thinking about psychology: the science of mind and behavior...
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Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and
Behavior 2e
Charles T. Blair-BroekerRandal M. Ernst
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Methods Domain
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Introductory Chapter
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History and Perspectives
Module 02
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Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century
Roots
Module 2: History and Perspectives
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Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• The “father of psychology”• Founder of modern psychology• Opened the first psychology lab in 1879
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E.B. Titchener (1867-1927)• Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality
of the parts of consciousness• Founder of structuralism
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Structuralism
• Theory that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.
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Gestalt Psychology
• Psychological perspective that emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
• The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
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William James (1842-1910)
• First American psychologist
• Author of the first psychology textbook
• Founder of Functionalism
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Functionalism
• Theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness or the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment
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Psychology in the Twentieth Century
Module 2: History and Perspectives
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)• Founder of the
psychoanalytic perspective
• Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts
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Psychoanalysis
• Theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
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Freud’s Influence• Influence on “pop culture”
–Freudian slips–Anal-retentive
• Influence on psychology–Psychodynamic theory–Unconscious thoughts–Significance of childhood experiences
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)• Russian Physiologist• Studied learning in animals• Emphasized the study of observable
behaviors
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John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• Founder of behaviorism• Studied only observable and objectively
described acts• Emphasized objective and scientific
methodology
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Behaviorism
• The theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes.
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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• American psychologist whose brand of behaviorism focused on the role of responses in learning.
• Focused on learning through rewards and observation
• Behaviorist
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Humanistic Psychology
• School of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and the capacity for personal growth
• Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will
• Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.
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Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow• Prominent Humanists• Rejected idea that
behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments
• Stressed free will in decision making
Carl Rogers
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Jean Piaget
• Developmental and cognitive psychologist known for his studies of children’s thought processes
• Interested in how thinking develops
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Psychology’s American
Groundbreakers
Module 2: History and Perspective
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G. Stanley Hall
• First American with a doctorate in psychology
• Open the first psychology lab in U.S. at John Hopkins University
• First president of the APA
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Mary Whiton Calkins
• First woman to complete the requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology
• President of the APA in 1905
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Margaret Floy Washburn
• First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the U.S.
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Francis Cecil Sumner
• First African-American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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Kenneth Clark/Mamie Philips Clark
• Educational psychologists• Studied institutionalized racism• Studies were cited in “Brown v Board of
Education”
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Inex Beverly Prosser
• First African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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Six Contemporary Psychological Perspectives
Module 2: History and Perspectives
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Psychological Perspectives
• Method of classifying a collection of ideas
• Also called “schools of thought”• Also called “psychological approaches”• To view behavior from a particular
perspective
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Cognitive Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on how people think – how we take in, process, store, and retrieve information
• Focus: On how people think and process information
• Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation
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Biological Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought, or emotion
• Focus: How our biological structures and substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion
• Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.
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Social-Cultural Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different contexts or situations
• Focus: How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation
• Behavior is explained by the influence of other people present
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Behavioral Perspective
• Focus: How we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation
• Behavior is explained by previous learning
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Humanistic Perspective
• Focus: How healthy people strive to reach their full potential
• Behavior is explained as being motivated by satisfying needs (safety, hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of reaching one’s full potential once basic needs are met.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
• Focus: How behavior is affected by unconscious drives and conflicts
• Behavior is explained through unconscious motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one’s childhood.
• Modern version of psychoanalytic perspective.
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Psychology in the Twenty-First Century
Module 2: History and Perspectives
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Behavior Genetics
• School of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
• Focus: How behavior is affected by genes and the environment
• Combines biology and behaviorism• Emphasis on the importance of both
genetic and environmental factors on behavior
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Evolutionary Psychology
• Combines aspects of biological, psychological, and social perspectives
• Behavior is explained by how the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully.
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Positive Psychology• Movement that focuses on the
study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive
• Focus: To study and promote optimal human functioning
• Martin E.P. Seligman is a major advocate
• Should promote building positive qualities of people
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History of Psychology
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History of Psychology
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History of Psychology
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The End
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