topic: urban issues and challenges. case study: slide...

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study:Slide 1.

TIP: Practice writing the 6/9mark questions at the bottom of the slides on this powerpoint and submit to your teacher for marking and feedback.

How this will come up in your exam:

A variety of shorter and longer questions on the different parts of the topic.

Skills will also be tested and you may need to answer questions using OS maps of urban areas in the UK.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 2: Location.

Describe the location of London.

London is in the south-east of England on the River Thames.

Why was this a good site for a city?

Near to the river Thames which is good for transport and trade.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 3: The national importance of London

Outline one way in which a city in an HIC that you have studied is nationally important. (2marks)

London is a city of national importance.

What does national mean?

Within the UK.

• London is the capital city of the UK.

• It is the UK’s largest and wealthiest city.

• London is a centre for media.

• London generates 22% of the UK’s GDP

• London is a transport hub with links all over the UK. An important motorway is the M25. An important train station is Kings Cross.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 4: The international importance of London.

Outline two ways a city in an HIC you have studied is internationally important. (4marks)To what extent can a city you have studied in an HIC be regarded as internationally important? (6marks.)

London is also an important international city. What does international mean?

In other countries.

• London is a world city – this is a city with global influence.

• London is an important international financial centre.

• London is home large international companies.

• London attracts people and investment from all over the world.

• Many of London’s football teams – come on Arsenal! are owned by foreign investors.

• London has top universities such as Imperial College.

• London is famous for its historical buildings and architecture, theatre and nightlife.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 5: London’s population growth:

London’s population has grown for two reasons. What are they?

1. Natural increase. What is this?

The increase in population due to birth rates being higher than death rates.

In London there are lots of young adult so there is a high birth rate.

2. Migration. Where from?

a. Internal migration – people moving to London from other places in the UK.

b. International migration – people moving from other countries to the UK.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 6: London’s population growth: Internal migration

What is internal migration? (1mark)Explain why a city in an HIC you have studied has grown. (6marks)

Internal migration – what is this?

The movement of people from other places in the UK to London.

Why might people move from other places in the UK to London?

Pull factors (good things about London that make people want to move there.)

Push factors (Bad things about the places that people live that make them want to move away.)

• Job opportunities.• Higher wages.• Nightlife and entertainment.• Cultural attractions (museums, art galleries.)• Vibrant city life – excitement.• Better infrastructure.• Better schools

• Higher unemployment • Low wages and lack of opportunity.• Lack of entertainment/nightlife.• Poor school and medical facilities.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 7: London’s population growth: international migration.

Outline one reason for international migration to a city you have studied. (2marks)

What is international migration?

Migration between different countries.

Many people have moved to London from all over the world. Today over 300 languages are spoken in the city. Here are a few examples of international migrations:

1. After the second world war, the British government invited people from countries such as Jamaica to come and help rebuild the economy.

2. Since 2004 when countries such as Poland joined the EU, many migrants have come from Eastern European countries for work.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 8: How has migration changed the character of the city?

Explain how migration has changed the character of a city in an HIC you have studied. (4marks)

How has migration changed the character of the city?

London is one of the most multicultural places on the planet with 300 languages spoken. Influences from other countries can be seen all over the city. For example:

• Religious buildings such as mosques have been built all over the city.

• Shops selling foods from different places are common. E.g. local shops in East London sell a range of polish foods.

• London has embraced its multiculturalism and puts on fantastic events celebrating cultures from all over the world such as the Notting Hill Carnival and Chinese New Year.

Images showing Chinatown, A Sri Lankan food stall in Spitalfields and a Polish shop in Walthamstow.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 11: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 1. Cultural Mix

Outline one way in which cultural mix presents opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (2marks)

Cultural Mix:

London has a huge variety of culture which brings huge opportunities.• new businesses such as food ethnic food shops.

• Tourism as people from around the world want to visit. • It allows different groups in society to mix and learn about each other.

Every aspect of culture can be seen around the city. Examples are:• Art galleries and museums such as the Tate Modern and the Museum of London.• Every type of live music from Heavy Rock to Classical• Theatres, cinemas, night clubs, restaurants etc.

The variety of culture is one of the things that attracts people to visit and live and therefore provides huge social and economic opportunities.

One challenge of having a mix of cultures living together can lead to racism and resentment.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 12: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 2. Recreation and Entertainment

Outline one way in which recreation and entertainment present opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (2marks)

2. Recreation and entertainment:

• A huge number of cultural attractions such as the Natural History Museum.

• Theatre shows

• Sporting events such as the London Marathon

• Bars, restaurants and street entertainment.

• A huge variety of green spaces all over the city.

The key point is that recreation and entertainment bring tourists who spend money and therefore create jobs in the city.

One challenge is to make sure that facilities are accessible to all and not just richer people.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 13: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 3. Employment opportunities

Explain how urban change has created employment opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (4marks)

3. How has urban change created employment opportunities?

What types of jobs are there?

1. Primary jobs –

Those getting raw materials from the land and the sea such as farming and fishing.

2. Secondary jobs –

Jobs making things in factories (manufacturing) such as making clothes.

These jobs were really important in London during the industrial revolution however, most factories have since moved abroad due to cheaper land and labour elsewhere (e.g. China) so there are not many factory jobs left.


To what extent has urban change created employment opportunities for people in cities in HICs? (6marks)

3. Tertiary jobs – what are they?

Jobs in services such as teachers, doctors, people working in shops (retail), finance

Today most people work in the tertiary industry in London.

4. Quaternary jobs - what are they?

Jobs in the knowledge sector such as in research, developing IT (information technology).

These are important in London and have grown because of the large number of top universities in London.


Explain how urban changes have led to economic opportunities in HICs. (4marks)

An example of how urban change has brought new opportunities in employment is:

The London Docklands (where Canary Wharf is today).

London has been a port since Roman times.

In the 1970s the docks closed as the new container ships were too big to fit down the river.

By the 1980s the Docks were empty and the factories closed.

Canary Wharf and other high rise office blocks were built instead which today hold many international banks.

One downside of this was that the old dock workers didn’t have the skills to work in financial industries so were forced out of the area.

• Docklands in 1960 Docklands today

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 17: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 4. Integrated Transport Systems

What is an integrated transport system? (2marks)Outline one way in which integrated transport systems present opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (2marks)

Integrated Transport systems: What are these?

AQA definition: When different transport methods connect together such as buses, trains, airports etc.

In London:

• There is the tube, london buses, the Docklands Light Railway, and the London Overground.

• People in London can use the Oyster card to travel on all of these.

• London also has an integrated cycle network which links to all of these other forms of transport.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 18: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 4. Integrated Transport Systems

London’s transport network getting busier and busier.

This means London must rise to the challenge and take the opportunity to improve its transport network.

Example of a coming improvement:

Crossrail: new east west rail route across London due to open in 2018. Links Shenfield in the east with Reading in the West.

This should reduce journey times and let more people use the trains.

However there have been many delays with the project and it has been very expensive.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 19: Urban change has created environmental opportunities: Urban Greening

Outline one way in which urban greening presents opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (2marks)Explain how urban greening presents opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (4marks)

Urban greening:

London is one of the world’s greenest cities.

47% of the city is green space (parks, woodlands, cemeteries, gardens etc.)

Why is it good to have green cities?

• 8.1 million trees in London take in CO2 and release oxygen, cleaning our air.

• Habitat for wildlife.

• People use them for exercise and fresh air so they improve our wellbeing and quality of life.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 20: Urban change has created environmental opportunities: Urban greening

To what extent do cities in HICs present opportunities for the people who live there? (9marks)

How can we look after/increase London’s green spaces?

• Encourage people to not pave over gardens.

• Green roofs – there are 700 in Central London and they are becoming more popular.

• The Olympic park in Stratford was the first new park to be created in London in over 100 years!

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 21: Urban growth has created social and economic challenges: Deprivation

Define social deprivation. (1mark)

London is the wealthiest city in the UK but suffers from social deprivation. What does this mean?

When people don’t have the money or access to jobs, education or healthcare that they need.

2 million people in London are classified as living in poverty and therefore suffer from social deprivation.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 22: Urban change has created social and economic challenges: inequalities in housing, health, education and employment.

Suggest one reason for inequalities in health in HICs. (2marks)To what extent has urban change created inequalities in quality of life in a city in an HIC you have studied. (6marks)

What does inequality mean?

When some people are poor and others are rich. Some people have good access to jobs, education, health care and housing and others don’t.

In London, there are still huge inequalities.

Newham is an example of a borough which is poor, has high unemployment, has bad health and children do worse at school. This is because people are poor, eat badly and children are sometimes not encouraged to try hard at school.

Kensington and Chelsea is an example of a rich borough which has low unemployment, has good health and children do better at school. This is because people have more money, eat better and children are encouraged to try hard at school.

Inequalities in housing:

• House prices and rents are the highest in the country.

• Some people in London live in poor quality, small houses and flats while others live in huge mansions.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 23: Urban change has created social and economic challenges: inequalities in housing, health, education and employment.Inequalities in education:

• In general, schools in the poorest areas get lower GCSE results.

Inequalities in health:

• People in poorer areas often have a worse diet and live in worse conditions and are therefore less healthy.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 24: EnvironmentalChallenges: Dereliction

What is derelict land? (1mark)Explain why there has been an increase in derelict land in inner city areas in HICs. (2marks)What is a greenfield site? (1mark)

Dereliction. What does this mean?

Empty buildings and wasteland.

As factories have closed down, this has led to a lot of derelict land. We can redevelop this and build new houses there.

What is a brownfield site?

Derelict land that has been built on before but is now empty, normally in the inner city.

What is a greenfield site?

A plot of land, often in a rural area or on the edge of an urban area that has not yet been built on.

Rural-urban fringe (edge of the city)

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 25: Urban change has created environmental challenges: Brownfield and greenfield sites.

Suggest two advantages of building on greenfield sites. (4marks)Is it better to build on greenfield or brownfield sites. Justify your answer (6marks)

Building on brownfield sites:

Advantages:

• Reduces the need for building on greenfield sites and therefore urban sprawl.

• Services are already in place such as roads, water supply, electric.

• Improves the look of run down areas – can improve the whole area.

Disadvantages:

• Land may be contaminated with chemicals from industry and may need cleaning first.

• Building may increase traffic congestion in inner city areas.

• Building here may put pressure on existing health and education services.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 25: Urban change has created environmental challenges: Brownfield and greenfield sites.Building on greenfield sites:

Advantages:

• Land is cheaper

• Housing is in greener, more pleasant surroundings.

• Building on this makes out of town locations more accessible.

Disadvantages:

• Leads to urban sprawl.

• Leads to loss of habitats for wildlife and/or farmland.

• Infrastructure such as roads might have to be built.

• Increased traffic congestion in countryside areas.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 27: Urban change has created environmental challenges: Waste Disposal

Outline one challenge associated with waste disposal in HIC cities. (2marks)Outline one solution to the problems of waste disposal in HIC cities. (2marks)To what extent has urban change created environmental challenges. (6marks)

Waste Disposal: How much of London’s waste goes to landfill?

• 24%

• This is a problem because:• It takes up valuable land that could be used for other things.

• Landfill releases methane, a greenhouse gas that contributes to our warming climate.

• The target: for zero waste to go to landfill by 2030 through a variety of measures such as:• Encouraging households to reduce their waste.

• To increase recycling.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 28: The impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe and the growth of commuter settlements.

What is urban sprawl? (1mark)Suggest one reason for the growth of commuter settlements. (1mark)Discuss the effects of rural urban sprawl on the rural urban fringe. (6marks)

The challenge of urban sprawl: What is urban sprawl?

AQA definition: The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.

This often leads to development on the rural-urban fringe. What is this?

AQA definition: A zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use. It is a zone of mixed land uses, from out of town shopping centres and golf courses to farmland and motorways.

• As the population and house prices in London rise, people are increasingly moving to commuter settlements outside the greenbelt. In this way, urban development can “leapfrog” the greenbelt and continue just outside it. An example of a commuter settlement to London is…

• Chelmsford. Around these too, urban development grows outwards into the surrounding countryside.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 29: The impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe and the growth of commuter settlements.

The effects of urban sprawl: Areas such as Upminster and Noak Hill in Essex are experiencing the following effects:

• Increased traffic congestion and air pollution from more cars on the roads in rural areas.

• People in these areas often have long commutes to work which can have negative effects on people’s health (high blood pressure) and family life (parents may return home after the children have gone to bed).

• Loss of wildlife habitats, displacing animals.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 30: An example of a regeneration project: Stratford, London

For a regeneration project you have studied, explain why the area needed regenerating. (4marks)

Urban Regeneration in Stratford: What is urban regeneration?

Redeveloping run down urban areas to improve them and make them nicer.

Why did the area need regenerating?

• Stratford is in Newham, one of the most deprived areas in London.

• Lots of derelict land was there to build on as factories closed down.

• This led to widespread unemployment, poverty and deprivation in the area.

• Rivers and soils were polluted.

• The area had high crime rates and vandalism and graffiti was widespread.


Describe and explain the features of a regeneration project you have studied. (6marks)

The main features of regeneration:

• The whole area was regenerated including:

• Derelict land being turned into the Olympic Park.

• Next to the park the athletes village was turned into East Village – blocks of flats providing homes for local people.

• New office space.

• New shopping centre (Westfield)

• Olympic stadium now houses West Ham football club.

• Cleaning up of the whole environment around Stratford.

• Improvements to Stratford Station


To what extent has a regeneration project in an HIC city you have studied been successful. (9marks)

Stratford regeneration – some issues:

• Homes in East Village not really “affordable” for many local people.

• Jobs have been created in high paid tertiary and quaternary sectors but local people cannot do them.

• They knocked down people’s houses.

• Parts of Stratford were not improved. E.g. New Town.

• There have been conflicts between local people and developers.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 33: Features of sustainable urban living

Define sustainable urban living. (2marks)Describe the features of sustainable urban living. (6marks)Outline one way in which waste recycling can contribure to sustainable urban living. (2marks)

Sustainable urban living – what is this?

Living in cities which look after the people in them and environment for future generations.

Features of sustainable urban living using East Village in Stratford as an example:

1. Water and energy conservation –

Using less water by using rain water to flush toilets and having water saving taps fitted to sinks.

1. Waste recycling. What is this?

Recycling rubbish so we can use it again.

Newham uses orange bags for collecting recycling and has waste collection points around the area.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 33: Features of sustainable urban living

Explain how green space can contribute to sustainable urban living. (4marks)

3. Creating green space. How do these contribute to sustainable urban living?• Keep the air clean.

• Habitats for wildlife.

• People can use them to exercise.

In East Village there is…

Lots of green space.

The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

Green roofs on top of East Village flats.

An orchard with fruit trees and children’s play area.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 35: How Urban Transport Strategies are used to manage traffic congestion:

Evaluate an urban transport strategy you have studied. (6marks.)To what extent has an urban transport strategy you have studied been a success? (6marks)Outline one way in which urban transport strategies can reduce traffic congestion. (2marks)

Example 1: Congestion charge in London:

Charges people £11.50 to enter the congestion charge zone in central London.

Aims: To reduce congestion in central London,

Successes:

• There are 70,000 fewer cars per day in the congestion charge zone.

• 6% increase in bus passengers during congestion charge hours.

• Raised money to spend on improving trains and buses.

Problems:

Not much money has been made to spend on improving trains and buses.

Rich people can pay the charge but poor people cant and therefore cannot drive into London.

Key workers such as doctors and nurses still have to pay the charge.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 36: How Urban Transport Strategies are used to manage traffic congestion:

Example 2: Bike Hire Scheme in London (“Boris Bikes”)

6,000 bikes for hire around London.

Successes:

6million journeys in first year.

Numbers using the scheme increasing year on year.

One fifth of all road based traffic is now bicycle.

Problems:

• Not reliable for working people as often docking stations are full and you have to look elsewhere. More of an attraction for tourists.

• Not all Londoners can get them when they want them.

• High cost (£79million) for not very useful mode of transport.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an LIC or NEE: Mumbai.Facts Quiz

What % of the UK’s GDP is generated by London?

22%

Name a key train station in London.

Kings Cross

Name a motorway near London.

M25 (goes around it.)

Name an example of a university.

UCL, Imperial College.

Name an example of a hospital.

Great Ormand Street hospital.

How many languages are spoken in London?

300

What is the name of London’s financial centre?

The city of London and now Canary Wharf as well.


What was London’s population in 2015?

8.6million

Example of a museum?

British museum, natural history museum

Example of a multi cultural event?

Notting Hill Carnival.

How many people work in Canary Wharf today?

100,000

When is Crossrail due to open?

2018

What % of London is green space?

47%

How many trees in London?

8.1million


How many green roofs are in London?

700

What is the life expectancy in Kensington and Chelsea?

90 years

What is the life expectancy in Newham?

78

What % of London’s waste goes to landfill?

24

How many fewer cars are there per day due t the congestion charge?

70,000

How many journeys were made in the first year of the bicycle hire scheme in London?

6million.

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