The Victorian EraThe Victorian Era1832-19001832-1900

Rocío Muñoz BodáRocío Muñoz BodáPilar Pretell GarcíaPilar Pretell García

Martha Quevedo RuizMartha Quevedo Ruiz

The Early Victorian PeriodThe Early Victorian Period1830-18481830-1848

UnemploymentUnemployment PovertyPoverty RiotingRioting Slums in large Slums in large

citiescities Working conditions Working conditions

for women and for women and children were children were terribleterrible

18301830

In 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester In 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, the first public railway Railway opened, the first public railway line in the world.line in the world.

18321832

Transformed English Transformed English class structureclass structure

Extended the right Extended the right to vote to all males to vote to all males owning propertyowning property

Second Reform Bill Second Reform Bill passed in 1867passed in 1867

Extended right to Extended right to vote to working vote to working classclass

1833

Britain abolished slavery

Factory Act-regulated child labor in factories

1834

Poor Law-Amendment applied a system of workhouses for poor people

18371837

Queen Victoria was Queen Victoria was crowned at the age crowned at the age of eighteen. Many of eighteen. Many people thought the people thought the responsibility was responsibility was too great for her too great for her but she was a but she was a determined woman determined woman and reigned forand reigned for 64 64 years.years.

Queen Victoria and the Queen Victoria and the Victorian TemperVictorian Temper

Ruled England Ruled England from 1837-1901from 1837-1901

Exemplifies Exemplifies Victorian qualities: Victorian qualities: earnestness, moral earnestness, moral responsibility, responsibility, domestic proprietydomestic propriety

18401840

In 1840 the Penny In 1840 the Penny Black stamp was Black stamp was issued. This was the issued. This was the first stamp in the first stamp in the world. People wrote world. People wrote a lot of letters at a lot of letters at this time, as this this time, as this was the only way to was the only way to communicate over communicate over long distances.long distances.

18411841

The first railway excursion was organised The first railway excursion was organised by Thomas Cook. by Thomas Cook.

Impact on Victorian Impact on Victorian LiteratureLiterature

The novelists of the 1840’s and the The novelists of the 1840’s and the 1850’s responded to the industrial 1850’s responded to the industrial and political scene:and political scene:– Charles Kingsley- Charles Kingsley- The Water BabiesThe Water Babies– Elizabeth Gaskell – Elizabeth Gaskell – North and South; Life North and South; Life

of Charlotte Bronteof Charlotte Bronte– Benjamin Disraeli- Benjamin Disraeli- SybilSybil

The Mid-Victorian PeriodThe Mid-Victorian Period1848-18701848-1870

A time of prosperityA time of prosperity A time of improvementA time of improvement A time of stabilityA time of stability A time of optimismA time of optimism

18481848

Women begin Women begin attending attending University of University of LondonLondon

Educational Opportunities Educational Opportunities for Womenfor Women

First women’s First women’s college established college established in 1848 in London.in 1848 in London.

By the end of By the end of Victoria’s reign, Victoria’s reign, women could take women could take degrees at twelve degrees at twelve university colleges.university colleges.

18501850

Life Insurance Life Insurance introduced.introduced.

By 1850, railway lines By 1850, railway lines connected England’s major connected England’s major citiescities

The first cartoon The first cartoon appeared.Cartoons were appeared.Cartoons were used to emphasise the used to emphasise the importance of industry importance of industry during the Victorian Age.during the Victorian Age.

18511851

Gold discoveredGold discovered

One of the first One of the first buildings buildings constructed constructed according to modern according to modern architectural architectural principles “The principles “The Crystal Palace”Crystal Palace”

The Crystal PalaceThe Crystal Palace

Built to display the Built to display the exhibits of modern exhibits of modern industry and industry and science at the science at the 1851 Great 1851 Great ExhibitionExhibition

The building The building symbolized the symbolized the triumphs of triumphs of Victorian industryVictorian industry

The British EmpireThe British Empire Between 1853 and 1880, Between 1853 and 1880,

large scale immigration large scale immigration to British coloniesto British colonies

In 1857, Parliament took In 1857, Parliament took over the government of over the government of India and Queen Victoria India and Queen Victoria became empress of became empress of India. India.

Many British people saw Many British people saw the expansion of empire the expansion of empire as a moral responsibility.as a moral responsibility.

Missionaries spread Missionaries spread Christianity in India, Christianity in India, Asia, and Africa.Asia, and Africa.

18541854

Florence Florence Nightingale went to Nightingale went to the Crimea to the Crimea to organise nursing organise nursing during the war. during the war. There she saved There she saved the lives of many the lives of many injured soldiers.injured soldiers.

18551855

The famous The famous Victorian artist, Victorian artist, Ford Madox Brown, Ford Madox Brown, painted the 'Last of painted the 'Last of England'. It shows a England'. It shows a family emigrating, family emigrating, possibly to possibly to Australia, to find Australia, to find work, like many work, like many people did in people did in Victorian times. Victorian times.

18601860

Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale founds school for founds school for nurses.nurses.

In the 1860's the 'bone In the 1860's the 'bone shaker' appeared on the shaker' appeared on the roads. This was one of roads. This was one of the first bicycles to have the first bicycles to have pedals, which directly pedals, which directly turned the front wheels. turned the front wheels.

18641864

Boys under the age of 10 were banned Boys under the age of 10 were banned from being chimney sweeps. from being chimney sweeps.

The Late Victorian PeriodThe Late Victorian Period1870-19011870-1901

Decay of Victorian valuesDecay of Victorian values British imperialismBritish imperialism Boer WarBoer War Bismarck's Germany became a rival Bismarck's Germany became a rival

powerpower United States became a rival powerUnited States became a rival power Economic depression led to mass Economic depression led to mass

immigrationimmigration SocialismSocialism

1871

Trade Union Act-made it legal for laborers to organize to protect their rights

18741874

The '10 hour Factory Act' was introduced. The '10 hour Factory Act' was introduced. This meant that people could only be This meant that people could only be made to work for up to 10 hours per day. made to work for up to 10 hours per day.

18761876

Alexander Graham Bell patents the Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephonetelephone

18771877

Thomas Alva Edison patents the Thomas Alva Edison patents the phonographphonograph

18801880

Children up to the age of 12 were made to Children up to the age of 12 were made to go to school.go to school.

18841884

In the mid 1880's the In the mid 1880's the 'Safety Bicycle' was 'Safety Bicycle' was built. It was much built. It was much easier to ride than easier to ride than earlier models, with earlier models, with both wheels the same both wheels the same size and a chain. This size and a chain. This finally gave ordinary finally gave ordinary people the freedom to people the freedom to travel. travel.

18851885 The Prince of Wales opened the Birmingham The Prince of Wales opened the Birmingham

Museum Round Room and Industrial Gallery. Museum Round Room and Industrial Gallery. This part of the Museum still looks much the This part of the Museum still looks much the same today. You will notice from the same today. You will notice from the columns and pillars that Victorians liked to columns and pillars that Victorians liked to copy Greek and Roman architecture.copy Greek and Roman architecture.

18861886

Wimbledon opensWimbledon opens

18881888

Jack the Ripper stalks London’s East EndJack the Ripper stalks London’s East End

The 1890’sThe 1890’s Breakdown of Victorian Breakdown of Victorian

valuesvalues Mood of melancholyMood of melancholy Aesthetic movementAesthetic movement The beginning of the modern The beginning of the modern

movement in literaturemovement in literature Aubrey Beardsley’s drawingsAubrey Beardsley’s drawings Prose of George Moore and Prose of George Moore and

Max BeerbohmMax Beerbohm Poetry of Ernest DowsonPoetry of Ernest Dowson

18901890

By 1900 , England had By 1900 , England had 15,195 lines of 15,195 lines of railroad and an railroad and an underground rail underground rail system beneath system beneath London.London.

The train transformed The train transformed England’s landscape, England’s landscape, supported the growth supported the growth of commerce, and of commerce, and shrank the distance shrank the distance between cities.between cities.

19011901

Queen Victoria died Queen Victoria died and Edward Vll was and Edward Vll was made King. She had made King. She had ruled longer than any ruled longer than any other British Monarchother British Monarch..

The crisis of epidemics The crisis of epidemics came to a peak in the came to a peak in the

“Great Stink”.“Great Stink”. This expression is used to describe the This expression is used to describe the

terrible smell in London, coming from the terrible smell in London, coming from the Thames.Thames.

The “Miasmas”, exhalations from decaying The “Miasmas”, exhalations from decaying matter, poisoned the air.matter, poisoned the air.

The houses of the The houses of the rich had water in rich had water in the kitchen, gas the kitchen, gas lighting, flushing lighting, flushing toilets and were toilets and were decorated.decorated.

Poor families, with Poor families, with 4-5 children, lived 4-5 children, lived in houses with 2-3 in houses with 2-3 rooms and without rooms and without a lavatory.a lavatory.

Religious DebateReligious Debate Evangelical movement emphasized Evangelical movement emphasized

spiritual transformation of the spiritual transformation of the individual by conversion and a moral individual by conversion and a moral Christian life.Christian life.

Their view of life was identical with Their view of life was identical with Dissenters.Dissenters.

The High Church emphasized the The High Church emphasized the importance of tradition, ritual, and importance of tradition, ritual, and authorityauthority

The Oxford Movement led by The Oxford Movement led by NewmanNewman

The Broad Church was open to The Broad Church was open to modern ideas.modern ideas.

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

Derived from the ideas of Derived from the ideas of Jeremy Bentham and his Jeremy Bentham and his disciple James Mill, the disciple James Mill, the father of John Stuart Millfather of John Stuart Mill

Rationalist test of valueRationalist test of value The greatest good for the The greatest good for the

greatest numbergreatest number Utilitarianism failed to Utilitarianism failed to

recognize people’s recognize people’s spiritual needsspiritual needs

Challenges to Religious Challenges to Religious Belief Belief

ScienceScience– HuxleyHuxley– Darwin- the Origin of Species and The Darwin- the Origin of Species and The

Descent of ManDescent of Man Higher CriticismHigher Criticism

– Examination of the Bible as a mere text of Examination of the Bible as a mere text of historyhistory

– Source studiesSource studies– GeologyGeology– AstronomyAstronomy

The Role of WomenThe Role of Women Changing conditions of women’s Changing conditions of women’s

work created by the Industrial work created by the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

The Factory Acts (1802-78) – The Factory Acts (1802-78) – regulations of the conditions of regulations of the conditions of labor in mines and factorieslabor in mines and factories

The Custody Act (1839) – gave a The Custody Act (1839) – gave a mother the right to petition the mother the right to petition the court for access to her minor court for access to her minor children and custody of children children and custody of children under seven and later sixteen.under seven and later sixteen.

The Divorce and Matrimonial The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act – established a civil Causes Act – established a civil divorce courtdivorce court

Working Conditions for Working Conditions for WomenWomenBad working conditions Bad working conditions

and and underemployment underemployment drove thousands of drove thousands of women into women into prostitution.prostitution.

The only occupation at The only occupation at which an unmarried which an unmarried middle-class woman middle-class woman could earn a living could earn a living and maintain some and maintain some claim to gentility was claim to gentility was that of a governess.that of a governess.

Victorian Women and the Victorian Women and the HomeHome

Victorian society was Victorian society was preoccupied with the preoccupied with the very nature of women.very nature of women.

Protected and enshrined Protected and enshrined within the home, her role within the home, her role was to create a place of was to create a place of peace where man could peace where man could take refuge from the take refuge from the difficulties of modern life.difficulties of modern life.

Victorian household Victorian household objectsobjects

Dolly and washtubDolly and washtub

Chamber potChamber pot

Copper kettleCopper kettle

Sewing machineSewing machine

Literacy, Publication, and Literacy, Publication, and ReadingReading

By the end of the century, By the end of the century, literacy was almost universal.literacy was almost universal.

Compulsory national education Compulsory national education required to the age of ten.required to the age of ten.

Due to technological advances, Due to technological advances, an explosion of things to read, an explosion of things to read, including newspapers, including newspapers, periodicals, and books.periodicals, and books.

Growth of the periodicalGrowth of the periodical Novels and short fiction were Novels and short fiction were

published iin serial form.published iin serial form. The reading public expected The reading public expected

literature to illuminate social literature to illuminate social problems.problems.

AdvertisementAdvertisement

The Victorian NovelThe Victorian Novel The novel was the dominant form in Victorian literature.The novel was the dominant form in Victorian literature. Victorian novels seek to represent a large and Victorian novels seek to represent a large and

comprehensive social world, with a variety of classes.comprehensive social world, with a variety of classes. Victorian novels are realistic.Victorian novels are realistic. Major theme is the place of the individual in society, the Major theme is the place of the individual in society, the

aspiration of the hero or heroine for love or social position.aspiration of the hero or heroine for love or social position. The protagonist’s search for fulfillment is emblematic of the The protagonist’s search for fulfillment is emblematic of the

human condition.human condition. For the first time, women were major writers: the Brontes. For the first time, women were major writers: the Brontes.

Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot.Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot. The Victorian novel was a principal form of entertainment.The Victorian novel was a principal form of entertainment.

Victorian PoetryVictorian Poetry Victorian poetry developed in the Victorian poetry developed in the

context of the novel. Poets sought context of the novel. Poets sought new ways of telling stories in versenew ways of telling stories in verse

All of the Victorian poets show the All of the Victorian poets show the strong influence of the Romantics, strong influence of the Romantics, but they cannot sustain the but they cannot sustain the confidence the Romantics felt in confidence the Romantics felt in the power of the imagination.the power of the imagination.

Victorian poets often rewrite Victorian poets often rewrite Romantic poems with a sense of Romantic poems with a sense of belatedness.belatedness.

Dramatic monologue – the idea of Dramatic monologue – the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement the poet is the great achievement of Victorian poetry.of Victorian poetry.

Victorian poetry is pictorial; poets Victorian poetry is pictorial; poets use detail to construct visual use detail to construct visual images that represent the emotion images that represent the emotion or situation the poem concerns.or situation the poem concerns.

Conflict t between private poetic Conflict t between private poetic self and public social role.self and public social role.

Victorian DramaVictorian Drama

The theater was a The theater was a flourishing and popular flourishing and popular institution during the institution during the Victorian period.Victorian period.

The popularity of theater The popularity of theater influenced other genres.influenced other genres.

Bernard Shaw and Oscar Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde transformed British Wilde transformed British theater with their comic theater with their comic masterpieces.masterpieces.

Hoop and StickHoop and Stick

In this game, a hoop In this game, a hoop is rolled, or is rolled, or "trundled," with the "trundled," with the help of a stick. The help of a stick. The object of the game is object of the game is to keep the hoop to keep the hoop rolling by running rolling by running alongside. alongside.

Children sometimes Children sometimes had hoop-rolling had hoop-rolling races! races!

SkippingSkipping

Victorian girls Victorian girls played with played with skipping ropes. skipping ropes. Poorer children just Poorer children just had odd bits of had odd bits of rope with no rope with no handles.handles.

The VictoriansThe Victorians

MarblesMarbles

This shows boys playing This shows boys playing with glass marbles. with glass marbles.

‘‘Knuckle Down’- This Knuckle Down’- This term is from marbles, term is from marbles, where the knuckle has to where the knuckle has to be placed down on the be placed down on the ground when playing. ground when playing.

ToysToys

Spinning TopSpinning Top

Jack in the BoxJack in the Box

PraxinoscopePraxinoscope

Shoe DollShoe Doll