to jesus the good shepherd: open my eyes, that i might see your glorious light
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To Jesus the Good Shepherd: Open my eyes, that I might see your glorious light. Open my mind, that I may know Your Truth. Open my heart, that I might receive your healing touch. Open my ears, that I might hear you say, “I Love You”. Amen. . Announcements. Term Papers: Due Tues. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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To Jesus the Good Shepherd:
Open my eyes, that I might see your glorious
light. Open my mind, that I may
know Your Truth. Open my heart, that I
might receive your healing touch.
Open my ears, that I might hear you say,
“I Love You”. Amen.
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Announcements• Term Papers: Due Tues. • Chapter 6 and 7 Exam :Tues. Dec
1st • HW: Read Pp 276-282
(The Great Schism)
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MLA• Single Author: (Bennet 9)• Author in Paragraph: (9)• Two Authors: (Duke and Howard 8)• Organization: (Food and Drug 12)• No Author: (“St. Justin” 5)• Secondary Source quote: (qtd. in
Billings 5)• Website: (Hatfield 1)
(Catholic Encyclopedia 2)
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Chapter 7
Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism
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PART IByzantium
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Byzantium• Center of
religious, political, economic activity
• Maritime power • Key trading
center• Founded by
Constantine the Great
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Constantinople • Surrounded by
formidable walls• Christian • Dedicated under
Christian and pagan rites
• Mortal enemy – Islam
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The Byzantines• Roman in
their Laws• Greek in
their culture• Oriental in
their habits
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Byzantine Christianity
• Missionary activity = National Churches
• More Christians than in Rome • Patriarch/Emperor relationship
overshadowed papacy
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Caesaropapism• Temporal ruler extends authority
over ecclesiastical and theological matters
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Justinian I • Viewed self as head of Church and State
• Last great ruler in Roman tradition
• Advanced architecture, fine arts, and law
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Hagia Sophia
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Codex Justinianus • Systemization of all Roman
Laws• Highest achievement in
classical legal scholarship• Foundation of Canon Law
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Codex Justinianus Protection of Freewomen Married to Servile Husbands, c. 530 [Vll.24.i.]
“Since in our times, in which we take great pains for the liberty of our subjects, we consider it ungodly that certain women are cheated of their liberty and, because slavery was introduced against natural liberty by the ferocity of the enemy, and this has been brought about by the depravity of the worst of men, we desire to suspend from henceforth…”
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Code of Canon LawTITLE VI.
DELICTS AGAINST HUMAN LIFE AND FREEDOM (Cann. 1397 - 1398)
Can. 1397 A person who commits a homicide or who kidnaps, detains, mutilates, or gravely wounds a person by force or fraud is to be punished with the privations and prohibitions mentioned in can. 1336Can. 1398 A person who procures a completed abortion incurs a latae sententiae excommunication.
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Theodora: The Heretic
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Monophysitim andJustinian
• Justinian’s wife was sympathetic to heresy
• Led Justinian to want to reconcile heresy with the Church
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Emperor Heraclius
• Asked Church to fund war (Persians)
• Promised repayment
• Promised to liberate Jerusalem
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PART IIThe Iconoclast Controversy
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Icons• Flat/two-
dimensional picture of Christ, the Virgin Mother, or saint
• Christian Acts of Piety
• Invitation to prayer
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Abuse of Icons• Common belief: icons
had special powers• Idolatry
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Iconoclasts• Sought to destroy icons/
purge the practice of icons within the Christian faith
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First IconoclasmEmperor Leo III
• Conversion of Muslims and Jews sought (unity)
• Icons destroyed to reach goal
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Emperor Leo III’s Edict • Icons =
idolatry • Condemned by
pope and patriarch of Constantinople
• Persecuted non-adherents
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St. John of Damascus• Defended use
of icons (Iconophile)
• Fount of Wisdom
• Jesus becoming man gave permission for use of icons
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St. John of DamascusWhy it’s good to have images:
“We proclaim [God] also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to those who can read, that an image is to those who cannot read. The image speaks to the sight as words to the ear; it brings us understanding.”
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Constantine V• Iconoclast• Tried to gain
support of Greek Church
• Council of Hiereia (against icons)
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Empress Irene
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Seventh Ecumenical CouncilSecond Council of Nicaea (787)
• Veneration of icons accepted
• Adoration defined = God
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PART IIIThe Rise of the Carolingians and the Independent Papacy
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Carolingian Line• Pepin the
Short • Granted
Frankish rule by Pope St. Zachary
• Supported by St. Boniface
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Establishment of Papal States
• Pope Stephen: Supported Pepin the Short for Carolingian supportCondemned anyone who disobeyed Pepin
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Charlemagne (R. 769-814)• Christian public
policy • Synods/Council
decrees lawfully binding
• Reformed Clergy, raised money for the Church
• Missi dominici
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Charlemagne’s Relationship to the Papacy
• Defeated the Lombards• “Patrician of Rome” • Restored Pope Leo III to
power
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Charlemagne Crowned Emperor
• Crowned by Pope Leo III
• Germans included in Roman civilization
• Upset Byzantine Emperors
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Carolingian Renaissance• Combated
cultural decay• Emphasized
education/art• Every
parish/monastery req. to have a school
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Alcuin the Carolingian Scholar
• Biblical/theological texts
• Latin Grammar • Mathematical
tracts• Tours Bible• Revised Roman
Lectionary/Gregorian Sacramentary
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PART IVThe Great Schism
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The Great Schism • The final shattering
communion between the Eastern and Western Church
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The great schism
• Did not happen overnight
• Began with the founding of Constantinople
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Timeline : the Great Schism
• 4th c. – Constantinople founded
• 9th c. – Iconoclasm/Charlemagne
• 11th c. – Final split/ attempted excommunication of the pope
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The Great Schism • Not just a
theological dispute
• Distance between East and West
• Differing views on Church hierarchy
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Hierarchy • Western
Christians accepting of pope
• Eastern Christians minimized papal power
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Filioque Controversy
• “and the Son” added to the Creed (Third Council of Toledo)
• Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept change
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Why was it rejected? • Council of Chalcedon
declared that the Creed could not be changed
• Patriarch upheld this ruling
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The Photian Schism • Patriarch
Ignatius refused govt. official Holy Communion
• Emperor removed Patriarch from position
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The Photian Schism
• Legates sent sided with emperor (against instructions)
• Pope excommunicated legates/demanded Ignatius be reinstated
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Michael Cerularius• Appointed as
Patriarch (supported Photius)
• Hated the Catholic Church
• Opposed Western Church practices
• Closed Latin Churches
• Excommunicated the pope
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Cardinal Humbert• Sent to speak
with Patriarchs• “Either be in
communion with Peter or become a synagogue of Satan.”
• Lacked Diplomatic skills
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The Actual Schism • Cardinal Humbert
excommunicates the Patriarch of Constaninople
• July 1054: Eastern Church declares the Latin Church strayed away from the Faith
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Today: • The Eastern and
Western Churches are still working together to end the Schism
• Pope Benedict XVI has deep desire to end the Schism/ unify both Churches