towards 2020 computing - uksim · storage: next generation architecture” • epsrc grant (k(470k...

Towards 2020 Computing

Prof. Frank WangHead of School

School of ComputingSchool of ComputingUniversity of KentUnited Kingdom

ChairmanUK & Republic of Ireland Chapter

IEEE Computer Society

©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 20131

C ti L b t K t©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013

2

Computing Laboratory, Kent

©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 20134Bletchley Park, just 6 miles away from our centre…

Concepts and technologies developed within computer science are starting to have wide-ranging applications outside the subject (as mathematics in physics).

The UK e-Science programme was a good example.


Computing is a career of the 21st century.

Education – how to produce ‘new kinds’of scientists now urgently needed (computationally and mathematicallyhighly literate).


A Roadmap Towards 2020

• Grids for doing ‘large scale’ science (Cloud Computing)

• Multi‐scale modelingg

• Active Learning in science

• Metadata published with data to make it usable

• Service‐Oriented Architectures (Cloud Computing)

• Environment‐friendly Computing (Green Computing)Environment friendly Computing (Green Computing)

• Artificial scientist (Autonomous Experimentation )

• Biologically inspired computing (Brain Computing)


g y p p g ( p g)

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Computing towards 2020

• Service

• Intelligence

C ti it• Connectivity

• Mobility

• Interactivity


1. Cloud Computing2 Green Computing2. Green Computing3. Brain Computing4. Future Computing


Cl d C tiCloud Computing

• Cloud Computing is Internet‐based computing involving virtual servers that are generally g g yhosted by third parties.

• Internet is the communication channel for Cloud Computing/StorageCloud Computing/Storage.


10 obstacles for Cloud Computing10 obstacles for Cloud Computing

-- Michael Armbrust, et al, “Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing”, UC Berkeley Reliable Adaptive Distributed Systems Lab, 2009.


ApplicationU

BSD Socket Socket API

User Space

INET Socket

TCP/UDP

IPv4-specific socket interface multiplexing

Transport protocolsK l TCP/UDP

IP

Transport protocols

IP-layer protocols (forwarding/routing)

Kernel

Common network layer Socket buffer, netfilter, queue disciplines, interface to device driver

Hardware

15 ©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013

Application

SockJet SocketMultiplier opens multiple INET S k t

BSD Socket

Application INET Sockets…

S k tSocketMultiplier

INET Socket 1 INET Socket nINET Socket 2 …INET Socket

Socket

INET Socket 1

TCP1 or UDP1

INET Socket n

TCPn or UDPn

INET Socket 2

…TCP2 or UDP2

TCP/UDP

IP

IP1 Common network layer IPnIP2 …IP

16©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July

2013

Internet

Beijing

17Cambridge ©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013

EuroAsiaGrid

Beijing

18Cambridge ©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013

GOS accelerates distributed applications.Applications Performance over

NFS/HTTP/FTPPerformance over GOS (#tcp) Speedup

(max)

Distributed Data 411 s (DDM over NFSv4) 175 s (DDM over GOS, #tcp = 64)

2 4A Drosophila Melanogaster Genome database [38] of 652MB (122Mining (DDM) 2.4p g [ ] (

tables) was used. This size was found to be large enough to averageout the network fluctuations. Network latency = 40ms.

OpenOffice Writer/Calc/ Impress

180 s (nfs) 28 s (#tcp = 32)6.4Saving a 16 MB modified document remotely over the

EuroAsiaGrid with a 2 x 100Mbps link to the InternetEuroAsiaGrid with a 2 x 100Mbps link to the Internet

MySQL/IBM DB2

23971 s (nfs) 4087 s (#tcp=64)5.9Backing up a 652 MB genome database via mysqldump over the

EuroAsiaGrid

Firefox175 s (ftp) 31 s (#tcp=64)

5 6Firefox 5.6Downloading a 16 MB hyperlinked object from a remote Website

MPlayer15.3 frames/s (http) 26.9 frames/s

1.8Playing a 36.4 MB Bondgirls video clip online from a remoteWebsite

(h ) ( )Google Earth

400 s (http) 52 s (#tcp=64)7.7Load a 41.8 MB map into a layer of the Google Earth browser

vi/Emacs

1243 s (nfs) 123 s (#tcp = 32)

10 1Opening a 16MB document remotely over the EuroAsiaGrid [37]


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10.1Opening a 16MB document remotely over the EuroAsiaGrid [37]with a 4Mbps link to the Internet

Sender ReceiverBW

ACK ACK ACK

(a) Packets can be packed tightly over a short channel due to the quick return of acknowledgements;

Delay

ACK C C

Sender ReceiverACK ACK ACK

(b) Packets cannot be packed tightly over a long channel with a larger latency, lowering the capacity utilization;


Sender Receiver

(c) A single socket stream with an increased buffer size can fill the TCP

ACKACK ACK

Sender Receiver

( ) gpipe better. However, it is not practical to modify the default configurations;

(d) Multiple streams with the default buffer size take advantage of the under-utilized capacity, although each individual connection does not pack packets tightly.


Comments from independent reviewers:

• This proposed work has all the potentials of keeping the UK research and development – world class.p

• It is certainly first of its kind.


Fi li t A dFinalist Award

Finalist Project: Grid-oriented Storage: Parallel Streaming Data Access toAccelerate Distributed Bioinformatics Data Miningg

Finalist team: Frank Z. Wang (Centre for Grid Computing, Cambridge-CranfieldHPCF),, Sining Wu, Yuhui Deng, Vineet R. Khare & Chenhan Liao (Centre for GridComp ting Cambridge Cranfield HPCF) Amir Nathoo; Rodric Yates; Pa l FairbairnComputing, Cambridge-Cranfield HPCF), Amir Nathoo; Rodric Yates; Paul Fairbairn(IBM Hursley Laboratory), Jon Crowcroft, Jean Bacon, Michael Andrew Parker(Cambridge University), Zhiwei Xu (Institute of Computer Technology), Yike Guo(Imperial College)

©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013 23


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GGrants…

• EC FP7 Grant (300k euros) “Re‐discover Basic Circuit Element Table”

• EPSRC/DTI grant (1 million GBP) “Grid‐oriented Storage: Next Generation Architecture”

( k ) " l /• EPSRC grant (470k GBP) "Accelerating NFS/CIFS over the WAN/Grid“

EC FP7 G t (1 01 illi ) “Q i kLi ”• EC FP7 Grant (1.01 million euros) “QuickLinux”

• EC FP6 Grant (400k euros) “EuroAsiaGrid”

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• ……©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013


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400,000 GBP/yr to cover , ywater & electricity bills

Sunfire Galaxy class supercomputer atSunfire Galaxy-class supercomputer at Cambridge-Cranfield HPCF listed as the 343rd in Top500 Super Computers in the worldin Top500 Super Computers in the world.


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Computers will soon be the most prevalent electronic device on our planet.

1.3 billion computers account for over 10 percent of electricity consumptionpercent of electricity consumption.


What is Green Computing?

• The relationship between the physical computer and its impact to the environmentscomputer and its impact to the environments in which it moves through from cradle to gravegrave.

C th i St Gilli M i---Catherine Steeves, Gillian Maurice


Why Green?

• 40 50% of corporate energy consumption goes to IT• 40‐50% of corporate energy consumption goes to IT • Computing‐centre power costs have doubled in five years• Energy costs will exceed hardware costs • Regulations are being introduced in EU & US

--- Michael Jackson


tropy

Ent


2013

Disk

DiskFlash (DiskOnModule, DOM)

+

Hybrid Disk

‐‐‐ Frank Wang, et al., “Redundant Array of Hybrid Disks (RAHD)”, IEEE TransactionsDisks (RAHD) , IEEE Transactions


34

l “ ”• A super low‐power “processor”:– 800x faster

1000x more memory– 1000x more memory

– 3000x less power

36©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013

©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013 38Saigusa, T., Tero, A., Nakagaki, T. & Kuramoto, Y. Amoebae Anticipate Periodic Events. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 018101 (2008).

MemristorsMemristors

In 1971 Prof Chua defined the memristor conceptually and mathematically.

During that time, no physical memristor device was available, but he believed a

h l / hmemristor with a Flux / Charge curve would be invented.


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History of MemristorsHistory of Memristors

In May 2008, Dr Stan Williams and his team from HP Labs y ,published a paper in Nature “The Memristor: Missing Circuit Element Found”


What is a Memristor


Thermometer Video camera

Sea water

Amoeba

Resistor, R Mem-Inductor, L(q)

paci

tor,

C

Vout in analogue to amoeba’s

d

Vin in analogue to temperature i(t)

Ca speed


Sti l f f (H )

0.1

0.15

0.2Stimulus frequency fsti (Hz)

0

0.05

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Resonant frequency fres (Hz)

‐0.1

‐0.05

0 40

0.60

Stimuli Vin(t)

S1 S2 S3 S4

t(s)

0 20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Response Vout(t)

C3

‐0.60

‐0.40

‐0.20

S1S2

S3 S4

C7C1

C2

C6

t(s)

‐0.80S

S3 S4


Brain-like computersp

• A neuron connects 20,000 synapses. • Four orders of magnitude g• 2-terminal element• A nanometer Cambridge junctiong j


Pavlov's DogPavlov's Dog


“Sight” “Food”

Neuron

“Salivation”

“Sound”

Neuron “Salivation”

+V/2Sound Neuron “Bell”

‐V/2

Hebbian rule


2013

“neurons that fire together, wire together”

“Food”

“Bell”Bell

“Salivation”

“Food” only(Probing)

“Bell” only(Probing)

Both “Food” & “Bell” (Learning)

“Bell” only (Validation)


(a) A “Full Voltage” causes a delayed switching;

(b) A “Half Voltage” causes no switching;

(c) A long “Half Voltage” still causes an unwanted switchingunwanted switching.


1. Cloud Computing2 Green Computing2. Green Computing3. Brain Computingp g4. Future Computing


Chua’s Elementary Circuit Element Quadrangle. This quadrangle historically helped Leon in inventing his named memristor in 1971 ashistorically helped Leon in inventing his named memristor in 1971 as he thought the memristor as a 4th element existed to provide conceptual symmetry.


Asymmetries and anomalies:

Unit;

Asymmetries and anomalies:

Nonlinearity;Nonlinearity;

Negative elements

Internal links;


Negative elements.

Wang’s Triangular Periodic Table of Circuit Elements: each apex g g prepresents an exclusive class of elements sharing the same SI unit.


2013

F “E th t d U i ” tFrom “Earth‐centered Universe” to “Sun‐centered Universe”

I d l ( ) t d fi l t• I used only (φ, q) to define a new element.The shift from the pair v,i (that is the “origin” f Ch ’ P i di T bl ) t th i (th tof Chua’s Periodic Table) to the pair φ, q (that

is the “origin” of mine).


Lao Zi on his water buffalo He postulated “3 gives birth to 10 000 things”Lao Zi on his water buffalo. He postulated 3 gives birth to 10,000 things (in the inset in Chinese).


3 gives birth to 10,000 things.3 gives birth to 10,000 things.

• Television and other computer/video displaysTelevision and other computer/video displays use three primary colors (the RGB model: red, green and blue) to reproduce a broad array ofgreen, and blue) to reproduce a broad array of colors.



• In finite element method (FEM) a mesh ofIn finite element method (FEM), a mesh of triangles is used to form a piecewise linear approximation of an arbitrary geometricapproximation of an arbitrary geometric shape.



• In gastrulation the single‐layered blastula isIn gastrulation, the single layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three‐layered") structure known as the gastrulastructure known as the gastrula.


Dmitri Mendeleev and his Periodic Table in circular layout The SculptureDmitri Mendeleev and his Periodic Table in circular layout. The Sculpture is located in Bratislava, Slovakia.


Table of Particles in PhysicsTable of Particles in Physics


Table of Planets in the Solar SystemTable of Planets in the Solar System

Titius Bode lawPlanet n Distance Titius–Bode lawrn = 0.4 + 0.3 2n

for n = ∞ 0 1 2

to the Sun (rn)

Mercury 0 4 for n = -∞, 0, 1, 2 …Mercury ‐∞ 0.4

Venus 0 0.7

Earth 1 1 0Earth 1 1.0

Mars 2 1.6

Ceres 3 2 8Ceres 3 2.8

Jupiter 4 5.2

Saturn 5 10.0Saturn 5 10.0

Ceres as seen by Hubble Space Telescope. 64©Frank Wang, AMS, Hong Kong, 23 July 2013

Future ComputingFuture Computing

• If chemical elements are the building blocks of mass, circuit elements are the building blocks , gof the digital wonders ‐‐mobile phones, computers and cars. p

• A correct circuit element table would also request to rewrite the 20th century textbooksrequest to rewrite the 20th century textbooks and explore future computing paradigms.


[1] Green Computing, Wikipedia [2] Chua, Leon, "Memristor ‐ The Missing Circuit Element", IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, 1971[3] D Strukov G Snider D Stewart S Williams "The missing memristor[3] D. Strukov, G. Snider, D. Stewart, S. Williams, The missing memristor found", Nature, 2008[4] F.Z. Wang, at al Delayed Switching in Memristors and MemristiveSystems, IEEE Electron Device Letters, Volume 31, Issue 7, 2010


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• © University of Kent, All rights reserved. This presentation is delivered in confidence to the targeted audiences only. No parts of this presentation may be reproduced without the g y p p y pwritten permission of the copyright holder. School of Computing accepts no liability for the content of this presentation or the consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided.


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