towards fair allocation of environmental responsibility to electric network uers
TRANSCRIPT
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Towards Fair Allocation of Environmental Responsibility to Electric Network Users
Heetae Kim, Petter HolmeDepartment of Energy Science, SKKU, South Korea
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Motivation
10km
Santiago
Curico
50km
Cost-benefit mismatch
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Electric power system and Greenhouse gas
Transmission
From resources to energy services and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
Consumption Generation
Power plantsUsers Infrastructures
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Electric power system
Consumption Generation
CO2
Infrastructures Power plantsUsers
Greenhouse gas emission of generation: - estimated from consumption
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Electric power system
Power plantsUsers
TransmissionConsumption
Infrastructures
Transmission distance
? km
Greenhouse gas emission of transmission: - should not be estimated from consumption
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How to estimate GHG: ideal
Total emissions
Resource combustion Conversion factor
Resource consumption
Electricity consumption
Transmission facilities Conversion factor Facility use
km
Transmission distance
CO2
CO2
×
×
Functional indexEnvironmental impacts
Conversion factor ×=
measured by
measured by
conversion process corresponding to transmission and generation
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
=
=
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How to estimate GHG: real
Total emissions
Resource combustion
Conversion factorResource
consumptionElectricity
consumption
Transmission facilities Conversion factor Facility use
km
Transmission distance
CO2
CO2
×
×
Functional indexEnvironmental impacts
Conversion factor ×=
Transmission load is difficult to consider separately
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
=
=
measured by
measured by
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How to estimate GHG: current
Total emissions
Resource combustion
Conversion factorResource
consumptionElectricity
consumption
Transmission facilities
Conversion factor Facility use
km
Transmission distance
CO2
CO2
×
×
Functional indexEnvironmental impacts
Conversion factor ×=
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
=
=
measured by
measured by
The merged conversion factor and functional index are used
However, the transmission load will not be negligible because …
Environmental impacts from transmission facility is neglected (< 5 % of total)
CO2 ×=Electricity
consumptionMerged
conversion factor
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Environmental impacts timeline
Construction Operation & maintenance
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
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•Increasing cost of transmission facilities - Super conductive material, smart grid
Environmental impacts timeline
Construction Operation & maintenance
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
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•Increasing cost of transmission facilities - Super conductive material, smart grid
•Decreasing fossil fuels- Solar power, wind power, etc.
•Sensitive stakeholder economy - International electric power trade and transmission
Environmental impacts timeline
Construction Operation & maintenance
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
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International transmission projects
NorNedAsia Super GridDeserTec
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Research purpose
✴ Allocate environmental impacts of electric power to regions according to both electricity consumption and transmission load
✴ Integrate network theory into Life cycle assessment(LCA)
allocate
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Method outline
Energy distance2 GHG allocation3Total GHG emissions1
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Inventory analysis
SIC center of Economic Load Dispatch (CDEC-SIC) ✓the main national electricity company ✓serves 92% of country’s population ✓10 regions out of 15 ✓42 provinces out of 57
Data collection ✓2007 to 2012
System boundary
"ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines." ISO (2006)
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Developing Chilean conversion factor
g CO2/ kWh GWh
0.006 325
0.266 13,450
0.157 7,946
0.285 14,385
0.027 1,358
0.020 1,013
0.239 12,072
= 23.02 Mt CO2-eq
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Chilean electric power system
CDEC-SIC Annual report (2014)
R. Itten, R. Frischknecht, M. Stucki, "Life Cycle Inventories of Electricity Mixes and Grid" ESU-services Ltd. (2013)
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Network generation
<Transmission system dada>
Node (Poser plant)
Link (Transmission line)
Agua santa
PlacillaNode
(Substation)
CDEC-SIC Annual report (2014)
466 nodes
↳129 power plants 291 substations 46 towers
543 edges
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Network generation466 nodes
↳129 power plants 291 substations 46 towers
543 edges
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Transmission algorithm
Amount of electricity consumption × Transmission distance
i : a substation node j : a power plant node aij: electricity supply from j to i dij : transmission distance from j to i nhd(i) : neighbor nodes of i Edi : energy distance of i
i
j Power plant
Substation
Transmission
distance dij
2
A
B
1
Greedy algorithm ↳the nearest substation has the top priority and the others are supplied subsequently
Poss
ible
p
air
Tra
nsm
issio
n
dist
an
ce
Optimal
Electricity
supply aij
Edi =f (aij ,dij )
j∈nhd (i )
k
∑
f (aij ,dij )j∈nhd (i )
k
∑i=1
n
∑
Energy distance
Lo, K. L. et. al, Generation, Transmission & Distribution, IET. 1(6) 904-911, 2007
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Result
Transmission distance
Electricity consumption
1200 MWh 4000 km 10 %
Comprehensive system load
0 0 0
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Result
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Result
by energy distanceby consumption
676
66000
kt CO2
Regional greenhouse gas emissions allocated
30000
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Conclusion
Network analysis on electric power grid
↳ Useful complement to LCA analysis
Transmission load adjusted allocation ↳ Consider both of electricity consumption and transmission distance
Re-allocate environmental impacts to users ↳ Life cycle assessment on GHG emissions ↳ Energy distance analysis ↳ Make the fair allocation possible
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Acknowledgement
Thank you for your attention! Any question?
Prof. Petter Holme Fariba Karimi Heetae Kim Eun Lee Minjin Lee Prof. Sang Hoon Lee
National Research Foundation in Korea