tota creativity principles 2 - creativity handout.pdf · 2017-11-22 · olplwhg /8( ixqfwlrq 5ljkw...
TRANSCRIPT
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Application of Creativity Principles
to Occupational Therapy Practice
Francie Baxter, PhD, OT, FAOTA
Tina Fletcher, EdD, MFA, OTR
Brittney Burton, MOT student
1. Identify different theories of creativity, including terminology and definitions.
2.Explain ways that creativity theories can be applied to occupational therapy practice
3.Discuss how knowledge of aspects of different theories of creativity can impacts practice and patient intervention and outcomes.
After attending this seminar the participant will:
Overview:
Definitions, Concepts, History
• Creativity is any act, idea, or product that changes an existing domain, or that transforms an existing domain into a new one...What counts is whether the novelty he or she produces is accepted for inclusion in the domain.– from Creativity - Flow and the Psychology of Discovery
and Invention by M. Csikszentmihalyi (page 28)
• Creativity refers to the phenomenon whereby a person creates something new (a product, solution, artwork, literary work, joke, etc.) that has some kind of value.
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• “Creativity is the interaction between aptitude, process, and environment by which an individual or group produces a perceptible product that is novel and useful as defined within a social context” pg. 2
• From Essentials of Creativity Assessment by J.C.Kaufman
• “Creativity is the innate capacity to think and act in original ways, to be inventive, to be imaginative and to find new and original solutions to needs, problems, and forms of expressions. It can be used in all activities. Its processes and outcomes are meaningful to its user and generate positive feelings” pg 5
• From Promoting Health Through Creativity: T. Schmid
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Further Defined
•Creativity – eminent and exceptional accomplishments
• Creativity – everyday creativity
Runco & Richards 1997, p. ix
Characteristics of the creative personality:
• Creative individuals have a great deal of energy, but they are also often quiet and at rest.
• Creative individuals tend to be smart, yet also naive at the same time.
• Creative individuals have a combination of playfulness and discipline, or responsibility and irresponsibility.
• Creative individuals alternate between imagination and fantasy at one end, and a rooted sense of reality at the other.
• Creative people seem to harbor opposite tendencies on the continuum between extroversion and introversion.
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Creativity - Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Inventionby Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (pages 58-73)
• Creative individuals are also remarkably humble and proud at the same time.
• Creative individuals to a certain extent escape rigid gender role stereotyping.
• Generally, creative people are thought to be rebellious and independent.
• Most creative persons are very passionate about their work, yet they can be extremely objective about it as well.
• The openness and sensitivity of creative individuals often exposes them to suffering pain yet also a great deal of enjoyment.
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Creativity - Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Inventionby Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (pages 58-73)
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Four Stages of Creativity
• Preparation - the development of knowledge and skills required for the task. Preparation includes a basic predisposition or talent for the task, but knowledge, training and experience are also necessary for creative output.
• Incubation - a period of time when the notions, ideas, thinking are set aside. It is often noted that moments of insight come at a time of distraction or relaxation
• Illumination - the “aha!” moment, the moment of insight; often follows a period of incubation
• Verification – confirmation by the one creating as well as justification by the peer
Person Process
ProductPress
GuilfordMaslowTorranceRogersSkinner
Self-ExpressionFlow
Problem solving
Hierarchy of NeedsUnconditional acceptanceEnvironmental needs/support
Arts & CraftsIdeas
Innovation
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© Fletcher and Baxter 2012
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© Fletcher and Baxter 2012
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From: http://www.littlemummy.com/2009/11/16/what-motivates-us/
The Process: WICS Model
• Wisdom + Intelligence + Creativity Synthesized
• Creativity can be domain specific
• Creativity can be predicted by combinations of resources:– Intelligence
– The ability to switch between unconventional and conventional thinking
– Personality traits (abilities to tolerate ambiguity, thinking style, sensible risk taking)
– A supportive but not too comfortable environment
Principles of Creativity
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Sternberg: The more experience and exposure a person has, the more likely they are to become increasingly creative.
Amabile: When a person is intrinsically motivated to be creative, they will be.
Simonton: Hard times can lead to creative innovation. The more products or ideas that are generated, the more likely one is to be creative.
The concept/definition of creativity can be illusive
Creativity is mostly domain specific; often requires a foundation of knowledge; know the rules before breaking them
There is a difference between creativity and skill
We are naturally creative as children
Slumps and bumps along development
Creativity is a teachable and learnable skill that can be enhanced through practice
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Strategies to Learn CreativityIn your Life right now,
where do you play?
what are you passionate about?
What is your purpose?
Thinking about your answer to these questions, what does that say about your intrinsic motivation?
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“Yes And”Requires self-awareness, empathy and
redirection
Lateral vs. Vertical thinkingLateral thinking leads to conformity
Conformity leads to collaboration, forms cultural norms, saves energy
Natural tension between conformity and creativity
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Adaptors vs. InnovatorsAdaptors are detail oriented,
precise, reliable, predictable
Innovators focus on novelty, challenge assumptions, irreverent of consensual views.
Diverge vs ConvergeMany ideas vs. a few focused
ones.
Strike a balance between the two
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Creativity and Healing
Stress with resulting increases in cortisol has a deleterious effect on the body, mind and spirit.Stress increases catecholamines especially
norepinephrine
Prolonged increased norepinephrine causes biological damage
Engagement in creative activities requires or facilitates a decrease in norepinephrine
Artisans often reflect on their craft as their therapy
Creativity and Healthy Aging
“Expressing ourselves creatively can actually improve health, both mentally and physically. Creativity is a natural, vibrant force throughout our lives-a catalyst for growth, excitement and forging a meaningful legacy.”
•Cohen, Gene D., “Welcome to the Creative Age”, Bottom Line/Tomorrow Vol.9, #8 (Aug.2001)
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Incubation
Illumination
Verification
Preparation
Four Stages of Creativity
Corpus Callosum
Posterior Neocortex
Frontal LobesNMDA Channels
Holmholtz (1826) & Wallas (1926)
Form Follows Function
Cortical structures and processes are known to be different in persons defined as “creative”, e.g. Einstein.
Repetitive engagement in hobbies, rituals, creative activities has shown recognizable changes in cortical processes and structure
Persons with altered cognitive processes such as synesthesia are often identified as creative.
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Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)
From: Advice for a Young Investigator,
“If a solution fails to appear…… and yet we feel success is just around the corner, try resting for a while. Several weeks of relaxation and quiet in the countryside bring calmness and clarity of the mind.”.
Disinhibition of the pre-frontal cortex
Creativity requires divergent and multiple brain processes, including activation of regions in both hemispheres
In a visual design task comparing novice and experienced graphic design students, creativity required
divergent brain activation multiple brain processes activation of regions in both
hemispheres
Red areas = novice groupGreen areas = expert groupYellow areas = both groupsBlue arrows = the left PFC and PC region.
Kowatari, Y., Lee, S. H., Yamamura, H., Nagamori, Y., Levy, P., Yamane, S., et al. (2009). Neural networks involved in artistic creativity. Human Brain Mapping, 30(5), 1678-1690.
Designing Task
Counting Task
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Clients
• 56 y.o. male two weeks post RCVA, with limited LUE function, Right dominant
• 15 y.o female on an inpatient cancer unit. Compromised immune system and decreased stamina
• 8 y.o. male with sensory processing disorder
• 32 y.o. female with in an acute care psychiatric unit with depression
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“Everything new is just an addition or modification to something that already existed.”
-Michael MichalkoAuthor of Thinkertoys
SCAMPERDeveloped by Alex Osborn and later arranged into the mnemonic we know today by Bob Eberle
A checklist of questions to guide creative idea generation in large quantities
What is SCAMPER?
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ScamperS SubstituteS
SubstituteS What can be
Who else? What else?
S
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CombineC CombineC
What ideas can be
What other items or articles can merge with this?
C AdaptA
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AdaptA What other process can be
What different contextscan I put this in?
A
ModifyM ModifyM
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What can be
How can this be changedfor the better?
M MagnifyM
MagnifyM What can be
How could I carry this toThe extreme?
M
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Put to other usesP Put to other usesP
How can this be
New ways to use this?
P Eliminate E
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EliminateE What can be
Subtract, Delete, Streamline,Condense, Compact?
E
RearrangeR RearrangeR
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What can be
What other arrangement might be better?
R ReverseR
ReverseR What can be
Do the unexpected?
R
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References
Coffee, M. S., Lamport, N. K., & Hersch, G. I. (2015). Creative Engagement in Occupation: Building Professional Skills. Thorafare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated.
Michalko, M. (2006). Thinkertoys: A Handbook on creative-thinking Techniques (2nd ed.). NY: Ten Speed Press.
SCAMPER
Clients
• 56 y.o. male two weeks post RCVA, with limited LUE function, Right dominant
• 15 y.o female on an inpatient cancer unit. Compromised immune system and decreased stamina
• 8 y.o. male with sensory processing disorder
• 32 y.o. female with in an acute care psychiatric unit with depression
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Implications for the Occupational Therapist
• Creative therapists maximize resources
• Creative therapists think of multiple solutions
• Creative therapists stay engaged and interested
• Creative therapists seek novel but relevant solutions to complex problems
• Creative therapists are less likely to burn out
• Use research-based creativity enhancement strategies:
• Diversity and volume produce greater chances for creative outcomes.
• Creativity requires processing time. Allow for it with minimal interference. Encourage it.
• Don’t be afraid of manageable stress.
• Find others who value creativity.
Final Thoughts