Today:

1. History of GIS and review of software2. Data Collection3. Concept of Projection

4. Using ArcMap (in detail)

5. Georeferencing (BIRN sample)

6. Using ArcCatalog (create shape file, create coverage, projection)

7. Using 3D Analyst & Spatial Analyst (create slope map, contour map)

8. Using ArcReader (sample)

9. Using ArcScene (sample)

Tomorrow: 1. Geodatabase (Personal Geodatabase , ArcSDE) 2. Geoprocessing ArcMap, ArcINFO (Create hillshade)3. ArcObjects programming model and demo4. ArcToolbox (conversions, projections)5. Anatomy of ArcIMS and internet mapping ,services6. MetaData Explorer

History of GIS

Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS

1960’s - Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS- Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial data handling- US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format- ESRI founded

1970’s - CGIS fully operational (and still operational today)

- First Landsat satellite launched (USA)

- CARIS founded

- USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resources databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format

- ERDAS founded

- ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)

History of GIS

Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS

1980’s - ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS)

- GPS became operational

- US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS)

- MapInfo founded

- First SPOT satellite launched (Europe)

- IDRISI Project started (GIS program)

- SPANS GIS produced

- National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) established in USA

- TIGER digital data

History of GIS

Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS

1990’s - MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others- ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS- $7+ billion industry

GIS Software

• The geoprocessing engines of GIS• Major functions

– Collect, store, mange, query, analyze and present

• Key terms– Program – collections of instructions to manipulate data– Package – integrated collection of programs– Component – self-contained, reusable software building

blocks

User Interface Applications

Geographic Tools

Data AccessSpatial

ReferenceVector

DataManager

Raster

Output

Editing

Analysis

CustomizationDisplay

Translation

Functionality Architecture

Product Families  Autodesk ESRI Intergraph MapInfo Smallworld

Viewer AutoCAD LT

ArcReader GeoMedia Viewer ProViewer Custom

Desktop World ArcView GeoMedia MapInfo Professional

Spatial Intelligence

Profess-ional

AutoCAD / Map

ArcEditorArcInfo

GeoMedia Pro MapInfo Professional

Smallworld GIS

Hand-held OnSite ArcPad IntelliWhere MapXtend Scout

Database Server

GIS Server

ArcSDE Uses Oracle Spatial

SpatialWare Part of Smallworld GIS

Component In several products

MapObjects

Part of GeoMedia MapX, MapJ Part of Smallworld GIS

Internet MapGuide ArcIMS GeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise

MapXtreme, MapXSite

Smallworld Internet Applic- ation Server

CAD AutoCAD Map

In several products

In several products

In several products

Part of Smallworld GIS

Number ofUsers

CostInternetViewer

ComponentHand-heldDesktop

Professional

Functionality

GIS Software Classification

0 1000000 2000000 3000000

Users

Internet

Viewer

Component

Hand-held

Desktop

Professional

Type of Software System

GIS Market

ArcSDE Unifies Spatial Data Access

• ArcGIS Desktop ApplicationsArcGIS Desktop Applications

• ArcIMS , ArcExplorer, ArcPadArcIMS , ArcExplorer, ArcPad

• MapObjects MapObjects

• Third-Party applicationsThird-Party applications

SQL ServerSQL Server OracleOracle InformixInformix IBM DB2IBM DB2

ArcSDE Services

Enterprise GIS

Organizations expect to... • Leverage existing spatial data (eliminate silos)

• Integrate spatial data with core business data • Incorporate spatial into workflow between

departments (for a city…tax assessor, appraisal, DPW, police, fire, IT)

• Deploy IT standards to all their data• Move client / server GIS apps to the web and wireless

devices• Benefit from scalability and security

First, Spatially Enable The Data…

ArcSDEArcSDE

Data Is Independent of Application

ArcIMSArcIMSArcGISArcGIS

SQL ServerSQL ServerSQL ServerSQL Server

High Availability, High Performance, Secure, Scalable

Publisher Authors PMF Documents

ArcReaderArcReader

A New ExtensionA New Extension

PublisherPublisher

ArcMapArcMap

DataDataMXDMXD

PMFPMF

Distributed GIS

• Consume and expose Web services for:

– Mapping

– Metadata

– Data sharing and distribution

– Geoprocessing

• Provide standard services and components for web developer

(.Net, “generic XML/SOAP”, or Java API’s)

GIS Internet Enterprise TodayGIS Internet Enterprise Today

Web Server

DatabasesDatabases

BrokerBroker

BrowsersBrowsers

Web

ApplicationsApplications

Future GIS Internet Enterprise

Web Server

DatabasesDatabases

BrokerBroker

BrowsersBrowsers

Web

ApplicationsApplications

ServicesServices

Distributed GIS DevelopmentDistributed GIS Development

• New Concept – g.net architecture– leveraging emerging web technologies

• Web services– GIS technology for applications over the web

• Mapping

• Metadata

• GIS Functionality

– Spatial Data sharing and distribution

• Extends ArcGIS System concept– Desktop Applications

– Back Office Servers

– Distributed “Services” via the Internet

G.net Architecture Building Blocks

GIS Portal

GIS Portal

• Network architecture

(Distributed)

• Loosely Coupled

• Internet Standards

• Many GeoServices

• Many Clients

• Metadata Servers

• Open / Interoperable

• Full GIS capabilities

GIS Users

GIS PortalMetadata

Server

Searc

h Cat

alog

and

Fin

d

Searc

h Cat

alog

and

Fin

d

Publish GIS Data & ServicesPublish GIS Data & Services

Document in CatalogDocument in Catalog

Connect and U

se

Connect and U

se

Checkout and U

se

Checkout and U

se

World Wide Web

Author, Manage, Serve Geographic Information Collections

Author, Manage, Serve Catalogs

GIS GIS ClientsClients

GIS GIS ClientsClients

ESRI Direction“Software for G.Net”

GIS Web GIS Web ServicesServices

GIS Web GIS Web ServicesServices

ArcGIS

Used to build

• Data

• Maps

• Models

• Applications

• Metadata

ArcGIS

Used to build

• Data

• Maps

• Models

• Applications

• Metadata

ArcIMS

• Serve GIS

• Data

• Maps

• Apps

ArcIMS

• Serve GIS

• Data

• Maps

• Apps

ArcGIS

• Author and Manage

Metadata

• Build Catalog

ArcGIS

• Author and Manage

Metadata

• Build Catalog

Array of GIS Clients

Access and use GIS data and services

• ArcReader

• Map Objects for Java

• ArcGIS Desktop & Extensions

• ArcPad

Array of GIS Clients

Access and use GIS data and services

• ArcReader

• Map Objects for Java

• ArcGIS Desktop & Extensions

• ArcPad

ArcSDE

Used to manage

• Data

• Metadata

• Transactions

ArcSDE

Used to manage

• Data

• Metadata

• Transactions

ArcSDE

Used to manage and distribute

• Metadata

ArcSDE

Used to manage and distribute

• Metadata

ArcIMS

• Manage Metadata

• Provide Search Services

ArcIMS

• Manage Metadata

• Provide Search Services

MetadatMetadata & a &

Catalog Catalog ServicesServices

MetadatMetadata & a &

Catalog Catalog ServicesServices

Market Forces Are Driving Change

• Organizations are moving and consolidating spatial data into relational databases to improve interoperability

• Organizations are moving client/server mapping applications to the web and looking to web services for the future

• Organizations are integrating spatial data analysis and map visualization into key business applications to improve decision making and service delivery

Data Collection

• One of most expensive GIS activities

• Many diverse sources

• Two broad types of collection– Data capture (direct collection)– Data transfer

Data Collection Techniques

Raster Vector

Primary Digital remote sensing images

GPS measurements

Digital aerial photographs

Survey measurements

Secondary Scanned maps Topographic surveys

DEMs from maps Toponymy data sets from atlases

Primary Data Capture

• Capture specifically for GIS use• Raster – remote sensing

– e.g. SPOT and IKONOS satellites and aerial photography

– Passive and active sensors

• Resolution is key consideration– Spatial– Spectral– Temporal

Typical Reflectance Signatures

Vector Primary Data Capture

• Surveying– Locations of objects determines by angle and

distance measurements from known locations– Uses expensive field equipment and crews– Most accurate method for large scale, small areas

• GPS– Collection of satellites used to fix locations on

Earth’s surface– Differential GPS used to improve accuracy

Secondary Geographic Data Capture

• Data collected for other purposes can be converted for use in GIS

• Raster conversion– Scanning of maps, aerial photographs,

documents, etc– Important scanning parameters are spatial

and spectral (bit depth) resolution

Vector Secondary Data Capture

• Collection of vector objects from maps, photographs, plans, etc.

• Digitizing– Manual (table) – Heads-up and vectorization

• Photogrammetry – the science and technology of making measurements from photographs, etc.

• COGO – Coordinate Geometry

Data Transfer

• Many widely distributed sources of GI

• Key catalogs include– US NSDI Clearinghouse network– Geography Network

• Access technologies– Translation– Direct read

Federal Data Agencies

• USGS

• NOAA

• Census Bureau

• NIMA

• EPA

• many more...