayKissimmee, FL 34746 407-507-3894http://museumofmilitaryhistory.com/

The museum's mission is to educate, increase awareness, buildknowledge and understanding of the American military experiencethrough interactive, interpretive exhibits designed for visitors ofall ages.

National Museum of the Marine Corps18900 Jefferson Davis HighwayTriangle, VA 22172Toll Free: 1.877.635.1775

The National Museum of the Marine Corps, under the command of Marine Corps University,preserves and exhibits the material history of the U.S. Marine Corps; honors the commitment,accomplishments, and sacrifices of Marines; supports recruitment, training, education, andretention of Marines; and provides the public with a readily accessible platform for theexploration of Marine Corps history.

National Museum of the U.S. NavyWashington Navy Yard805 Kidder Breese Street SEWashington, DC 20374-5060

Devoted to the display of naval artifacts, models, documents and fine art, the museumchronicles the history of the United States Navy from the American Revolution to the presentconflicts. Interactive exhibits commemorate our Navy's wartime heroes and battles as well aspeacetime contributions in exploration, diplomacy, navigation and humanitarian service.

The National WWII Museum945 Magazine StreetNew Orleans, LA 70130(Main Entrance on Andrew Higgins Drive)Phone: 504-528-1944

The National WWII Museum in New Orleans opened on June 6, 2000, asThe National D-Day Museum. Founded by historian and author, Stephen Ambrose, theMuseum tells the story of the American Experience in the war that changed the world — why itwas fought, how it was won, and what it means today — so that all generations will understandthe price of freedom and be inspired by what they learn. In 2003, Congress officially designatedus as America’s National WWII Museum. The National WWII Museum is an private 501c3corporation.

Designated by Congress in 2003 as the America’s National WWII Museum, the campusincludes the Louisiana Memorial Pavilion, showcasing the large artifacts of the war and exhibitson D-Day at Normandy, the Home Front and the Pacific; the Solomon Victory Theater, a 4-Dtheater showing the exclusive Tom Hanks production, Beyond All Boundaries; the Stage DoorCanteen, where the music and entertainment of the “Greatest Generation” comes to life; theJohn E. Kushner Restoration Pavilion where staff and volunteers restore artifacts in publicview; and the American Sector restaurant and Soda Shop — delicious onsite dining options byChef John Besh.

Paris Island Museum (Marines)111 Panama StBeaufort, SC 29902-7607

The public is welcome to visit Parris Island. As an active military base,access may be dependent upon current security needs. At the front gate, tellthe guard you wish to visit the Museum. Be prepared to show a driver'slicense, proof of vehicle insurance, and proof of vehicle registration. Youcan download the Depot's Driving Tour Map before you arrive, or obtain acopy at the Museum. Hours: 10 am - 4:30 pm daily, closed New Year's,Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Admission: Free.

U.S. Air Force Museum1100 Spaatz StreetWright-Patterson AFBOH 45433 (near Dayton, OH)(937) 255-3286

This is the largest military aviation museum in the world. Open daily 9 a.m.-5 p.m.Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas Day and New Year's Day. Free admission. *Government-issued ID and check-in required

U.S. Coast Guard Museum(inside the U.S. Coast Guard Academy)15 Mohegan AvenueNew London, CT 06320-4195Telephone: (860) 444-8511

The U.S. Coast Guard Museum, tucked away on the grounds of the picturesque U. S. CoastGuard Academy, contains artifacts that span the two hundred and twenty-plus-year history ofthe United States' premier maritime service. Featuring everything from models of a series ofearly steamships to the 270-foot cutter that plies the waters of today, the exquisitecraftsmanship captures the changes in ship design over the last two hundred years.

Monday, November 11, 2013

Books to ReadAbout World War II

Adamthwaite, Anthony P. The Making of the Second World War. New York: Routledge,1992.

Ambrose, Stephen E. D Day, June 6, 1944: The Climatic Battle of World War II. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1994.

Anderson, Karen. Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of WomenDuring World War II. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.

Black, Jeremy. World War Two: A Military History. Abingdon and New York, NY:Routledge, 2003.

Brokaw, Tom. The Greatest Generation. NY: Random House, 1998.

Miller, Donald L. and Henry Steele Commager. The Story of World War II: Revised,Expanded, and Updated

Nez, Chester. Code Talker. NY: Berkley Caliber, 2011.

O'Neill, William L. A Democracy at War: America's Fight at Home and Abroad in WorldWar II. New York: Free Press, 1993.

Time-Life Books, eds. World War II: The Illustrated History of World War II. Alexandria,Va.: Time-Life Books, c1999.

Treadwell, Mattie E. The Women's Army Corps. Washington: Office of Chief of MilitaryHistory, Department of the Army, 1954.

Ward, Geoffrey C. and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941-1945.

Weatherford, Doris. American Women and World War II. New York: Facts on File, 1990.

Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Wynn, Neil A. The Afro-American and the Second World War. Rev. ed. New York: Holmesand Meier, 1993.

End.

Issue 224, October 23, 2013Key words: Myrel Paregien, Bueford Paregien, Clarence L. Tinker, Patrick J. Hurley, Tinker Air Force Base, Charlie Garrison, Sidney Cauthen,Evelyn Cauthen Paregien, Alvin York, Sgt. York, Melvin L. Pearigen, Ola Vada Cauthen, Henry L. Bellmon, Edwin Allen, Wapanucka, Oklahoma,William B. Montgomery, John A. Montgomery, Angie Cauthen, Angie Montgomery, Roger Paregien, Oscar Allison, Irene Gary, Irene Allison, SantaPaula, Bakersfield, Tulsa, Douglas Aircraft Company, W.W. Allen, Sidney Cauthen, Scott Air Force Base, Chris Kyle, Stan Paregien Sr