this seminar is presented by ةفورخ نيدلا سشم دحما ىييح...
TRANSCRIPT
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بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيمThis seminar is presented by
حييى امحد مشس الدين خروفة
حييى اخلالدي عمر راكان
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GLUCOSE
Between USE
& STORAGE
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GLYCOLYSIS
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Reaction #1 Phosphorylation of glucose
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Reaction #1 Phosphorylation of glucose
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Reaction #2 Isomerization of glucose 6-
phosphate
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Regulation of glucokinase
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Reaction #3 Phosphorylation of fructose
6-phosphate
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Regulation of PFK
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Reaction #4 Cleavage of fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
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Reaction #5 Isomerization of
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
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Reaction #6 Oxidation of glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
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Reaction #7 Synthesis of 3-
phosphoglycerate
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Reaction #8 + Reaction #9 + Reaction #10
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Regulation of pyruvate kinase
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HORMONAL REGULATION OF
GLYCOLYSIS
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Gluconeogenesis
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Gluoconeogenesis
• Is the formation of glucose from non-
carbohydrate sources e.g lactic acid ,amino
acids , glycerols and propionate.
• Site: liver and kidney.
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Cont.
• Liver and kidney contains all enzymes of
glconeogenesis.
• It does not occur in skeletal muscles due to
deficiency of glucose -6-p
• It does not occur in heart muscle,smooth
musacles, and dipose tissues due to
deficiency of fructose 1-6 dip.
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Importance
• Glucose is the only source of energy:
• 1. nervous system
• 2.Skeletal system
• Glucose is required :
• 1. Adipose tissues: as a source of glycerol
• 2.Mammary gland:as a source of lacotse
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gluco neo genesis
sugar (re)new make/ create
glycolysis
glucose
pyruvate lactate
gluconeogenesis
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Topics: Gluconeogenesis
1. Principles, substrates & relationship to glycolysis
2. Bypass of irreversible steps in glycolysis
3. Link between liver gluconeogenesis and muscle/RBC/brain glycolysis; the Cori and Alanine cycles
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Gluconeogenesis
• Occurs in all animals, plants, fungi and microbes
• Occurs largely in the liver; some in renal cortex
• Of 10 enzymatic steps, 7 are reversals of glycolytic reactions
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Carbohydrate synthesis
from simple precursors
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Metabolites feed into
gluconeogenesis at various points
main path
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All AA can feed into
gluconeogenesis except leucine
and lysine
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Bypass of irreversible steps in glycolysis
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Dephosphorylation of G6P, 3rd bypass reaction
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Glucose 6-phosphatase removes the phosphate to liberate free glucose
• This is primarily a function of the liver to buffer blood glucose levels
• G6Pase is NOT present in brain and muscle! (Gluconeogenesis does not occur in these tissues)
glucose-6-P + H2O glucose + Pi
G6Pase
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Note that both Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis are energetically
favorable under physiological conditions and therefore both ~ irreversible
processes
Glycolysis DG[phys] = -63 kJ/mol Gluconeogenesis DG[phys] = -16 kJ/mol
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Significance
Remove lactate in muscle
Increase blood sugar level using amino acids(alanine) in special situation
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You should know: 1. Chemical steps of GN; associate enzymes
2. Requirement for mito shuttle system
3. Precursors that can enter GN;
4. Relationship of GL to GN; shared enzymes, irreversible steps
5. Liver as the primary GN organ; Cori Cycle, Alanine Cycle
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Le Fin