tin maung oo ~ a forgotten hero of asia - by u aung htoo - burmese
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qvdkif;ud kwifarmifOD;
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atmifxl;a&;om;jyKp konf?
2011 c ke Sp f Z Ge fv (20) &uf
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txl;ojzifh Tpmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf eSvHk;om;jzifh ae ha&mnyg rem;rae a&;om;jyKpkay;cJhaom
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Tin Maung Oo: A Forgotten Hero of Asia . rl&if;rsufeSmzHk;jzpfygonf? xdkenf;wl TpmtkyfeSifh pyfvSsOf;
I jAdwdoSs 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; *dk'ef ba&mif;/ ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Caucas (AIPMC) . 'k OuUX
Kraisak Choonhaven/ ordkif;ynm&Sif ygarmuQ *sdL;Zuf aq;vfAm; pwdkif; eSifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpkrS DavidKramer(Former Assistant Secretary of State and Executive Director of Freedom House)wdk h.oabmxm;rSwfcsuf
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Forgotten Political Prisoners of Burmas Gulag Archipelagos
About 35 years ago, a hero of Burma, a hero of Asia, Salai Tin Maung Oo, was murdered in Insein Jail,
the most notorious prison in the whole world. Salai Tin Maung Oo was a university student of the Chin
nationality, a great lover of humanity, freedom, justice and peace. As a student leader, he was at
loggers head with the military rulers. He led many student demonstrations. At long last, he was arrested
and sentenced to death. Then he was sent to the gallows. He is the very first student leader to be
hanged during the time of Ne Wins military dictatorship.
He was dead. Unsung. Activists used to say Salai Tin Maung Oo had done a great service to the cause ofliberty and democracy. He is a hero. But he is a forgotten hero of Burma. This was not true when I was
put behind bars. When I was put behind bars, already two decades had gone since Salai Tin Maung Oo
was hanged. Nevertheless, the legend of Salai Tin Maung Oo was the talk of the prison. He was still a
legendary hero among us political prisoners. His name, his strifes, his struggles, his sacrifices are lavishly
talked about among us.
Nowadays, thanks to the thorough and investigative research and lovingly care-intensive prose by the
author, U Aung Htoo, Salai Tin Maung Oo is no more a forgotten hero. His life and struggles are unveiled
to the people of Burma, Asia, and the world over. He now becomes an icon of all the political prisoners
in Burma.
While one of the most submerged and unknown figures in Burmese history is unveiled for the first time,
there still are more than two thousand political prisoners languishing in various dirty, unhealthy and
narrow cells in the gulags, which are widely scattered over Burma. All those political prisoners are
serving terms ranging over 100 years to over 30, 40, 50, 60 years, and so forth. Some of those political
prisoners names crop up sometimes in the overseas media. The media reports just mention their
names, not their living conditions. Hence, they virtually are forgotten prisoners anyhow.
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Over two thousand political prisoners are here in Burma now. There are many kinds of demands for
their release; political resolutions, appeals, requests, prayers, etc. to no avail. Recently the so-called
civilian government, headed by Thein Sein, formerly a general and prime minister of the military junta,
decreed an amnesty order reducing one year for every prisoner. It is a big political joke. A great shame
for the country. A huge insult on top of injury. The whole world has cursed the half-military government
in diplomacy-coated language. The shameless government remains unperturbed, looking foolish to the
whole wide world.
There are over two thousand forgotten political prisoners waiting in the gulags of Burma. Where are
authors, writers, poets like Aung Htoo? Authors wanted; writers wanted; poets wanted for each and
every forgotten political prisoner of Burma. You are highly welcomed. Come ye all.
For the moment, Aung Htoo is more than good enough. He has done his best.
~U Win Tin
National League for Democracy
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jrefrmEkdifiH +Adwdo#vufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd+yD;aemuf (3)ESpfajrmufaom tcsdefumvjzpfonf? xdkESpf
Ekd0ifbmv (9)&ufae@wGif csif;trsKd;om;jzpfol qvdkif; wifarmifOD;udk awmifil+rdK@Y arG;zGm;cJhonf? bk&ifhaemif
tkyfcsKyfcJh&m acwfumvwGif awmifil+rdK@onf wkdif;jynf.+rdK@awmf jzpfcJhonf? bk&ifhaemifonf +rdK@&Gmi,frsm;ESifh
EkdifiHi,frsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;+yD; ta&S@awmiftm&Sordkif;wGif t}uD;qHk;aom tifyg,m}uD;udk wnfaxmifcJhol
txifu& bk&ifwpfyg;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif jrefrmhordkif;wGif &JpGrf;owWd t&SdqHk;jzpfol ppfonfawmf wyifa&$xD;
eef;wnfcJh&m ae&mwpfckvnf; jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH atmuftv,fydkif;wGif wnf&Sdaom awmifil+rdK@onf at;csrf;
+idrfouf+yD; ordkif;0if+rdK@wpf+rdK@jzpfonf?
wifarmifOD; (8)vom; t&G,fcef @u jzpfonf? taru ol@udk csDxm;onfhtcgrsm;wGif teD;tem;&Sd
aqGrsKd;om;csif;u r=umc%qdkovdk ol@udk bDpupf urf;ay;wwfonf? wifarmifOD;onf bDpupfudk vufxJ
&onfESifh w+ydKifeuf tarhudk OD;pGmcGH@au|;avh&Sdolyg? ol@udk tjcm;aqGrsKd;wpfa,mufa,mufu csDxm;onfh
tcgrsm;wGifvnf; ol@vufxJwGif &Sdaomrkef@udk xdkaqGrsKd;tm; OD;pGmau|;onfh tusifh&SdcJhonf? xdkuJhodk@
cGH@au|;+yD;rSomv#if oludk,fwkdifu pm;avh&Sdonf?
tjcm;olrsm;udk a0r#ay;jcif; qdkaomtodpdwfudk wifarmifOD; i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;u &&SdcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;
Ttodpdwfudk ol. aemufqHk;xGufouf tcsdeftxd usifhoHk;oGm;cJhonf? rdrd &&SdcHpm;aeaom aysmf&$ifr_/aumif;usKd;csrf;om/ ypPnf;OpPm ponfh rnfonfht&mudkrqdk rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm; a0r#ay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; ol
awG@}uHKcHpm;ae&aom 'kuQa0'emESifh 0efxkwf0efydk;rsm;ukdrl ol. oli,fcsif;taygif;taz:rsm;tm; r#a0jcif; r&SdcJhacs?
b0wpfav#mufvHk;wGif awG@}uHKcJh&aom rdrd.jy\em trsm;pkudk rdrdudk,fwdkif ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;Ekdifa=umif;udk
jyocJhjcif;jzpfonf?
wifarmifOD;onf uav;b0uwnf;uyif nifnifomom tajymtqdk cHvdkcJholjzpfonf? vl}uD;rdbrsm;u
4if;udk qdkqHk;r&mYvnf; nifomodrfarG@pGmjzifh ajymqdkqufqHjcif;udk cH,lvdkcJhonf? =urf;wrf;cufxHpGm ajymqdk
qufqHjcif;udk tvGef&GHrkef;cJholjzpfonf? wifarmifOD; touf(2)ESpft&G,f uav;b0 tjzpftysufwpfckudk tazujyefajymif;trSwf&onf? wae@wGif wifarmifOD; idk,kdaeaoma=umifh tazu ol@udk tidkwdwfap&eftwGuf ridkeJ@/
wdwfprf;[lI toHcyfrmrmjzif h a[mufvdkufonf? odk@aomfvnf; olu tidkrwdwfcJh? wpfae@wGif wifarmifOD;onf
=urf;jyifay:xdkifum tqufrjywfidk,dkaecJhonf? tidkwdwfap&eftwGuf tazu atmufaigufaomfvnf; r&?
onf;rcHEkdifawmhonfhtqHk;wGif tazu ol. vufESpfzufudk acgif;aemufaphwGif xm;apum acgif;udk atmufodk@
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zdcsI tidkwdwfap&ef ajymaomfvnf; tcsD;ESD;yif jzpfcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif om;jzpfol xdckdufemusifoGm;rnfudk
pdk;&drfaom tazu ol.acgif;udk jyefv$wfay;cJh&onf?
wifarmifOD;tm; wif;rmcufxefpGm jyKrlqufqHI r&a=umif;ud k tazu xdktcsdefrSpwif od&SdoGm;cJhonf?
aEG;axG;aysmhajymif;aom avoHjzifh om;u vdrRmygw,fuGm? ridkeJ@awmh?[k ajymrSomv#if wifarmifOD; tidkwdwfa=umif; od&SdcJh&onf? Tae&mwGif wifarmifOD;onf ol. nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;ESifh rwla=umif;/ nifom=uifemr_
tjynfhjzifh ajymqdkqufqH rSomv#if vl}uD;pum; em;axmifa=umif;wdk@udk tazESifhtarwdk @ &dyfpm;rdcJh=uonf?
wifarmifOD;. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; tvGeftrif; idk,kdaev#ifrl taru &dkufrSv#if 4if;wdk @ tidkwdwfa=umif; 4if;wkd@udk
acsmharmhajymqdkI r&a=umif;wdk@udk taru jyefajymif;ajymjyonf?
vlr_qufqHa&;wGif +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ a=umufvef@apjcif;ESifh qdk;&Gm;pGm jyKrlqufqHjcif;wdk@rSm tysuf
oabm aqmifaom t&mrsm;jzpf+yD; cspfjcif;arwWm jyojcif;/ av;pm;r_ ay;jcif;ESif h wpfOD;. *k%foduQmudk
tjzm;wpfOD;u todtrSwfjyKjcif;wkd@rSm tjyKoabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;jzpfonf? wifarmifOD;.xl;jcm;aom
yifudkp&dkufESifh ywfoufI qdk&v#if vlr_qufqHa&;wGif 4if;onf tysuf oabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;udkqef@usif+yD; tjyKjzpfwnfr_ tjrifudk tpOfusifhoHk;aecJhol wpfa,muf jzpfonf? Tobm0avmu}uD;wGif
avjyif;rkefwkdif;/ a&}uD;r_ESif h rD;avmifr_ ponfh tysufoabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;I r&Ekdifacs?
odk@aomfvnf; tqdkyg tysuf oabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;wdk@onf vlom;wdk @. &kef@&if;=urf;wrf;aom
vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh ydkrdkqdk;&Gm; vmjcif; jzpfa=umif;/ 4if;wdk @tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfa=umif;wkd@udk wifarmifOD;u
em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf?
i,f&G,fpOf uav;b0uwnf;uyif wifarmifOD;onf opfyifwd k@u ay;aom tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk
rdrdbmom od&Sd&dyfpm;cJhrd+yD; opfyifrsm;ud k tvGefcspfjrwfEkd; cJhonf? wpfpHkwpfOD;u opfyifckwfonfhtcgwdkif;wGif
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aumif;uifjym}uD;ESifh aumif;uifodk @ xdk;xGufaeaom opfyif&Sd opf&Gufrsm;qDudk ai;=unfhaeavh &Sda=umif;wdk@udk
ol. nDrtm; wcgw&HY &ifzGifhajymqdkcJhonf? xdktcsdefu obm0ywf0if;usif jy\emonf ,ae@acwf
umvavmuf tajctae rqdk;&Gm;ao;acs? xdkpOfuwnf;uyif opfyifrsm;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;ay;EkdifcJhrnfqdkv#if
,ae@acwfwGif urBm}uD; ylaEG;r_jy\emud k }uHKawG@=u&rnf r[kwfacs? tzdk;wef ausmufrsm;/ ajr,mrsm;
(odk@r[kwf) wd&p>mefrsm;udk r[kwfbJ opfyifrsm;udkom wifarmifOD;u cspfjrwfEdk;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifh
qdkaomf obm0avmu}uD;wGif opfyifrsm;onf ouf&Sdjcif;/ oef@pifjcif;ESifh touf. vnfywfr_ jzpfpOfwdk@
oabmaqmifaom oauFwwpfck jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; opfyifrsm;udk tjyKjzpfwnfr_
t&mrsm; tjzpf owfrSwfEkdifjcif; jzpfonf?
vl@b0udk usifvnf jzwfoef;&mwGif tysufoabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;tm; a&Smifv$JI r&onfESifhtnD
wifarmifOD;onf tysufoabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;udk &ifqdkifawG@}uHK&eftwGuf aESmifhaES;aejcif; tv#if;r&SdcJhol
jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; vl @b0. tysufoabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;tay: wifarmifOD;u pdwftm&H k pGJ+rJaeol
wpfOD; r[kwfcJhacs? pdwfysufjcif;/ pdwf"gwfusjcif;ESifh pdwfqif;&Jjcif;rsm;xJrS &kef;rxGufEkdifolwpfOD; r[kwfcJhacs?
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olwyg;wdk @. pmemr_ESifh oem;=uifemr_wdk@udk ar#mfvifhawmif hw/ &SmazGaeum xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfjcif;/
wdusjywfom;jcif; r&Sdjcif;/ avmbpdwf/ rvdkwrmpdwf/ a'gopdwfESifh remvdkpdwfrsm;xJwGif EGHepfaeol
wpfOD; r[kwfcJhacs? wifarmifOD;onf ol. b0wpfav#mufvHk;wGif tjynfjzpfwnfr_ t&mrsm;ud k pl;prf;&SmazG
aecJhol jzpfonf? i,f&G,fpOf uav;b0uwnf;u pwifum aemufqHk;xGufouftxd olonf urBmavmu}uD;udk
taumif;bufu =unfhjrifcJhonf? taumif;jrifaom pdwfxm;&Sdolwpfa,muf jzpfcJhonf? ol. jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSmvnf; taumif;bufu jzpfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ol. tawG;rsm;uJhodk@yif ol. rsufESmxm;rSm ausmufusa&
uJhodk@yif =unfvifaecJhonf? ol. tjyKtrlrsm; vef;qef;jzwfvwf/ cef@nm;aecJhonf? ol. rsufESmay:wGif
t+rJwapawG@Ekdifaom rxdwxd t+yHK;onf pl;prf;vdkpdwf/ cspfcifr_ESifh qJGaqmifr_ wdk@udk jyqdkaeEkdifayonf?
[mo^m% &$iolwifarmifOD; [mo^m%f&$ifonfrSm i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;uyif jzpfonf? vSa&$ onf wifarmifOD;.
nDi,frsm;xJwGif wpfa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? wifarmifOD;u ol@udk eDwGwf[k cspfpEkd; ac:a0:avh&SdcJhonf?
tpfudk}uD;jzpfolESif h twlwuG &SdaecJhpOf tcsdefrsm;wGif udkvSa&$ trSwf&aom &,f&$ifzG,f&m taumif;qHk;
jzpf&yfwpfckrSm 1970pkESpf 0ef;usifcef@wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf?
wifarmifOD; (7)wef; wufa&mufaepOf wpfae@wGif olonf ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl rkef@pm;qif;csdefwGif
tif;,m;uefY a&oGm;ul;cJh=uonf (wifarmifOD;onf i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;uyif a&ul;jcif;udk tvGef0goemxHkcJhol
jzpfonf)? Tta=umif;ud k twef;ydkifq&mrESifh ausmif;tkyfq&mrwdk @u od&SdoGm;+yD; wifarmifOD;ESifh taygif;tyg
wd k@tm; 4if;wdk @. rdbrsm;udk ausmif;odk@ac:vm&rnf jzpfa=umif;/ odk@r[kwfygu 4if;wdk @ ausmif;xkwfcH&rnf
jzpfa=umif;wdk@udk ausmif;tkyf q&mru trdef@ay;cJhonf? TwGif zcifvkyfol. a'go ta=umif; aumif;aumif;odxm;aom wifarmifOD;onf &if;ESD;aom todrdwfaqGwpfOD;xH tultnDawmif;cHavawmhonf? &cdkif}uD; [k
emrnf&ol todrdwfaqGonf wifarmifOD;tazt&G,fcef@&Sd+yD; &cdkifvlrsKd;wpfOD; jzpfonf? 4if;wdk @. t}uHtpnfrSm
wifarmifOD;taz tvkyfudpPwpfckjzif h c&D;vGefaeonf[k ta=umif;jy+yD; &cdkif}uD;udk wifarmifOD;. OD;av; tjzpf
[efaqmifapum zatvkyfol.udk,fpm; &ckdif}uD;u ausmif;tkyfq&mrESifh oGm;awG@&ef jzpfonf?
wifarmifOD;ESifh ol. twkta,mifOD;av;wdk @ ausmif;tkyfq&mr}uD; &Hk;cef;odk @ a&mufoGm;&mwGif q&mru
wifarmifOD; vkyfcJhaom tjypfrsm;udk ajymqdkwkdifwef;onf? ausmif;tkyfq&mru &ckdif}uD;ESif h pum;jrnfp ajymqdk
&mwGif 4if;onf wifarmifOD;vdk r[kwfbJ jrefrmpum; 0Jaea=umif;udk &dyfpm;rdonf? xdk@jyif wifarmifOD;ESifh
&kyf&nfjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; vm;vm;r# rwl=ua=umif;udk owdjyKrdcJhonf? odk@aomf 4if;wdk@onf aoG;om;eD;pyf aom
aqGrsKd;rsm;jzpfa=umif; ausmif;tkyfq&mrtm; wjznf;jznf; em;0ifatmif ajymqdkEkdifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf ausmif;tkyf
q&mr. a&S@wGif &ckdif}uD;u wifarmifOD;udk ajymqdkqHk;rum aemufwpfcg 'Dvdkjzpf&if q&mr}uD;eJ@usaemfeJ@ aygif;+yD;
aqmf=ur,f[k ausmif;tkyfq&mrtm; ajymavonf? jrefrmpum;udk vnfvnf0,f0,f yDyDoo rajymwwfonfh
tjyif xdkuJhodk @aom toHk;tE_H;rsm;ud k xnfhajymaoma=umifh ausmif;tkyfq&mr}uD;rSm txmaumufvJGum
t&Suf&oGm;cJhonf? pdwfqdk;refqdk;jzpfoGm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh &ckdif}uD;rSm 4if;. pum;toHk;tEH_; rSm;,Gif;r_ESifh
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pyfvsOf;I &Sif;vif;csufrsm; xkwfcJh&onf? jzpfysufaeaom tajctae t&yf&yfudk &dyfpm;rdonfh wifarmifOD;rSm
ratmifhEkdif rtD;Ekdif &,fcsvdkufavawmhonf?
xGuf&yfayguf aeol &aohwpfyg;tvm; 0wfpm;qif,ifwwfonf h vlwpfOD; wcgu wifarmifOD;rdom;pk.
tdrfcsif;uyf&yfwGif aexdkifcJhbl;onf? ywf0ef;usif&Sd tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;u 4if;udk t=um;tjrifaumif;ol/ aA'ifa[mwwfolwpfOD;tjzpf ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? ntcsdefa&mufv#if olonf bk&m;pmvnf;r[kwf ygVdpmvnf; r[kwfonfh
*gxmuJhodk @aom pmrsm;udk ckESpftdrf=um; &Spftdrf=um; atmfqdk&Gwfzwfavh&Sdonf? xdktcsdefwGif (10)wef; pmar;yGJ
ajz&ef jyifqifaeol wifarmifOD;u nydkif;rsm;wGif pmudk tm&Hkpdkuf=unfh&ojzifh ta,mifaqmif&aoh. &GwfzwfoH
rsm;a=umifh pdwftaESmifht,SufjzpfcJh&onf?
Todk@jzifh wpfae@wGif tqdkyg ta,mifaqmif&aohudk taESmifht,Sufay;&eftwGuf wifarmifOD; t}uH
tpnfwpfck &vmcJhonf? vrdkufnwpfnwGif wifarmifOD;ESifh vSa&$wdk@onf tarSmifxkudk tm;jyKum 4if;.+cH0if;
tem;odk @ wdwfwqdwf uyfoGm;=u+yD; ajrcJpmrsm;jzifh tdrfacgifrdk;ay:odk @ ypfayguf=uavawmhonf? 0&HwmY
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wifarmifOD;onf rdrdydkifqdkifxm;aom [mo^m%fpGrf;jzif h rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;rsm;
tm; &,f&$ifzG,f&mrsKd;pHkwdk@udk ay;pGrf;cJhonf? wifarmifOD;ESifhtwl ae&olrsm;onf rdrdwdk @. ae@pOfb0rsm; ydkrdkI
vef;qef;wufuGr_&Sdonf/ tjyKoabmaqmif+yD; wdk;wufr_rsm; &&Sdaeonf [lI cHpm;cJh=u&onf? wifarmifOD;.
yifudk,fpdwf&if;udk tajccHI ajym&rnfqdkv#if 4if;onf vl@b0. aysmf&$ifr_ okcrsm;udk t&dk;cHpdwfjzifh wpdkufrwfrwf
&SmazGaecJh&HkomrubJ rdrd&&S dcHpm;ae&aom aysmf&$ifr_rsm;tm; tjcm;olrsm;ESifhvnf; r#a0cHpm;cJholwpfOD; jzpfonf?wifarmifOD;onf rdwfaqGa&mif;&if;rsm;ukd aumif;rGefpGm qufqHcJh&HkomrubJ &efol+ydKifbufrsm;tay:Yvnf;
rvdkrkef;xm;pdwf &SdcJholwpfOD; r[kwfacs? pdwfESvHk; jzLpifoef@&Sif;ol [kqdkv#if rSm;rnfr[kwfyg? tqd kyg pif=u,fr_
rsm;udk wifarmifOD;u rnfuJhodk @ &&SdydkifqkdifvmcJha=umif;udk rnfolr# rod&SdcJhacs? odk@wnf;r[kwf xdktcsif;t&monf
ol. yifukd,fp&dkuf yifavm? ol. }udK;pm;usifh}uHr_a=umifh jzpf&SdvmcJhonfh &vm'fwpfckavm?
wifarmifOD;onf a=umuf&GH@pdwfudk t&if;cHI cGifhv$wfpdwf&SdEkdif&ef usifh}uHcJhjcif; r[kwfouJhokd@
udk,fusKd;twGuf =unfhaompdwfudk t&if;cHI ydyuQrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;cJholwpfOD; r[kwfacs? vlom;jzpfr_/
vl@*k%foduQmESifh vl@wefzdk;wdk@udk tumtuG,fay;Ekdif&eftwGuf olonf &efolrsm;u pdefac:vmonfh
tcgwdkif;wGif a&Smifajy;cJhol r[kwfbJ &J&J0hH0Hh wkef@jyefwkdufcdkufcJhol jzpfonf? odk@jzpfaoma=umifhvJ ol@udk &J&ifhaomausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfOD;tjzpf xdkacwf&Sd vltrsm;wdk @u todtrSwfjyK/ av;pm;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf?
odk@aomfvnf; wifarmifOD;onf ol. rD;avmif+rdKufaeaom pdwfESvHk;jzifh &efolrsm;udk wkdufcdkufcJhjcif; r&Sdacs?
trkef;w&m;/ rvdkrkef;xm;r_ESifh a'gorsm;jzifh jynfhaeaom pdwfESvHk;onf rD;avmif+rdKufaeaom pdwfESvHk;yif jzpfonf?
oef@pifat;jr =unfvifaeaom a&ESifh tvm;wlonfh pif=u,faom pdwfESvHk;jzifh &efol&efbufrsm;udk &ifqdkifcJhonf?
vlwpfa,mufonf rdrd. twGif;pdwfudk oef@pifatmif usifh}uHvkyfaqmifEkdifygu xdkolonf pdwfESvHk;wGif
pif=u,fr_ESif h wnf+idrfr_wdk@udk &&SdEkdifayonf? wifarmifOD;onfvnf; tqdkyg pdwftajctaeudk &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
thH=ozG,f&maumif;onfrSm pdwfESvHk; pif=u,fr_onf ol. todpdwf (odk@r[kwf) rodpdwfxJY jzpfaecJhjcif;yif
jzpfonf? wpfudk,faumif;rqefbJ r#0vkdaom todpdwf &SdyHk/ obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: av;pm;r_ &SdyHk/ aysmf&$ifaemufajymifwwfaom tjyKtrlrsm;ESifh trSefw&m;bufu &yfwnfum &JpGrf;owWdtjynfhjzifh vkyfukdif aqmif&Guf
vdkpdwf &SdyHk tp&Sdaom ol. pdwfESvH k; pif=u,fr_ vuQ%mrsm;udk rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESihf rdwfaqGa&mif;&if;rsm;u ydkrdk
owdjyKrdcJhonf? TonfrSm wifarmifOD;. yifudk,f xl;jcm;csufwpfckyif jzpfonf?
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w&w rdom;pud u,w,jcif;xdktcsdefwGif touf(15)ESpf &Sd+yDjzpfaom wifarmifOD;onf vltkyf}uD;. vkyf&yfud k apmifh=unfaecJhonf?
vltkyf}uD;onf wpftdrfwuf wpftdrfqif;umjzifh w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm; ykdifqkdifaom tdrfrsm;ud k rD;&_d@=uonf? rD;avmif
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aexdkifcJhum touf&Sif vGwfajrmufcJh=uonf?
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t"duxm; =unfhjrifonf? +yD;awmhrSomv#if rdrdukd,fudk jrefrmEkdifiHom;wpfOD; tjzpf/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;wpfOD;
tjzpf =unfhjrifonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf tv#dKcsif;rsm;. aumif;&maumif;usKd;twGufudkom t"du tav;ay;
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uef@owfxm;jcif;r&Sd [laomoabmyif? xdk@twlyif olonf jrefrmEkdifiHvlOD;a&. trsm;pkjzpfaom jrefrm vlrsKd;rsm;
t=um;wGif }uD;jyif;vmcJh aomfvnf; vuf&Sdppftpdk;&u usifhoHk;aeonfh r[mjrefrmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk rnfhonfhtcg
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zsm;emum aq;&Hkydk@&rnfh tajctaetxd jzpfvmcJ honf? rdcift&if; r[kwfaom tzGm;tdkudk aq;&Hkydk@&eftwGuf
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tzGm;tdkudk jyif;xefpGm wdkufrd+yD; olronf ta0;wpfae&modk @ vGifhusoGm;cJhonf? teD;0ef;usif&Sd vlrsm;onf
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wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf vltkyf=um;xJodk @ wdk;0ifvm+yD; rl;arhvJusaeaom tzGm;tdkudk nifompGm ayG@vkdufum
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