theory and technique of translation

8/10/2019 Theory and Technique of Translation

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Theory, Principle and Technique

of Translation

By I Made Joni Jatmika



Quotes:

What is the meaning of:

“Everyday is Translating and Interpreting”



What is translation ?

•

Translation is the communication of themeaning of a source-language text by means

of an equivalent target-language text.



Translation Theory

(Linguists’ approach)



Peter Newmark

“Translation is a craft consistingin the attempt to replace awritten message and/orstatement in one language bythe same message and/orstatement in another language(Newmark, 1981:7)”

“ Terjemahan yaitu suatu keahlian yang meliputi usaha mengganti

pesan atau pernyataan tertulis dalam suatu bahasa dengan pesan atau pernyataan yang sama dalam bahasa lain.”

Newmark, Peter (1981) Approach to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon

Press, Ltd.



J.C Catford

“Translation is the replacement oftextual material in one language (SL)by equivalent textual material inanother language (TL). (Catford,

1969:20)”

“ Terjemahan adalah penggantianmateri tekstual dalam suatu bahasa(bahasa sumber) dengan padanan

materi tekstual dalalm bahasa lain(bahasa sasaran ).”

John.C Ian Catford (1965) A LinguisticsTheory of Translation, Oxford: Oxford

University Press.



Bell, Roger Thomas

Roger T. Bell (1993:5), translating the definitionof translation according to Dubois, states thatTranslation is the expression in another language(or target language) of what has been expressedin another, source language, preserving semanticand stylistic equivalences.

“ Bell (1993:5), menerjemahkan pengertianterjemahan menurut Dubois, menyatakan bahwaterjemahan adalah ekspresi dari bahasa sumberdari apa yang diekspresikan dari bahasa sasaran,dengan mempertahankan padanan semantic dan

stylistiknya.”

• Bell, Roger T., (1993). Translation and Translating :Theory and Practice, London: Longman, 2ed.



• Mildred L. Larson: Translation is a processbased on the theory that it is possible toabstract the meaning of a text from its forms and reproduce that meaning withthe very different forms of a secondlanguage.

The ideal translation should be…

• Accurate: reproducing as exactly as possiblethe meaning of the source text.

• Natural: using natural forms of the receptorlanguage in a way that is appropriate to thekind of text being translated.

• Communicative: expressing all aspects of the

meaning in a way that is readilyunderstandable to the intended audience.

Book: Meaning-based Translation



• Eugene A. Nida: Translation in

Dynamic and formal

equivalences. Dynamic equivalence (also known as functional

equivalence) attempts to convey the thoughtexpressed in a source text (if necessary, at the

expense of literalness, original word order, thesource text's grammatical voice, etc.)

Formal equivalence attempts to render the textword-for-word (if necessary, at the expense ofnatural expression in the target language).

Book: The Translation Studies Reader

Eugene. A. Nida and Charles R. Taber (1969), TheTheory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J Brill.



Tujuan Penerjemahan

Menurut Peter Newmark (1991:57-58), seorang professor yangsudah lama buku-bukunya diajarkan di berbagai Universitas di dunia,termasuk Indonesia ini, menjelaskan tentang lima tujuan penerjemahanyaitu:

1. Untuk memberikan sumbangsih tentang pengetahuan dan keserasianantar komunitas dan grup berbahasa.

2. Untuk mempromosikan informasi dan teknologi, khususnya bagi Negaraketiga dan keempat (maksudnya Negara yang bahasanya tidak serumpun)

3. Untuk menjelaskan budaya etnis dan perbedaan-perbedaanya agar tidakterkontaminasi.

4. Untuk menjadikan karya-karya tentang nilai-nilai religious yang suci, nilaiartistic dalam dunia seni dan kemanusiaan, seperti halnya karya ilmiah,agar bisa terjangkau di seluruh penjuru dunia.

5. Untuk memfasilitasi pembelajaran bahasa asing.



The Principles of Translation

Prinsip Penerjemahan

1. The translation should reflect accurately themeaning of the original text. Nothing should bearbitrarily added or removed, though sometimes part

of the meaning can be transposed. The followingquestions may be very helpful:

Terjemahan harus merefleksikan makna teks aslinyadengan akurat.Tidak boleh ada yang ditambahkan ataudihilangkan dengan seenaknya saja, meski kadang adabagian makna yang bisa dimodifikasi (ditambahkanatau dihilangkan). Pertanyaan berikut ini mungkin bisasangat membantu:



a. Is the meaning of the original text clear? If not, where does theuncertainty lie? Apakah makna bahasa aslinya jelas?Jika tidak dimana letak yangtidak jelas itu berada?

b. Are any words loaded, that is, are there any underlyingimplications?

Apakah ada kata tambahan yang dimuat, (kata tambahan) yaitu,apakah ada bagian untuk menjelaskan sesuatu karena tidak adanya

padanan?

c. Is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitableone?

Apakah makna kata dalam kamus (yang anda gunakan) itu adalahkata yang paling sesuai?

d. Does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced?

Apakah ada hasil dalam terjemahan yang terdengar tidak alamiatau dipaksakan?



3. Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in agiven context, for example in the business letter. To resolve thesedifferences, the translator must distinguish between formal andfixed expression, and personal expression in which the writer or

speaker sets the tone. It is also necessary to consider: Bahasa sering memiliki perbedaan yang sangat besar pada tingkat formalitasnya di dalam konteks yang ada, misalnya surat bisnis.Untuk mengatasinya, penerjemah harus membedakan antaraungkapan formal, ungkapan baku dan ungkapan pribadi yang

dipakai oleh penulis bahasa asli ungkapkan. Penting jugamempertimbangkan hal berikut:

a. Would any expression in the original sound too formal/informal,cold/warm, personal/impersonal, if translated literally?

Apakah ada ungkapan pada bahasa asli yang terlalu formal/informal, dingin/bersahabat, pribadi/impersonal jikaditerjemahkan secara harfiah?

b. What is the intention of the speaker or writer? To persuade, toapologize, to criticize?

Apa maksud penutur atau penulisnya? Untuk membujuk, meminta

maaf, atau mengkritik?



4. One of the frequent criticisms of translation is that itdoes not sound ‘natural’. This is because the translator’sthoughts and choice of words are too strongly molded by

the original text. A good way to avoid the influence of thesource language is to set the text aside and translate a fewsentences aloud from memory. This will suggest naturalpatterns of thought in the first language which may notcome to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text.

Salah satu kritik terjemahan yang sering muncul yaitutentang terjemahan yang tidak alami.Hal ini terjadi karenaide dan pemilihan kata seorang penerjemah terlalu terpaku

pada bahasa aslinya.Cara yang baik untuk menghindari

pengaruh bahasa sumber adalah dengan meletakkanterjemahan disamping teks bahasa aslinya dan lalu bacaterjemahan tersebut dengan suara keras. Hal ini akanmembantu membentuk pola pikiran alami yang mungkintidak terpikirkan saat mata terpaku pada teks bahasa

sumber.



5. It will be better if the translator does notchange the style of the original. But if it is

needed, for example because the text is fullof repetitions or mistakes in writing, thetranslator may change it.

Sebaiknya penerjemah tidak mengubah gayabahasa teks aslinya. Tapi jika memangdibutuhkan, misalkan karena teks bahasa

aslinya terdapat banyak pengulangan ataubanyaknya tulisan yang salah, penerjemahboleh mengubahnya.



6. Idiomatic expressions including similes,metaphors, proverbs, and saying, jargon, slang,

and colloquialisms and phrasal verbs are oftenuntranslatable. To solve these problems, thereare some hints one can use. They are:

Ungkapan idiom seperti simile, metaphor, pribahasa, tutur, jargon, slang, koloqiual dan frase kata kerja seringkali tidak bisaditerjemahkan. Untuk mengatasinya, adabeberapa petunjuk yang bisa diterapkan, antaralain:



Method and Technique of Translation

Based on Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511), defiesthat translation method is a process through whichtranslation is made based on the translator’s goal.

Basically, the translation method which will beapplied is firstly determined by the translators beforethey translate.

Peter Newmark (1988:45) introduced a diagramreferred to as “V diagram” to show two differencespoles of translation method.



A. SL Emphasis

1. Word-for-word Translation

The SL word order is preserved and the wordstranslated singly *(one by one) by their most

common meanings, out of context. Culturalwords are translated literally.

The main use of word-for-word translation is either

to understand the mechanics of the sourcelanguage or to construe (menafsirkan) a difficulttext as a pre-translation process



2. Literal Translation

The SL grammatical are converted to their

nearest TL equivalent but the lexical words areagain translated singly out of context.



3. Faithful Translation

This method attempts to reproduce the precise

contextual meaning of the original within the

constraints of the TL grammatical structure.

It ‘transfers’ cultural words and preserves the

degree of grammatical and lexical

‘abnormality’ in the translation.



4. Semantic Translation

It is different with ‘faithful translation’ as it musttake more account of the aesthetic value of theSL text compromising on ‘meaning’.

The difference between both is that the faithfultranslation is uncompromising and dogmatic,while the semantic translation is more flexible,admits the creative exception to 100% fidelityand allows for the translators’ intuitive empathywith the original.



B. TL Emphasis

1. Adaptation

This is a ‘freest’ form of translation. It is used

mainly for plays *(comedy) and poetry; the

themes, characters, plots are usually

preserved, the SL culture is converted to the

TL culture and the text rewritten.



2. Free translation

This reproduces the matter without manner, or

the content without the form of the original. It

is usually a paraphrase that is much longer

than the original a so-called ‘intralingual

translation’, and not translation at all.



3. Idiomatic translation

Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’

of the original but tends to distort nuances of

meaning by referring colloquialism and idioms

where do not exist in the original, it is also

known as lively or ‘natural translation’

(Seleskovitch and Stuart Gilbert).



Try this words

Idiomatic words ‘Broken heart’

SL: Patah Jantung

TL: Patah hati, hancur hatinya

Nasi sudah menjadi buburSL: The rice has changed to porridge

TL: No use crying over spilt milk

To walk on egg shellSL: Berjalan di atas cangkang telur

TL: Sedia payung sebelum hujan



Translation Techiques

• SL Emphasis: Borrowing, calque, and literal

translation

• TL Emphasis: Transposition, Adaptation,

Established Equivalence, Generalization,

Particularization, Modulation, Reduction,

Deletion, Addition, Description, and Variation.



2. Transference/borrowing (or loan words): the

process of transferring SL word to TL text.

(Newmark, 1988: 81)

Example:

We are learning how to make flowchart in

computer class (SL).

Kami sedang belajar membuat flowchart di

kelas komputer (TL)



3. Transposition (or shift): a translation

technique that involves a change in grammarfrom SL to TL. (Newmark, 1988: 85)

Example:Do you have a pair of scissors I can borrow? (SL)

Guntingnya bisa saya pinjam? (TL)



4. Calque: the process whereby the individual

elements of SL item are translated literally toproduce TL equivalent. (Hatim and Munday,

2004: 335)

Example:

He was the vice president for two years (SL).

Dia menjabat sebagai wakil presiden selamadua tahun (TL).



5. Modulation: a variation through a change of

viewpoint, of perspective and very often of

category of thought. (Vinay and Darbelnet in

Newmark, 1988: 88)

Example: (Machali, 2000: 69)

The problem is hard to solve (SL).

Masalah itu sukar (untuk) dipecahkan (TL).



6. Equivalence: the translation of fixed

expressions such as idioms with an equivalent

that is very different in form. (Vinay and

Darbelnet in Hatim and Munday, 2004: 339)

Example:

They are like two peas in a pod (SL).

Mereka bagai pinang dibelah dua (TL).



7. Adaptation: a translation technique that

involves modifying a cultural reference for thetarget text readership (Vinay and Darbelnet in

Hatim and Munday, 2004: 334)

Example: Dear sir...( SL),

Dengan hormat...( TL)



THANK YOU

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