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TOTAL FINA ELFTOTAL FINA ELFTOTAL FINA ELFTOTAL FINA ELF

EXPLORATION PRODUCTION

GENERAL SPECIFICATION

GS SAF 337

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

0 10/00 No change to TOTALFINA SP-SEC-337 Rev. 0

Rev Date Notes

"This document is the property of TotalFinaElf. It must not be reproduced or transmitted to others without written authorisation"

GS SAF 337TOTAL FINA ELFTOTAL FINA ELFTOTAL FINA ELFTOTAL FINA ELF PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION of 36

DGEP/SE Rev. 0. Oct. 2000

CONTENTS Page

1. GENERAL 31.1. Purpose of the specification 31.2. Applicability 31.3. Reference documents 31.4. Terminology & definitions 7

2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION 92.1 Objectives 92.2. Functional requirements 92.3. Risk Analysis 152.4. Implementation requirements 16

3. THE DIFFERENT FIRE PROOFING MATERIALS 173.1. General 173.2. Epoxies 173.3. Cementitious coating 183.4. Fibres & pre-fabricated panels 193.5. Other PFP materials 203.6. Typical thickness 203.7 Typical response of PFP materials 21

4. QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL (QA/QC) 234.1 Quality Assurance (QA) 234.2. Material and CONTRACTOR selection 244.3 Preparation & application 254.4. Inspection & repair 25

5. APPLICABILITY TO TYPICAL CASES 275.1. Primary structure members 275.2. Indoors structure members 285.3. Enclosures involved in ER or EER 295.4. Enclosed process areas 305.5. Partitions 315.6. Pressure vessels for LPG 325.7. Process vessels 325.8. Piping 335.9. Pipelines, risers and ESDV's 355.10. Valves & local instrumentation 365.11. Refrigerated tanks for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 36



1. GENERAL

1.1. Purpose of the specification

The purpose of this specification is to set out COMPANY's philosophy and requirements forthe use of Passive Fire Protection (PFP) systems for on-shore and off-shore installations. Itcovers general requirements for the design, selection, preparation and installation of PFP.

This document provides guidance and decision-making criteria for the choice of PFP and as-sociated installation requirements ruled by safety and health regulation. It has been preparedto take into account the need to protect COMPANY's personnel and optionally assets againsthydrocarbon fire and jet fire, leading to major hazards.

Recommendations covering the following topics are conveyed :

- statement of requirements for PFP (refer to Section 2.),

- properties of PFP materials available on the market (refer to Section 3.),

- Quality Assurance and Quality Control demands (refer to Section 4.),

- recommended solutions for typical cases (refer to Section 5.).

1.2. Applicability

This specification is not retroactive. It shall apply to new facilities and to major modificationsor extensions of existing installations. This specification applies to on-shore and off-shore in-stallations in particular to :

- primary structure members and indoors structure members,

- enclosures involved in Emergency Response or Escape, Evacuation and Rescue,

- enclosed process areas and outdoors partitions,

- process & storage, vessels & tanks,

- pipes, risers and top ESDVs, valves and local instrumentation.

It does not cover the fire rating requirements for inhabited buildings (refer to GS SAF 221,Safety rules for buildings).

1.3. Reference documents

1.3.1. Codes, standards & recommended practices

The following Codes, standards & recommended practices are referenced herein :

American Petroleum Institute :

- API RP 14C : Recommended Practice for Analysis, Design, Installation andTesting of Basic Surface Safety Systems on Offshore ProductionPlatforms,

- API RP 14G : Recommended Practice for Fire Prevention and Control on OpenType Offshore Production Platforms,



- API RP 14J : Recommended Practice for Design & Hazards Analysis of Off-shore Production,

- API 2510 : Design and Construction of LPG Installations,

- API 2510A : Fire Protection Considerations for the Design and operation ofLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage Facilities.

American Society for Testing & Materials :

- ASTM E-119 : Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand Materials,

- ASTM E-515 : Effect of Overheating Steel,

- ASTM D-635: Burning Rate and Burning Time after Ignition for Basic EpoxyResin,

- ASTM E-760 : Standard Test Method for Effect of Impact on Bonding ofSprayed Fire-Resistive Material applied to Structural Members.

British Standards :

- BS Fire tests on building materials and structures :. Part 20 : Method for determination of the fire resistance of elements of

construction (general principles),. Part 21 : Methods for determination of the fire resistance of load-bearing

elements of construction,. Part 22 : Methods for determination of the fire resistance of non-load-

bearing elements of construction,. Part 23 : Methods for determination of the contribution of components to

the fire resistance of a structure,

- BS 476 : Fire Tests on Building Material for Design & Installation,

- BS 3900 : Test Methods for Impact Effects on PFP.

Code of Federal Regulations (USA) :

- CFR : Title 49, Chapter I, par. 179.105-4.

Department Of Energy (UK) :

- DOE : Section 13, Fire protection,.

Journal Officiel (France) :

- "Arrêté du 30 juin 1983 relatif à la classification des matériaux de constructionet d'aménagement selon leur réaction au feu et définition des méthodes d'essais",

- "Arrêté du 10 mai 1993 relatif au stockage de gaz inflammables liquéfiés souspression",

- "Circulaire DPPR/SEI du 5 mai 1995 relative aux installations classées pour laprotection de l'environnement - Réservoirs de gaz inflammables liquéfiés et con-ditions de leur isolement".



International Standardisation Organisation :

- ISO 834 : Fire-resistance tests - Elements of building construction.

International Maritime Organisation :

- IMO : Resolution A.517 (13). Recommendation on fire test proceduresfor "A", "B" and "F" divisions,

National Fire Protection Association (USA) :

- NFPA 33 : Standard for Spray Application using Flammable and Combusti-ble Materials,

- NFPA 59 : Standard for the Storage and handling of Liquefied PetroleumGases at Utility Gas Plants, Appendix D : Procedure for TorchFire and Hose Stream Testing of Thermal Insulating Systems forLP Gas Containers,

- NFPA 251 : Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Con-struction and Materials,

- NFPA 703 : Fire Retarding Coatings.

Underwriter's Laboratories (USA) :

- UL 263 : Standard for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,

- UL 1709 : Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection Materials forStructural Steel.

1.3.2. TEP/SEV specifications

- GS SAF 021 : Lay-out ,

- GS SAF 221 : Safety rules for buildings,

- GS SAF 253 : Impacted area, restricted area and fire zones,

- GS SAF 261 : Pressure protection & relief, emergency shut-down & depres-surisation,

- GS SAF 980 : List of safety documents to be prepared during design stage.

1.3.3. Pre-project documents prepared by COMPANY

- OPERATING PHILOSOPHY,

- SAFETY CONCEPT,

- STATEMENT OF REQUIREMENTS.

1.3.4. Test reports

The credibility of the performance of the PFP materials supplied by the MANU-FACTURER shall be supported by tests conducted by independent organisations. Inthe absence of international standardisation for PFP performance evaluation, thesereports shall be considered by COMPANY as the most comprehensive and reliablestate-of-the-art for PFP materials.



Reliable test reports can be obtained from, but not limited to :

Australia :

- Australian Army Proof and Experimental Establishment, Graytown, Victoria,Australian Maritime Agency.

Europe :

- GESIP/G.E.I.E program GASAFE (European Economic Interest Grouping) : firetests program on LPG spherical storage tanks amended by consortium and eligi-ble by French Instruction.

France :

- CNPP laboratory : in-situ tests,

- CSTB laboratory,

- CTICM laboratory, "Laboratoire Métallurgique",

- SERCOVAM laboratory,

Germany :

- "Bundensanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfing" (BAM) laboratory.

Great Britain :

- British Gas, Faverdale Technology Centre (FTC)

- Fire Research Station & Building Research Establishment, Cardington,

- Health & Safety Laboratories (HSL) : Jet-Fire tests,

- Spadeadam : in-situ, full size Jet-Fire tests, Shell Research UK,

- Southwest Research Institute (SRI) : Jet-Fire tests,

- Warrington Fire Research Centre (WFRC).

Netherlands :

- Netherlands Shipping Inspection.

Norway :

- Norwegian Maritime Directorate (NMD),

- SINTEF : Jet-Fire tests.

USA :

- Department of Transportation,

- Factory Mutual Corporation (FMC),

- Underwriters Laboratories (UL).



1.3.5. Certifications

PFP material certification can be issued by a few number of independent organisa-tions. The CERTIFYING AUTHORITIES having a world-wide coverage are :

- American Bureau of Shipping (ABS),

- Bureau Veritas (BV),

- Det Norske Veritas (DNV),

- Germanisher Lloyd,

- Lloyd's Register of Shipping (Lloyd's).

1.4. Terminology & definitions

Atmospheric tank :Storage tank designed to operate at pressures ranging from atmospheric to 3 500 Pa g(0.5 psig), measured at the top of the tank (NFPA).

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) :Sudden rupture due to fire impingement of a vessel and/or system containing liquefied flam-mable gas under pressure; the pressure burst and the flashing of the liquid to vapour creates ablast wave and potential missile damage, and immediate ignition of the expanding fuel-airmixture leads to intense combustion creating a fireball (UKOOA).

Critical temperature :

Steel : temperature at which steel departs from linear elastic behaviour to plastic deforma-tion in a standard tensile test, specified as 800° F giving 427°C (COMPANY).

Others : temperature at which yield strength is reduced to the maximum allowable stress un-der operating loading conditions (COMPANY).

Emergency Depressurisation (EDP) :Control actions undertaken to depressurise equipment or process down to a pre-definedthreshold (generally 7 bar g or 50% of design pressure) in a given period of time (generally15 minutes) in response to a hazardous situation (ISO + COMPANY).

Emergency Response (ER) :Action taken by personnel on or off the installation to control and/or mitigate a hazardousevent (ISO).

Evacuation, Escape and Rescue (EER):General term used to describe the range of possible actions including escape, muster, refuge,evacuation, escape to the sea and rescue/recovery (ISO).

Fire rating :Time during which a structure or component will provide prescribed resistance to transmis-sion of heat , passage of flame, smoke and toxic gases and structural failure (COMPANY).



Fire zone :Areas within the installation where equipment are grouped by nature and/or by homogeneouslevel of risk attached to them. The partition into fire zones is such that the consequences of aflammable gas leak, an explosion or a fire corresponding to the worst credible event likely tooccur in the concerned fire zone shall not impact other fire zones to an extent where their in-tegrity could be put at risk (COMPANY).

Fire Protection , Active (AFP) :Any fire protection system or component which requires the manual or automatic detection offire and which initiates a consequential response (API).

Fire Protection, Passive (PFP) :Coating, cladding arrangements or a free standing system which in the event of fire will pro-vide thermal protection to the substrate to which it is attached or to the protected area anddoes so independently of a requirement for human, mechanical or other intervention to initi-ate a response (COMPANY from ISO and API).

Pool fire :Combustion of flammable liquid spilled and retained on a surface (ISO)

Restricted area :Area within the boundaries of the installation and hence under the control of COMPANY,that is affected either permanently by normal operation of the installation (noise, flare radia-tion, etc.) or exceptionally by the consequences of an emergency situation caused by a majorfailure (COMPANY).



2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

2.1 Objectives

The justification for the installation of Passive Fire Protection (PFP) herebelow is based onvery elementary claims, for example : unprotected pressure vessels are liable to explode un-der fire conditions ; under certain circumstances, the risk of BLEVE may occur within 5 to 8minutes ; unprotected structural members engulfed by fire may collapse in 5 to 10 minutes.

It may therefore become necessary to protect part of the structure and/or some equipment ininstallations handling hydrocarbon in order to meet COMPANY's requirements regardingsafety to life, protection of environment and asset protection policy. The aim of PFP is tominimise spread of fire, duration and damage caused and more specifically :

• Safety to life :- protect personnel on the installation against hydrocarbon fire and jet fire,- protect part of escape routes, evacuation and rescue means, as necessary.

• Mitigation :- protect equipment, critical components and structure members,- prevent any explosion or delaying the event of BLEVE on pressure vessels,- minimise fire escalation,- allow a degree of protection to assist Emergency Response (ER) activity.

Note : PFP shall also be considered for the protection of equipment whose failure in case ofa local fire could cause extensive damage to the environment and assets.

2.2. Functional requirements

2.2.1. General

The performance of PFP (in terms of fire resistance), is the period of time (in min-utes) during which the PFP protects the structure or the equipment before the firstcritical behaviour is observed. Attention shall also be paid to other criteria such aspre-fire-durability, reaction in a fire, installation requisites, weight, certificationsand applicability of PFP materials.

2.2.2. Performance criteria

In terms of fire rating, structures, partitions and equipment (with PFP) must satisfythree main criteria throughout a prescribed time of exposure to heat :(a) stability : the structure shall fulfil its load-bearing capacity throughout the fire

exposure period,(b) integrity : partitions shall prevent spread of flames and hot fumes throughout

the fire exposure period,(c) insulation : the unexposed side of partitions shall not reach surface tempera-

tures in excess of a certain level throughout the fire exposure period.



PFP systems that are not meeting the criterion (a) cannot practically meet the crite-ria (b) or (c). PFP systems that are not meeting the criteria (a) and (b) cannot practi-cally meet the criterion (c).

PFP systems that are meeting the criterion (a) only shall be named "fire resisting".PFP systems that are meeting the criteria (a) and (b) only shall be named "fire ar-resting". PFP system that are meeting the three criteria (a), (b) and (c) shall benamed "fire partition".

2.2.3. Standard fires

Three standard fires shall be considered :

Cellulosic-Fire (CF) :

A CF has a slow flame temperature rise after ignition. The standard CF temperaturevs. time curve shall be that of the reference documents : BS 476, IMO ResolutionA.517 (13), ISO R834 and SOLAS. It is given by the formula :

T = T0 + 345 Log10(8t + 1),

where : T0 initial temperature at time t = 0 (°C),T temperature at time t (°C),t time (min.).

With T0 = 20°C, the temperature rise is :

t (min.) 0 5 10 20 30 60 120T (°C) 20 576 678 781 841 945 1049

Typical radiation value 5 minutes after ignition is 50 kW/m2.

The CF temperature vs. time curve of the American codes (ASTM E-119, NFPA251, UL 263) is slightly less rapid and shall be disregarded.

Hydrocarbon-Fire (HF) :

A HF has a rapid flame temperature rise after ignition. The standard HF temperaturevs. time curve shall be that of NPD. Typical steady-state temperature is 1 100 °C.Typical radiation value 5 minutes after ignition is 160 kW/m2.

Other HF temperature vs. time curves are defined in other standards (BS 476 andUL 1709). They shall be disregarded.

Jet-Fire (JF) :

JF is a turbulent diffusing flame, resulting from the combustion of a steady releaseof pressurised liquid or gaseous fuel. They are the most severe fire scenario thatPFP materials could be required to withstand, considering the effect of erosion andalso the significantly higher rate of burning due to turbulent fuel/air mixing,

In the absence of standardised definition, the typical values shall be that given bySINTEF : radiation 320 kW/m2, temperature 1 100 °C, flame velocity 40 m/s. Othervalues given by GASAFE (200 kW/m2 and 1 300 °C) shall be disregarded.



1 200

1 000

800

600

400

200

010

°C

minutes20 30 40 50 60

Standard Fire CurvesTemperature vs. Time

Cell

ulosic

fire

Hydr

ocarb

on fireJet fire

300

200

100

010

kW/m2

minutes20 30 40 50 60

Standard Fire CurvesRadiation Flux vs. Time

Cellulosic fire

Hydrocarbon fire

Jet fire

2.2.4. Maximum allowable temperatures

Reinforced concrete structures :

The mechanic resistance of reinforced concrete structure is appreciably weakened(due to dilatation of bar iron) at 400° C. At 800° C, concrete risks complete de-struction. The critical temperature shall be assumed as 450°C.



Steel structures :

The critical temperature for steel shall be specified as 800° F giving 427°C, atwhich the steel departs from linear elastic behaviour to plastic deformation in astandard tensile test.

Other materials (structure) :

The critical temperature for other materials than steel is specified as the temperatureat which yield strength is reduced to the maximum allowable stress under operatingloading conditions.

Equipment :

The maximum surface temperatures given in the following table shall be used as de-fault values in determining the PFP requirements for critical equipment, which mayrequire a protection in order to allow it to fulfil its function in an emergency :

Equipment Maximum surfacetemperature (°C)

Steel processing equipment and piping (vessels, columns,exchangers, etc.) likely to contain gaseous, liquid or lique-fied hydrocarbon

< 350

Riser sections, pipelines and ESDV's < 200Riser supports < 400Fire pumps, essential generator < 200

2.2.5. Duration of the protection

The PFP system shall provide protection for a specified period of time, given inminutes, during which it has been continuously exposed to fire. Unless otherwisespecified in the SAFETY CONCEPT, the default values shall be such as to providethe following protection :

• Safety to life- Escape of personnel from a fire zone : < 5 minutes,- Escape from high occupancy buildings : see GS SAF 221,- EER : 120 minutes,

• Mitigation- EDP completed : 60 minutes,- ER duties in non-hazardous areas : 60 minutes,- ER duties in hazardous areas : 120 minutes,- hydrocarbon inventory that cannot be EDP : 120 minutes.

• Asset protection- as per STATEMENT OF REQUIREMENTS.

Note : EER stands for Escape, Evacuation and Rescue, EDP for Emergency De-Pressurisation and ER for Emergency Response.



100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%200

σσσσ(θ(θ(θ(θ)/σ)/σ)/σ)/σ0000

°C400 600 800 1 000

Resistance of Steel vs. Temperature

2.2.6. Partitions

Fire rating for partitions (ceiling, walls, floors, decks, etc.) shall be based on stan-dard ratings as per next table :

Insulation (cold face max. temp.)Fire

RatingFire

CurveStability(min.)

Integrity(min.)

Duration(min.)

Average(°C)

Spot(°C)

A-0 CF (1) 60 60 0 None NoneA-30 CF (1) 60 60 30 140 180A-60 CF (1) 60 60 60 140 180B-0 (5) CF (1) 30 30 0 None NoneB-15 (5) CF (1) 30 30 15 140 225B-30 (5) CF (1) 30 30 30 140 225H-0 HF (2) 120 120 0 None NoneH-60 HF (2) 120 120 60 140 180H-120 HF (2) 120 120 120 140 180J-0 (4) JF (3) 120 120 0 None NoneJ-15 (4) JF (3) 120 120 15 140 180J-60 (4) JF (3) 120 120 60 140 180

Note 1 : Cellulosic-Fires as per BS/IMO/ISO/SOLAS,Note 2 : Hydrocarbon-Fires as per NPD,Note 3 : Jet-Fires as per SINTEF,Note 4 : J-class is not a standard fire rating. J-class partitions retain H-120 capa-

bilities after exposure to initial jet fire for a period of time equal to 120minutes minus specified jet fire duration.

Note 5 : B-class is not supposed to avoid the spread of gas or fumes.



2.2.7. Structure

Fire rating for structure members is defined by the material critical temperature, theworst type of fire the structure is to withstand and the period of time during whichthe structure shall not exceed critical temperature (i. e. shall maintain its stability).

There is no integrity requirement. This is not a standard definition. The fire ratingshall be written as T/XF/t, with : T critical temperature, XF type X of fire, and tspecified period of time.. The fire rating of structure shall be as per next table :

Insulation (cold face max. temp.)Fire

Rating (2)Fire

CurveStability(min.)

Integrity(min.)

Duration(min.)

Average(°C)

Spot(°C)

T/CF/60 CF (1) 60 NA 60 T TT/CF/120 CF (1) 120 NA 120 T TT/HF/60 HF (1) 60 NA 60 T TT/HF/120 HF (1) 120 NA 120 T TT/JF/60 JF (1) 60 NA 60 T TT/JF/120 JF (1) 120 NA 120 T T

Note 1 : Same definitions as in table enclosed in Paragraph 2.2.6.,Note 2 : T can take different values (e. g. 427, 350 or 200 °C), refer to Section 5.

2.2.8. Other properties

The following list is intended to provide technical guidance about other require-ments which shall be evaluated prior to selection of a PFP material :

• Pre-fire durability :- normal: adherence to substrate, ageing, weather resistance, resistance to

hosing, low-level heat resistance,- mechanical: vibration, flexure of substrate, abrasion/erosion, impact,- resistance to chemicals : acids, bases, salts, solvents.

• Anti-corrosion capabilities (including chemical interference with substrate).

• Explosion resistance (over-pressure).

• Fire performance (spread of flame, response to thermal shock, resistance towater deluge, smoke development and toxic gas production).

• Installation requisites (surface preparation, compatibility with substrate, topcoating requirement, mode of installation/application, coat back, applicatorqualification, health hazard during application, environmental conditioning).

• Certifications and references (certifications by CERTIFYING AUTHORI-TIES, test reports from independent organisations, proven experience).

Note : Other elements such as PFP cost (product cost + fixing devices + surfacepreparation + manpower requirement etc.) or availability of Vendor localrepresentation etc., are not to be overlooked during the selection process.



2.3. Risk Analysis

2.3.1. COMPANY's policy

The decision to install PFP and the specification of the type of PFP to be imple-mented shall be made after a risk analysis of major hazards and their consequenceshas been be carried-out to determine the degree of protection required for the dura-tion of the hazard.

In any case, the following rules shall apply :

• PFP requirements for safety to life shall always be implemented, regardless ofthe local specificity,

• PFP requirements for the protection of environment shall be implemented, butwith due consideration of local conditions,

• PFP requirements for asset protection are not mandatory, they shall be im-plemented as per asset policy in the SAFETY CONCEPT.

2.3.2. Assumptions

Unless otherwise specified in the SAFETY CONCEPT, or not applicable, the needand the ratings for PFP are based on the following assumptions :

• The installation has been properly split into fire zones (refer to GS SAF 253).Only one single fire is occurring at a time and the fire is restricted to one singlezone. Simultaneous double fire occurrence is not envisaged.

• An ESD system has been implemented and is operative without any failure.However the ESD system response time (including ESDV closure time) shallbe considered.

• The automatic active protection systems, if any, are initiated without failureupon demand and without delay. However, the piping in the relevant fire zonemay be unserviceable as a consequence of fire or explosion.

• Process shut-down systems are implemented and operative without failure.However and contrarily to ESD system, it shall not be assumed that all SDV'sshall close when instructed to do so by the process shut-down system.

• The emergency depressurisation system, in the fire zones adjacent to the firezone on fire, operates correctly without failure upon demand. The emergencydepressurisation system in the fire zone where the incident has occurred maybe inoperable as a consequence of fire or explosion (in particular due to dam-age on the flare header).

• When human action or decision are necessary, it shall be assumed that trainedoperators initiate pre-determined procedures without failure or delay, but can-not take correct decisions in the first five minutes following a catastrophicevent.



2.4. Implementation requirements

In addition to the functional requirements defined above in Chapters 2.2. and 2.3., particularattention shall be paid to the configuration of PFP devices that can affect significantly theirperformances.

The following topics shall be taken into consideration :

• Height of flames of a pool fire :

As a general rule, in case of flammable liquid pool fires, a fire protection from grade to7.5 m height shall be considered to maintain stability and integrity of the vertical struc-ture members and to ensure protection of tanks and vessels, either horizontal or vertical.In addition a particular study shall be carried-out to assess whether some horizontalbending structure members, higher than 7.5 m above grade, shall be protected or not ; inany case the first layer of horizontal structure shall be protected.

• PFP application side :

PFP material is generally applied to the side of the partition which will be facing the fire,with the exception of fibre panels that cannot withstand an hydrocarbon fire (then fibresshall be on the cold side of a non-load bearing steel panel).

Partitions may be designed for a one-sided exposure (fire only against the specific side)or a two-sided exposure (fire against an arbitrary side of the partition). PFP material canbe different on each sides. For non-load bearing partitions, it is acceptable to considerthat both sides are protecting from the effects of a fire. For load-bearing partitions, itshall be assumed that only the exposed side is protecting from the effect of fire.

• Penetrations :

Penetrations through a partition (cables, ducts, pipes, doors and windows etc.) shall bespecified for the same fire rating as the partition itself.

• Supports :

Supporting features (cable trays and supports, HVAC duct supports, piping supports etc.)shall be specified for the same grade of fire resistance as the equipment they pertain to orfunction they serve.

• Clearance for intumescence development :

Clearance shall be provided around active PFP materials to allow the complete develop-ment of their intumescence during the specified protection duration time. As a defaultvalue, the minimum clearance shall be assumed as 100 mm. The operability of escapedoors shall not be affected by intumescence development.



3. THE DIFFERENT FIRE PROOFING MATERIALS

3.1. General

Fireproofing materials most commonly used in the petroleum industry can be sorted into twomain groups : active and inactive insulation. Active insulation undergoes chemical and physi-cal changes when exposed to fire while inactive insulation does not. Active insulation isachieved by epoxies, reacting to a fire either by intumescence, or by sublimation. In this sec-tion, PFP materials are sorted out as follows :- Epoxies : intumescent and subliming. See Chapter 3.2.,- Cements : inorganic and oxy-chloride. See Chapter 3.3.,- Pre-fabricated panels : ceramic or mineral fibres, other than fibres. See Chapter 3.4.,- Others. See Chapter 3.5.

The main performance criteria can be compared as follows :

Criteria Epoxies (3) Cements (3) Panels (3) Others (3)Durability good fair poor (4) (2)Explosion resistance good poor fair (4) (2)Fire performance good good poor to fair (4) optimisedReaction in a fire toxic gas safe safe (2)Installation req'mnt. average average easy (2)Cost (very) high moderate low to moderate (very) highWeight (1) 17 to 20 kg/m2 34 to 30 kg/m2 15 kg/m2 (4) (2)Certif. & references many many some for HF someApplicability wide range wide range partitions (4) specific

Note 1 : for H-120 partitions, not inclusive of the supporting and fixing devices, if any.Note 2 : wide range of characteristics.Note 3 : typical thickness to meet standard fire ratings are summarised in Chapter 3.6.Note 4 : unless rockwool or mineral wool associated with steel panels in which case per-

formances are dramatically improved.

3.2. Epoxies

3.2.1. Introduction

Epoxy type PFP materials provide active insulation either by intumescence or bysublimation. They are generally available in multiple-part mixtures for spray appli-cation. However, they can be purchased in pre-fabricated panels to be bolted inplace (see also Chapter 3.4.).

• Intumescent materials : undergo a physical and chemical change expandingseveral times their applied volumes and forming a low thermal conductivitychar that absorbs heat.

• Subliming materials : the direct change from solid to vapour (and possiblysmoke and fumes) absorbs heat.



3.2.2. Main characteristics

• Advantages :- superior performance to hydrocarbon fire and jet fire (1),- superior resistance to explosions, environment, chemicals, good mechani-

cal strength and elasticity modules against steel expansion (1),- good adherence and normally no maintenance requirement, does not re-

quire top coating or anti-corrosion paints, corrosion free,- light in weight and can be applied with ease to complex shapes.Note 1 : only if applied with adequate glass or carbon fibre mesh.

• Disadvantages :- release of possibly toxic smokes by chemical reaction,- requires a minimum temperature of 200 to 300 °C to be really efficient,- intumescent coatings can be sensitive by exposure to chemicals, by expo-

sure to temperature variations, by exposure to UV,- expensive stuff, specially subliming material, application by qualified spe-

cialists (Vendor approved and certified) ,must be perfect in order to avoidbubbles formation within the coating and around the applied mesh,

• Typical use :- widely used off-shore for : structural members (external jacket members

above splash zones), external decks & roofs, underside decks, equipmentenclosures, pipe work and risers,

- prohibited inside buildings or enclosed areas where personnel may be pre-sent and need to stay, or pass through in a fire situation,

- questionable suitability where the main objective is to limit pressure risein a vessel, such as for the protection of LPG storage.

3.3. Cementitious coating

3.3.1. Introduction

PFP materials of the cementitious type provide inactive insulation. They are gener-ally mixed as a slurry and spray-applied. However, they can be purchased in pre-fabricated panels which can be bolted in place (see also Chapter 3.4.). There aretwo main categories of cementitious PFP : the first one is based upon inorganic ce-ments, and the second upon magnesium oxy-chloride cement.

• Inorganic cements :Inorganic cements used for PFP are cements either with magnesia or Portlandtype, enhanced or not with vermiculite. Fire protection works out in two steps :the cement dehydrates at 100°C and then, for higher temperatures, acts as aninsulation barrier. Vermiculite improves resistance to high temperatures.

• Magnesium oxy-chloride cements :They undergo a thermal hydrogenation in the 130°C to 300°C range, thus pro-ducing additional quantities of water and increasing the fire performance.




• Advantages :- incombustible and therefore quite stable under fire conditions and do not

give off toxic smokes when exposed to fire,- easy to repair, cheap material, can be applied with ease to complex shapes.

• Disadvantages :- cementitious coatings, and more specially so oxy-chloride based coatings,

may cause corrosion of the steelworks to which they are attached,- poor blast resistance and weak resistance to mechanical, chemical and

climate aggression, top coat necessary (compatible with high cement pH),- weight, mesh is imperative,- corrosion resistance rely only on corrosion coating performance and not

on the cementitious product itself.

• Typical use :- Cementitious PFP are widely used on-shore and applied onto : structural

members (inside modules), EER and ER equipment and enclosures,equipment enclosures, pressure vessels and supports,

- Cementitious coatings are not acceptable for off-shore use.

3.4. Fibres & pre-fabricated panels

3.4.1. Introduction

Fibres are of two main types : ceramic or mineral. Fibres are generally available un-der the form of prefabricated panels supported by rigid steel or cement slab or canbe purchased alone to form blankets (see Chapter 3.5.). Pre-fabricated panels canuse other PFP materials, such as epoxies, cementitious coatings or composites.


• Advantages :- good resistance to blast, chemicals, and normally maintenance-free,- light weight, can be easily removed and not expensive.

• Disadvantages :- incompatible with a direct exposure to hydrocarbon fire,- fibres decompose under fire especially with organic binders, fibreglass

melt and drip under fire conditions, around 300°C,- moisture absorption (both for ceramic and mineral) inducing corrosion on

the subtract to which there are attached,- risk that many types of fibres will be forbidden by new regulations,- difficult to provide penetrations with the same fire rating as surface itself.

• Typical uses :- protection from cellulosic fires outside the restricted area, internal enclo-

sures for equipment, buildings and outside of enclosures in dry climate,- panels with organic binders shall be prohibited for indoor use.



3.5. Other PFP materials

3.5.1. Introduction

Other PFP materials, not pertaining to epoxy, fibres and pre-fabricated panel cate-gories, are available. They can be sorted-out as follows : fibres blankets, gums, sili-cones, polyurethane foam and composite materials.

Composite materials are made of a combination of resin and fibre reinforcement.Most commonly used are GRE and GRP.


• Fibres blankets :- light in weight and cheap in cost,- moisture absorption compels to a vapour barrier and limits outdoor use,- cannot be exposed directly to a hydrocarbon fire and require a protection

casing.- easy inspection if the protection casing is removable.

• Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) :- good resistance to fire, jet fire and blast,- light in weight and few maintenance requirement.

• Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) :- superior anti-corrosion capabilities therefore commonly used for riser sec-

tions & jacket structural members in the splash zone.

• Gums :- light in weight and easy to install in complex shapes,- superior resistance to explosion and chemical aggressions,- specially suitable for protection of penetrations and cable trays.

• Silicones :- same as for gums.

• Polyurethane foam :- effective thermal insulator, but rapid time ageing,- releases hydrogen cyanide when heated up, and is prohibited in the pres-

ence of personnel.

3.6. Typical thickness

The following is intended to provide orders of magnitude for the thickness of PFP materialsrequired to meet some typical fire ratings.

They are given for some widely available materials. There are slight differences of thicknessbetween the few best materials of each type.



3.6.1. Partitions

Thicknesses in table below are given in mm of PFP material, exclusive of steel.Partitions have self-integrity but are not bearing other loads than themselves.

Epoxies Cement. coatings Fibre panelsFire rating vertical horiz. vertical horiz. vertical horiz.A-0 NA NA 8 10 25 30A-30 NA NA 16 18 30 35A-60 9 10 25 27 35 40H-0 6 6 13 13 35 40H-60 12 14 25 35 70 80H-120 16 20 40 45 80 90

3.6.2. Structures

The resistance of a structure to fire is dependent of its shape. The following tableprovides orders of magnitude for normalised I shape beams for Hp/A factors (Hp isthe perimeter exposed to fire, and A the cross section) ranging from 50 to 200 m-1.Thickness are given in mm of PFP material.

Epoxies Cement. coatings Fibre panelsHp/A (m-1) Hp/A (m-1) Hp/A (m-1)

Fire rating 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200400/CF/60 4 5 6 7 NA NA NA NA (1) (1) 29 (1)400/CF/120 8 10 12 14 NA NA NA NA (1) (1) 52 (1)400/HF/60 5 7 9 11 20 26 30 32 20 37 50 60400/HF/120 10 13 17 20 35 40 44 (2) 42 74 100 120

Note 1 : no data available.

Note 2 : required thickness is not practicable.

3.7 Typical response of PFP materials

The temperature vs. time response curve can become a criterion for PFP material selection, inparticular when exposure to fire is associated with an emergency depressurisation curve, orfor the protection of LPG storage tanks to prevent the BLEVE effect.

Next figure provides typical response curves for different types of PFP materials in a same427/HF/60 rating for a I beam of structure having Hp/A = 160 m-1 with following thickness :- epoxy, intumescent : thickness about 10 mm,- cement, inorganic, with vermiculite : thickness about 25 mm,- cement, inorganic, without vermiculite : thickness about 30 mm,- fibres pre-fabricated panel : thickness about 50 mm.



400

300

200

100

010

°C

minutes20 30 40 50 60

Cold Side Temperature for DifferentPFP Materials

500

Epoxy-Intumescent

Cement w/o Verm

iculite

Fibre panels

Cement + Vermiculite

It can be noted that the response curves are quite different :- PFP performance of intumescent epoxy upgrades with time and temperature, as intumes-

cence develops,- inorganic cement without vermiculite tends to control the temperature at 100°C to 300°C

range ; its performances decrease when water content is exhausted,- addition of vermiculite enlarges the plateau where temperature is controlled around

100°C,- fibres pre-fabricated panels have no active insulation response ; after a short lag the cold

side temperature increases in a linear manner.



4. QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL (QA/QC)

4.1 Quality Assurance (QA)

4.1.1. General

It must be emphasised that PFP systems cannot practically be tested on site beforeuse, and therefore it is of utmost importance to define, follow and record an ap-propriate Quality Assurance Program giving proof that the quality requested is de-fined, obtained, and upheld.

The quality system shall cover all phases of project and operations from design tode-commissioning of the installation. It shall involve the COMPANY, the APPLI-CATION CONTRACTOR(s), the material MANUFACTURER(s) and the CERTI-FYING AUTHORITIES.

4.1.2. MANUFACTURER

PFP materials properties, and in particular their fire performance, shall be demon-strated by tests performed by independent laboratories. Wherever PFP systems re-quire certification, certificates from CERTIFYING AUTHORITIES shall be madeavailable. No PFP material shall be used without certificates.

The Quality Assurance Plan of the MANUFACTURER should preferably complywith ISO 9001. If this is not the case, it shall be submitted to COMPANY for ap-proval, before the order can be placed.

MANUFACTURER shall attach to his bid :

- PFP material data sheets,

- test results of qualification and references of applications already carried-out,

- APPLICATION CONTRACTOR certificate, duly approved by the PFPMANUFACTURER,

- Quality Assurance Plan as being defined,

- attestation of compatibility of different coatings of products.

4.1.3. CONTRACTOR

The Quality Assurance Plan of APPLICATION CONTRACTOR should preferablycomply with ISO 9001 or 9002. If this is not the case, it shall be submitted toCOMPANY for approval, before the order can be placed.

APPLICATION CONTRACTOR shall join to his bid :

- the certificate of the MANUFACTURER(s) approved by the APPLICATIONCONTRACTOR,

- Quality Assurance Plan as being defined,

- attestation of compatibility of different coatings of products.



Prior the work commences, APPLICATION CONTRACTOR shall submit for ap-proval by COMPANY (1) the written procedures for preparation and application,including the following features :

- description of materials and systems,

- substrate preparation method,

- material application method,

- application tests shall be performed, submitted to CERTIFYING AUTHORI-TIES and approved by COMPANY.

- personnel qualification,

- required weather conditions,

- responsibilities of the different parties and lines of communication,

- checking methods,

- proposed hold points with COMPANY (1).

Note 1 : or prime contractor in the case of an EPC contract.

4.1.4. COMPANY

When the order to the APPLICATION CONTRACTOR is placed, COMPANY (1)responsible for operation shall include in its Quality Assurance Plan :

- record of condition of surfaces before applying PFP products (zero-point),

- quality recording,

- acceptance procedures,

- involvement of a CERTIFYING AUTHORITY, if required,

- periodicity and responsibility of inspection,

- procedures for decision-taking and implementation of repairs.

Note 1 : or prime contractor in the case of an EPC contract.

4.2. Material and CONTRACTOR selection

It must be emphasised that the Quality and the durability of PFP systems cannot rely only onthe material intrinsic quality and on the adequacy of preparation and application, but also onthe adequacy between PFP material properties and preparation and application procedures.The selection of the MANUFACTURER and of the APPLICATION CONTRACTOR shouldtherefore be conducted simultaneously, combination performance prevailing over individuals.

The APPLICATION CONTRACTOR should preferably be the leading party in the contractwith COMPANY (or with the prime contractor in the case of an EPC contract). The properco-ordination between MANUFACTURER and APPLICATION CONTRACTOR shall begiven proof by their Quality Assurance Plans as defined in Chapter 4.1.



4.3 Preparation & application

4.3.1. Scope of work

The scope of work shall be as per requirements approved by the CERTIFYINGAUTHORITIES.

4.3.2. Health & Safety precautions

Operations involving the spray application of flammable and combustible materialsshall comply with NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammableand Combustible Materials.

Some PFP materials and most of associated primers and topcoats contain low flashpoint solvents or substances hazardous to human health or environment. All sub-stances or chemicals shall be assessed in terms of health and environment effects.

An assessment of risks shall be made prior to all delivery and all PFP preparationand application work. Suitable control measures, including low-storage temperature,natural or forced ventilation requirements, respiratory protective equipment, ade-quate clothing and eyes protection, etc. shall be provided and their use enforced toreduce the risks as low as practicable.

In case welding is required on a face opposite to a face protected with PFP, PFPshall be removed during the work and reinstalled afterwards.

4.3.3. Quality Control

APPLICATION CONTRACTOR shall provide daily reports to COMPANY, givingdetails on : weather conditions, humidity, temperature ; particulars of application ;wet and dry film thickness ; abnormalities and corrective actions.

4.3.4. Acceptance

Upon acceptance, the APPLICATION CONTRACTOR shall notify in addition :number of layers, total thickness and visual aspect.

4.4. Inspection & repair

4.4.1. Reference documentation

COMPANY shall be made available a set of reference documentation consisting in :- record of condition of surfaces before applying PFP products (zero-point),- quality recording of the design, preparation and application phases,- procedures and certificates of acceptance,- certification by a CERTIFYING AUTHORITY, if any.



4.4.2. Inspection

The periodicity and the responsibility of inspection shall be defined in COM-PANY's inspection plan. Periodical control of structures are defined by localauthorities.

APPLICATION CONTRACTOR shall define procedures allowing to detect thefollowing defects :- cracks on PFP products,- damage or deterioration of water-tightness joints,- aggressions that might have damaged the coating product due to neighbouring

works, mechanical impact, chemical spillage or meteorology events,- low thicknesses.

COMPANY reserves the right to drill holes in the PFP material (1 hole per squaremetre), in order to check thickness locally. Refill of inspection holes shall be at AP-PLICATION CONTRACTOR expense.

4.4.3. Repair

Repairs to PFP coating and systems shall be carried-out by COMPANY, using theirrecommended procedures, or by an approved APPLICATION CONTRACTOR.

Repair shall be carried-out using identical material or proven compatible materialwith initial applied material.



5. APPLICABILITY TO TYPICAL CASES

The purpose of this section is to summarise, for the most typical cases, the default fire ratings, therecommendations for PFP material selection and their prohibition for use. It is intended to provideguidance and should not be regarded as a substitute for engineer judgement.

5.1. Primary structure members

5.1.1. Requirements

Unless stipulated otherwise in the Asset Protection Philosophy, only structures sup-porting ER and EER equipment and risers and their associated ESDV's shall be, as ageneral rule, protected by PFP, in accordance with requirements and criteria ex-posed in Paragraphs 5.1.2. and 5.1.3. as follows :

• On-shore :ER and EER systems shall preferably be designed in such a way that a sup-porting structure is not necessary. If this were not feasible the same require-ments as those valid for off-shore environment would apply.

• Off-shore :PFP applied onto structures supporting ER and EER equipment, risers andESDV's is not sufficient to ensure their integrity over the required period oftime if the platform main structure is not capable of withstanding the effectof a fire for at least as long. Furthermore PFP shall be envisaged where thecollapse of a structure engulfed by fire can endanger life of personnel escapingor performing ER duties and/or affect the surrounding environment.

It is assumed, in the development that follows, that the platform main structure canindeed resist as long as structures supporting specific equipment. If this were not thecase, then a specific study would be carried out at preliminary engineering stage todetermine the maximum duration required to achieve evacuation and PFP would beapplied (onto structure exposed to fire) so that their fire resistance capability be suf-ficient to last as long as necessary for evacuation, but no longer. There is normallyno other requirement, unless otherwise specified in the SAFETY CONCEPT for as-set protection purposes.

5.1.2. Applicability

• Compulsory :- structure supporting EER facilities (temporary refuges, muster areas, em-

barkation posts, telecommunication mast if exposed to fire) and ER facili-ties (elevated flares, emergency station, active-fire-fighting means),

- structure supporting risers and ESDV's,- structure supporting equipment likely to fall down onto ER or EER facility

and/or risers and ESDV's.

• Optional :- structure supporting facilities, as per asset protection philosophy.



5.1.3. Default fire ratings

• Critical temperature : 427°C (steel).• Fire rating

- in restricted area : HF or JF,- outside restricted area : CF.

• Duration- EER or ER in hazardous areas : 120 minutes,- emergency depressurisation : 60 minutes,- ER or EER in non-hazardous areas but in restricted area : 60 minutes,- structures supporting risers and ESDV : 120 minutes,- asset protection as per SAFETY CONCEPT.

5.1.4. Recommendations for selection

• Preferred solution : epoxy, intumescent (particularly off-shore where weightis a main concern).

• Alternate solution : composite panels, fibre panels if protected.

5.1.5. Prohibitions for use

Carcinogenic fibres (asbestos) ; fibres absorbing moisture in wet environment.

5.2. Indoors structure members

5.2.1. Requirements

Same basic requirements as those valid for main structure members (see aboveChapter 5.1.), but applicable to structure members located indoors or in enclosedarea. It shall be assessed whether the toxic gas and smoke released by in-tumescentmaterials can cause an hazard to human health or safety to life. On the other hand,indoors structure members are normally protected against wet environment and theselection of fibre materials generally becomes a feasible option.

5.2.2. Applicability & default fire ratings

Same as in Paragraph 5.1.2. and Paragraph 5.1.3.

5.2.3. Recommendations for selection

• Preferred solution : epoxy, intumescent (particularly off-shore where weightis at premium and provided there is no risk to personnel health).

• Second preferred solution : fibre pre-fabricated panels.• Alternate solution : cements with top coat (where weight is not a concern).



5.2.4. Prohibitions for use

Carcinogenic fibres in any case. Intumescent or subliming epoxies, ceramic fibreswith organic binders that release unacceptable quantities of toxic gases and smokeconsidering the possible occupancy in the enclosure in case of an emergency. Ce-mentitious coating off-shore.

5.3. Enclosures involved in ER or EER

5.3.1 Requirements

PFP shall be installed on premises which are involved in ER or EER operations, forthe time necessary for the situation to be brought back under control (ER), or theevacuation to be completed (EER). The occupancy in these premises is high or veryhigh during an emergency and it is of utmost importance that PFP materials do notrelease toxic gases or smoke.


• Compulsory :- ER : control room, emergency switch-gear room, emergency centre, tele-

communications room (if applicable), fire water pump enclosures,- EER : temporary refuge, muster areas, embarkment posts.

• Optional :- None.

5.3.3. Default fire ratings :

- EER or ER in hazardous areas : H-120 or J-60(1),

- ER or EER in non-hazardous areas but in restricted area : H-60 (2 & 3),- ER outside the restricted area : A-0,- within an enclosure whose external walls are H- or J-class, internal partition

between ER and other equipment shall be A-60 if hazard is cellulosic fire (e. gpartition between control room and electrical room) or H-60 if hazard if hydro-carbon fire (e. g. partition between control room and diesel driven fire pumps).

Note 1 : it shall be assessed, on a case by case basis, if J-15 is not sufficient con-sidering the presence of an automatic EDP system theoretically capable ofgetting rid of hydrocarbon inventory in 15 minutes.

Note 2 : it is assumed that jet fire is not a threat in restricted area but outside haz-ardous areas, at least where ER or EER devices have been located.

Note 3 : H-0 can be selected instead of H-60 if location of facility to be protectedrender unlikely exposure to continuous hydrocarbon fire.



5.3.4. Recommendations for selection :

• Preferred solution : inorganic cementitious coating on-shore, epoxy (locatedoutside) off-shore.

• Second preferred solution : fibre pre-fabricated panels or any suitable combi-nation of cementitious coating (e. g. ground) and fibre pre-fabricated panels (e.g. walls and ceiling).

5.3.5. Prohibitions for use :

Carcinogenic fibres in any case. Intumescent or subliming epoxies (not allowed in-side but recommended outside), ceramic fibres with organic binders and cementscontaining oxy-chlorides, and more generally any PFP material that release toxicgases or smoke.

5.4. Enclosed process areas

5.4.1. Requirements

Enclosed process areas shall be provided with an adequate PFP system where it isrequired that a fire inside the enclosure cannot propagate quickly outdoors. Differ-ent solutions can be selected for vertical partitions, ceilings, decks and floors. Forthe combination cases where it is also necessary to protect enclosed equipment froma fire located outside, refer to Chapter 5.5.


• Compulsory :- any enclosure located in hazardous areas and containing a fuel source,

such as enclosed separation and gas compression units in rough environ-ment or gas turbine diesel engine or gas engine enclosures,

- enclosures containing a fuel source and outside hazardous area but withinthe restricted area and close to ER or EER facilities.

• Optional :- other enclosures containing a fuel source and within the restricted area and

close to equipment that are to be protected from the effect a fire as per as-set protection philosophy.


- away from main escape routes, flare header and ER facilities : H-0 or J-0,- close by a main escape route, a flare header or an ER facility : H-60 or J-15.




• Preferred solutions :- floors : cement.- vertical partitions and ceilings : intumescent epoxy (in particular offshore

where weight is an area of concern, and since there is normally no risk ofexposure to personnel).

• Alternate solutions :- fibre pre-fabricated panels for walls and ceiling,- cements where weight is not a concern.


Carcinogenic fibres.

5.5. Partitions

5.5.1. Requirements

PFP applied onto partitions shall be as per requirements of the CERTIFYINGAUTHORITIES. For the combination case where it is also necessary to protect en-closed equipment from a fire located outside, refer to Chapter 5.4.


• Compulsory :- main decks that are required to be fire barriers,- protection between fire zones.

• Optional :- external side of enclosures containing equipment to be protected from an

outside fire, as per asset protection philosophy.


H-60 or J-15 in hazardous areas and/or where the risk of hydrocarbon fire existswithin the restricted area ; A-0 everywhere else unless specific requirement prevails(e. g. garbage incinerator).


• Preferred solutions :- floors: cement or steel plate with rockwool.- vertical partitions and ceilings: intumescent epoxy (in particular off-shore

where weight is an area of concern).• Alternate solutions :

- cements with topcoat or fibres pre-fabricated panels (in dry environment)for vertical partitions and ceilings only.




Carcinogenic fibres. Fibres absorbing moisture in wet environment.

5.6. Pressure vessels for LPG

5.6.1. Requirements

The main objective of PFP is to prevent the BLEVE effect that may occur on over-head LPG storage vessels.


There is no optional requirement, all are compulsory as follows :- all pressure vessels containing more than 120 m3 propane or 500 m3 heavier

than propane and likely to be exposed to a fire from an adjacent storage, anearby process unit or the pressure vessel piping itself.

- all LPG storage pressure vessels, regardless of their storage capacity, located inthe same storage unit.


- 350/JF/60 where there is one single storage pressure vessel and where theother sources of fuel are at a sufficient safety distance or can be depressurisedin case of an emergency,

- 350/JF/120 where there are several storage pressure vessels, or other fuelsources nearby that cannot be depressurised.


• Preferred solution :- underground or under embankment (sand or soil at least 1-metre thick).

• Alternate solution :- intumescent epoxy but the temperature range of intumescence, hence the

temperature response curve, shall be properly selected.


Cementitious coatings are to be avoided because of possible corrosion problems.

5.7. Process vessels

5.7.1. Requirements

PFP can be imposed by local regulation and or by process considerations such astime necessary to achieve depressurisation (when existing) or absence of emergencydepressurisation system in the case of simple and low-risk installations.




• Compulsory :- all process vessels that are not (or cannot be : e. g. slug catchers) depres-

surised but should be EDP'd in case of an emergency according criteria setforth in GS SAF 261,

- all process vessels that are not covered by GS SAF 261 (size, design pres-sure, inventory) but that are located close enough to an ER or EER equip-ment to affect said equipment in case of an incident.

• Optional :- vessels that can be exposed to fire as per asset protection philosophy.


- 350/HF/60 or 350/JF/15, depending upon the type of threat the vessel is ex-posed to, as a base case,

- 350/HF/120 or 350/JF/60 for process vessels likely to become a threat to ER orEER equipment.


• Preferred solution :- intumescent epoxy

• Alternate solution :- mineral or ceramic fibres with external metallic cladding,- cementitious coating if weight is not a concern.

Note : PFP shall be applied to vessel and all appurtenances (tappings, pipes,valves, nozzles etc.). Refer to Chapter 5.8., Piping.


Carcinogenic fibres.

5.8. Piping

5.8.1. Requirements

Piping (including piping supports) shall be fire proofed when it is attached to a ca-pacity or a vessel which is itself fire proofed and is not EDP'd in case of an emer-gency or when a sufficient hydrocarbon inventory is trapped in pipework that is notEDP'd in case of an emergency. Additionally PFP shall be applied to piping systemsthat can be exposed to fire and that are used for emergency response.




• Compulsory :- piping systems connected to a vessel mentioned in Chapter 5.7. and either

an ESDV or a block valve, a control valve, a SDV, a PSV etc. downstreamof which pressure does not exceed back pressure during an EDP,

- flare headers, sub-headers and BDV outgoing lines, in places where theycan be exposed to a fire and must remain serviceable for a duration thatexceeds their inherent capacity to resist the effect of a fire. The purposehere is to avoid escalation when performing an EDP from a fire zonewhere a fire has occured.

- parts of the fire water network, specially if made of GRE or Cu-Ni alloy,in places where it is exposed to a fire and must remain serviceable for aduration that exceeds their natural capacity to resist the effect of a fire.

• Optional :- ER related piping systems (relief network, fire water network, other if ap-

plicable) that must keep full integrity in the perspective of resuming nor-mal operation immediately after emergency response.

PFP applied to flare network and fire water networks, if any, shall be such that itsuffices to maintain their operational status over the period of emergency response ;it is not required that these systems shall retain full integrity after emergency re-sponse.


As a general rule, PFP applicable to piping shall be specified for the same durationof protection as the equipment they are attached to or the function they serve. Therecommendations conveyed below are therefore default values that can be adjustedto match the installation specific conditions.

- 350/HF/120 or 350/JF/60 (1), for systems containing hydrocarbon,

- 350/HF/60 or 350/JF/60, for flare lines and headers,

- T/HF/60 or T/JF/60, depending upon the type of threat the pipework is exposedto, for fire water mains with T equals 350°C if steel pipework or T equalsmaximum allowable temperature for other materials.

Note 1 : if JF rating is required, it is assumed that jet fire shall not last for morethan the time it takes to perform emergency depressurisation (typically15to 20 minutes) and that sufficient protection is provided afterwards tocope with subsequent hydrocarbon fire for a duration of 120 minutes.




• Preferred solution :- on-shore : under-ground piping (fire water network) or under embankment

(flare header),- off-shore : intumescent epoxy.

• Alternate solution :- cementitious coating with top coat.


Epoxy if the pipework operating and intumescence temperatures are close.

5.9. Pipelines, risers and ESDV's

5.9.1. Requirements

All pipeline connections to the facilities, either incoming upstream of battery limitESDV's, or outgoing downstream of battery limit ESDV's, that can be exposed to afire and cannot be EDP’d, shall be protected with PFP.


• Compulsory :- off-shore : all risers routing flammable product to and from facility, from

lowest sea water level up to (inclusive of) ESDV.• Optional :

- on-shore : all incoming/outgoing hydrocarbon pipelines from (inclusiveof) ESDV to grade or, if above-ground pipeline, sufficient distance toprotect pipeline against the effects of a fire on other units, including re-ceiving facilities.


- 200/HF/120 or 200/JF/60, depending upon the type of threat the pipeline is ex-posed to, for on-shore pipelines and associated ESDV's.

- 200/JF/120, for off-shore risers and associated ESDV's.


• Preferred solution :- on-shore : under-ground/embankment piping, GRE for above ground pip-

ing, pre-fabricated panels and boxes with adequate cladding for ESDV's,- off-shore : GRE for piping, pre-fabricated panels and boxes with adequate

cladding for ESDV's.



• Alternate solution :- cementitious coating with top coat for on-shore pipes above ground,- intumescent epoxy for ESDV's.


Epoxy materials if the operating temperature can approach intumescence tempera-ture, fibres that are not suitable for hydrocarbon fire or to wet environment andboxing arrangement that prevents inspection of ESDV's.

5.10. Valves & local instrumentation

5.10.1. Requirements

PFP shall be used onto valves and instrument where they are attached to a processvessel or a piece of piping that is itself fitted with PFP. Refer to Chapter 5.7. andChapter 5.8.


All appurtenances connected to piping or process vessels.


Same as piping or vessel it is attached to.


• Preferred solution :- same type of protection as the piping or the vessel, generally intumescent

epoxy.• Alternate solution :

- special jackets made of material based on gums, silicones or composites,- if PFP is to be removed frequently for maintenance/inspection purposes,

joints (threaded or flanged connection) shall be installed in pre-fabricatedboxes with mineral or ceramic fibres with external metallic cladding.


Fibres that are not suitable for hydrocarbon fire or to wet environment and boxingarrangement that prevents inspection of ESDV's.

5.11. Refrigerated tanks for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Shall be subject to a particular project specification.

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