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The Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) is the most visited national park in the United States, drawing over 9 million visitors per year. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the exhaust of automobiles transporting those visitors into and through the park combine with biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the extensive park forests to form tropospheric (i.e., ground level) ozone, (O3) which is harmful to plants, animals and humans. In this project, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Atmospheric Chemistry and Canopy Exchange Simulation System (ACCESS) model is being used to estimate the impact of automobile NOx emissions on O3 within and downwind of GSMNP. The one-dimensional column model ACCESS utilizes a current state-of-the-science, near explicit atmospheric chemistry mechanism to simulate tropospheric O3 from ground level to the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) (~2 km) and accounts for turbulent vertical atmospheric transport of trace species from within the forest canopy and up throughout the full depth of the PBL. NOx emissions from varying levels of automobile traffic in the park will be simulated with ACCESS and the impact of the traffic on O3 concentrations will be evaluated. Data from air quality monitoring sites within and around GSMNP will be used to assess ACCESS results.

ABSTRACT  

OBJECTIVES  

The results from the “toy” version of ACCESS are very simplified representations of the actual chemistry within the canopy. This is because the toy version only contains around 77 reactions which it can account for. The full version of ACCESS, however, contains almost a hundred times that, topping out at well over 7,000 chemical reactions within its database.. That being said, this makes it easier to compare ACCESS performance on different computing platforms in a reasonable amount of time. We do this comparison in the next two columns.

RESULTS  FROM  “TOY”  VERSION  OF  ACCESS  

The following is a comparison of the outputs from ACCESS under the same conditions but on different platforms. The first graph comes from my own personal laptop, the second graph comes from the Kraken-XT5, an HPC platform at Oak Ridge National Laboratories, in Oak Ridge, TN. Both simulations show the exact same prediction, which is a good sign that the program will work on Kraken. Whether we can get the full version to run in a timely manner is another question altogether.

SIMULATION  SPEED  COMPARISON  FOR  OPTIMIZATION  FOR  HPC  PLATFORM  

SIMULATION  TIME  COMPARISON  

The graph that follows is a comparison of the time it takes for a simulation to complete on Kraken versus the time it takes for a simulation to complete on my own personal computer.

WHAT  REACTIONS  ACCESS  ACCOUNTS  FOR  

The next steps in our project will be to create appropriate input files for ACCESS simulations to simulate exhaust emissions of NOx from automobile traffic in the GSMNP. Meteorological and forest canopy morphological inputs to ACCESS will be selected for typical mid-summer conditions in East Tennessee and background concentrations for the simulations will be determined from air quality monitoring sites located throughout the park. ACCESS simulations will then be performed to assess the effect of varying levels of automobile NOx emissions on ozone concentrations within and downwind of GSMNP. Results from the simulations will be used to evaluate and interpret a long-term analysis of ozone data from monitoring sites in East Tennessee and Western North Carolina.

REFERENCES  

Saylor, R. D. (2012). The Atmospheric Chemistry and Canopy Exchange Simulation System (ACCESS): model description and application to a temperate deciduous forest canopy. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12(9). Retrieved from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/693/2013/acp-13-693-2013.pdf.

1.  Assess how ACCESS Runs on an HPC platform. 2.  Generate raw data from a reduced version of ACCESS on both an HPC

platform and a personal computer. Compare the results to ensure that ACCESS outputs are being produced properly.

3.  Take actual data of ozone concentrations recorded within the GSMNP and compare that to concentrations predicted with ACCESS.

Image Source: Nancy Finley. Air Quality in the Great Smokey Mountains (PowerPoint Presentation). National Conference of State Legislatures Advisory Council on Energy. Oak Ridge, TN.

Image Source: Rick D. Saylor – NOAA. Simplified diagram of reactions that take place in our atmosphere to create smog.

Images on this presentation are credited to their specific sources and authors (where applicable): • National Parks Service • US Climate Change Science Program • Rick D. Saylor – NOAA Air Resources Lab, Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division

Average Simulation Speed (Laptop) = 88.381 ± 1.472 seconds Average Simulation Speed (Kraken) = 97.352 ± 0.384 seconds

Image Source: ClimateScience.gov – “Schematic of chemical and transport processes related to atmospheric composition. These processes link the atmosphere with other components of the Earth system, including the oceans, land, and terrestrial and marine plants and animals. URL: www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/final/ccspstratplan2003-chap3.htm

Image Source: National Park Service, “Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Air Quality 10-day Charts” URL:http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/webcams/parks/grsmcam/grsm_datatimelines.cfm

The National Park Service (NPS) has sensors all over the park to track the amounts of several air pollutants, including ozone. You can see a gradual climb, with the maximum peaks, as of now, being just around noon on Friday, July 12, 2013, and at around the same time on Saturday, July 13, 2013. Right now, ozone levels are in what the NPS calls the “Good” zone. However, we are not that far off from the moderate zone. We hope to keep these levels “in the green”, if you’ll forgive an obvious pun. We will use ACCESS to predict these levels in a steady state simulation, and hopefully be able to make useful predictions of the levels of ozone within the park based upon traffic level within the park.

IMAGE  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  

FUTURE  EXPERIMENTS  

AN  ILLUSTRATION  OF  OUR  PURPOSE:  Ozone  Levels  in  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains  as  

of  July  15th,  2013  

1CSURE-­‐REU  Student    New  Mexico  State  University  2NOAA  Air  Resources  Laboratory  –  Atmospheric  Turbulence  and  Diffusion  Division  

2Department  of  Civil  Engineering,  University  of  Tennessee  

James  W.  Herndon  III1,  Rick  D.  Saylor2,  Joshua  S.  Fu3  

The  Effect  of  Nitrogen  Oxide  Emissions  from  Automobiles  on  the  Concentra/on  of  Tropospheric  Ozone  in  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains  Na/onal  Park  

-­‐20  

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4.4000E+01   4.9000E+01   5.4000E+01   5.9000E+01   6.4000E+01   6.9000E+01  

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anop

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)  

Ozone  Concentra\on  (molecules/cm2-­‐s)  

Ozone  Conentra\ons  above  Forest  Canopy  at  0.0000E+00  ppb  NOx  

0  Hour  

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Kraken  Ozone  Concentra\ons  at  4  hours  into  simula\on  and  at  different  concentra\ons  of  NOx  

Kraken  0.0000ppb  NOx  

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Laptop  Ozone  Concentra\ons  at  4  hours  into  simula\on  and  at  different  concentra\ons  of  NOx  

Laptop  0.0000ppb  NOx  

Laptop  0.3750ppb  NOx  

Laptop  0.5000ppb  NOx  

Laptop  0.8000ppb  NOx  

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0.0000  ppb  NOx   0.3750  ppb  NOx   0.5000  ppb  NOx   0.8000  ppb  NOx  

Time  it  took

 to  com

plete  a  simula\

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Image Source: Dr. Rick D. Saylor, Diagram of ACCESS.