trabajo ii ciencias juridicas_final corregdo

7/17/2019 Trabajo II Ciencias Juridicas_final Corregdo

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“UNIVERSIDAD JOSE CARLOS MARIATEGUI”

FAC. CIENCIAS JURIDICAS, EMPRESARIALES Y

PEDAGOGICAS

CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE CONTABILIDAD

I CICLO

ASIGNATURA : INTR. A LAS CIENCIAS JURIDICAS

DOCENTE : Abg. FREDDY TORRES

INTEGRANTES : ACERO JAILA MANUEL

JAILA COLCA OLIVER

QUISPE HUAÑEC CHARO

TARAPA CASAS PILAR

RENGIFO RENGIFO ROSARIO

SALGADO GUEVARA ESTEFANIA

SUCASACA GONZALES MARGOT

ILO - PERU

2013

De!"#$%&!#'



Introducción a las Ciencias Jurídicas

Por e !"o#o # $!%r&'&%&o

&(%o()&%&o(! )e (*e$+ro$ "!)re$,

-&o$, "!re!$.Dr. Fre))# Torre$ "or br&()!r(o$

$*$ %o(o%&/&e(+o$.

INTRODUCCI(N

E$+! $o%&e)!) # e( $obre /!(er! e $er -*/!(o +&e(e *(!$

%!r!%+er0$+&%!$ 1*e o )e+er/&(!( ! $er r!%&o(! # )&'ere(%&!ro )e o$ $ere$&rr!%&o(!e$2 o %*! -! o3&)!)o e -o/bre ! +r!($%*rr&r o$ +&e/"o$ -!$+! !

Pag. 1




!%+*!&)!). Ge(er!()o *(! 'or/! )e 3&)! e( 4o4obr! "or1*e #! (o $o/o$

%!"!%e$ )e re$"e+!r ! /&$/! e$"e%&e -*/!(!2 %o/o !'&r/!( /*%-o$ 5e

-o/bre e$ )e"re)!)or )e $0 /&$/o5.

Por eo e $er e$+*)&!(+e$ )e "r&/er C&%o )e %o(+!b&&)!) (o$ )! *(! gr!(

(e%e$&)!) )e %o(o%er e %!/"o )e ! *r&$"r*)e(%&! +!(+o ! (&3e )e

%&*)!)!(o$ %o/o '*+*ro$ "ro'e$&o(!e$ # e )ere%-o %o/o %&e(%&! e$ e or)e(

(or/!+&3o e &($+&+*%&o(! )e ! %o()*%+! -*/!(! e( $o%&e)!) &($"&r!)o e(

"o$+*!)o$ )e *$+&%&!, %*#! b!$e $o( !$ re!%&o(e$ $o%&!e$ e6&$+e(+e$ 1*e

)e+er/&(!( $* %o(+e(&)o # %!r7%+er. E$ )e%&r, $o( %o()*%+!$ )&r&g&)!$ ! !

ob$er3!(%&! )e (or/!$ 1*e reg*!( ! %o(3&3e(%&! $o%&! # "er/&+e( re$o3er

o$ %o('&%+o$ &(+er $*be+&3o$.

Por o %*! e( e$+e +r!b!o $e +r!+!r! %o/o ! -*/!(&)!) ! "!$!r o$ +&e/"o$

-! +e(&)o 1*e e$+!be%er (or/!$ "!r! '&!r 1*e e -o/bre +&e(e +!(+o )ere%-o$

%o/o )ebere$, %*!e$ $o( !$ )&$%&"&(!$, %*7 e$ e %!/"o )e )ere%-o

"8b&%o, "r&3!)o, e+%.

“El Derecho es un saber que modela la personalidad; le da estilo y

sentido a todos los actos humanos”.

E gr*"o )e

+r!b!o

INDICE'

PARTE I EL DEREC)O SUBJETIVO, NATURALE*A++..

PARTE II LOS DEREC)OS )UMANOS+++++++++21

Pag. 2




PARTE III EL DEBER JURIDICO++++++++++++2

PARTE IV EL DEREC)O PBLICO Y PRIVADO+++++ 2/

PARTE V EL DEREC)O ABSOLUTO Y RELATIVO+++.. 31

PARTE VI LAS DISCIPLINAS DEL DEREC)O++++++33

CONCLUSIONES+++++++++++++++++.++ 3

BIBLIOGRAFIA+++++++++++++++++......... 1

Pag. 3




I. EL DEREC)O SUBJETIVO, NATURALE*A

A EL DEREC)O SUBJETIVO

9Se !/! )ere%-o obe+&3o ! %o(*(+o )e o$ /!()!+o *r0)&%o$, # e( "!r+&%*!r !%o(*(+o )e !$ e#e$. .E Dere%-o $*be+&3o -! $&)o e(+e()&)o %o/o !1*e!

'!%*+!) 1*e +&e(e ! "er$o(!. 9Dere%-o $*be+&3o ! "o)er )e /!()!r e( +*+e! )e

o$ "ro"&o$, &(+ere$e$, re%o(o%&e()o ! &()&3&)*o, # e( "!r+&%*!r ! "ro"&e+!r&o.

Lo$ Dere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ $o( !$ 9'!%*+!)e$ 1*e +&e(e( o$ $ere$ -*/!(o$ "!r!

)e+er/&(!r (or/!+&3!/e(+e ! %o()*%+! )e o$ o+ro$.

E +;r/&(o )ere%-o )e$&g(! ! ! (or/! *r0)&%! o ! "o)er o ! '!%*+!) 1*e e$+!

re%o(o%e ! *( $*e+o e( $* '!3or2 %o/o !'&r/! M!r&o A4!/or! V!)e4, 9!

"r&/er! !%e"%&<( %orre$"o()e ! )ere%-o obe+&3o, 1*e e$ e 1*e $e -!#!

%o($+&+*&)o "or !$ "ro"o$&%&o(e$ *r0)&%!$, +!(+o )e )ere%-o e$%r&+o %o/o )e

%o($*e+*)&(!r&o. L! $eg*()! !*)e ! )ere%-o $*be+&3o, ! e$e +e(er )ere%-o ! 1*e

re3&$e *(! gr!( 3!r&e)!) )e 'or/!$.

E )ere%-o obe+&3o, "or $* %!r7%+er &/"er!+&3o=!+r&b*+&3o, !)e/7$ )e &/"o(er

)ebere$ %o(%e)e !+r&b*%&o(e$, '!%*+!)e$, "rerrog!+&3!$, e+%. E )ere%-o $*be+&3oe$ ! '!%*+!) o !+r&b*%&<( 1*e ! (or/! re%o(o%e "!r! obr!r o !b$+e(er$e )e obr!r

# "!r! 1*e e $*e+o e6&! ! o+ro$ *( )e+er/&(!)o +&"o )e "re$+!%&<( o

%o/"or+!/&e(+o.

L! Co($+&+*%&<( re! )e *( )ere%-o $*be+&3o o%*rre %*!()o *(! "er$o(! !%re)&+!

-!ber %*/"&)o +o)o$ o$ re1*&$&+o$ e6&g&)o$ "or ! e#2 !$0, *(! "er$o(! +&e(e

)ere%-o ! "!r+&%&"!r %o/o $*'r!g!(+e e( *( "ro%e$o ee%+or! >)ere%-o $*be+&3o !

! "!r+&%&"!%&<( "o0+&%!? %*!()o %*/"e %o( !$ e6&ge(%&!$ "!(+e!)!$ e( e

!r+0%*o @ )e ! Co($+&+*%&<(: $er /!#or )e )&e%&o%-o !Bo$, "er*!(o )e

(!%&/&e(+o # -!!r$e e$%r&+o e( e Reg&$+ro Ee%+or!.

E( "*r&)!), e )ere%-o $*be+&3o e$ *(! '*(%&<( )e )ere%-o obe+&3o: E$+e e$ !

(or/! 1*e "er/&+e o "ro-0be2 !1*e, e "er/&$o )er&3!)o )e e!. A "r&/ero $e e

)e(o/&(! )ere%-o=(or/!2 ! $eg*()o, )ere%-o='!%*+!).

L!$ )o$ 'or/!$ $o( &($e"!r!be$, "*e$ *(! )e e! (o "*e)e "e($!r$e $&( ! o+r!: e)ere%-o %o/o '!%*+!) (o e6&$+e, $&(o e( re!%&<( %o( *(! (or/!.

Pag. 4




Lo$ or0ge(e$ )e ! (o%&<( )e )ere%-o $*be+&3o $e re/o(+!( ! $&go II, ! o$

%o(%e"+o$ e6"*e$+o$ "or H*go Gro%&o, S!/*e P*'e()or' # C-r&$+&!( T-o/!$&*$.

P!r! M&%-e V&e#, ! (o%&<( )e )ere%-o obe+&3o e$ "ro)*%+o (!+*r! 1*e &/"er!

e( e e(+or(o $o%&!, e( +!(+o 1*e ! (o%&<( )e )ere%-o $*be+&3o "ro3&e(e )e *(!%o(%e"%&<( )e /*()o /o)er(o, )o()e #! (o $e e$+&/! ! -o/bre %o/o "&e4! )e

*( 9+o)o org!(&4!)o, $&(o %o/o *( $er )o+!)o )e &ber+!)e$ (!+*r!e$. E$+!

(o%&<( ge(er! )e "o)er )e &()&3&)*o >)ere%-o $*be+&3o? %o/o b!$e )e *(

(*e3o or)e( *r0)&%o, e$, $eg8( V&e#, *( !"or+e )e ! '&o$o'0! /o)er(!.

ELEMENTOS DEL DEREC)O SUBJETIVO

Seg8( G&org&o )e Ve%%-&o-!# ee/e(+o$:

!? Eee4$% E5$e&4%. Co($&$+e e( ! "rob!b&&)!) )e 1*erer # obr!r %o('or/e

! %!r7%+er &/"er!+&3o )e )ere%-o=(or/!, )e(+ro )e o$ 0/&+e$ e$+!be%&)o$

"or ;$+e.

b? Eee4$% I4$e&4%. Co($&$+e e( ! &/"o$&b&&)!) )e +o)o &/"e)&/e(+o !e(o

# e( ! "rerrog!+&3! %orre$"o()&e(+e )e re!%%&o(!r %o(+r! e$+e, )e

%o('or/&)!) %o( e %!r7%+er &/"er!+&3o )e )ere%-o=(or/! >)e %*!

)e"e()e e "r&/er ee/e(+o?. E( $*/!, e6&$+e ! "o$&b&&)!) )e e6&g&r )e

o+r!$ "er$o(!$ e re$"e+o )e *(! '!%*+!) o !+r&b*%&<(.

M&%-e V&e# $o$+&e(e 1*e !8( %*!()o !/bo$ ee/e(+o$ $o( (e%e$!r&o$, e(

!g*(o$ %!$o$ "re)o/&(! *(o: e( e %!$o )e o$ )e(o/&(!)o$ )ere%-o$

re!+&3o$, e( !g*(o$ %!$o$ "re)o/&(! e ee/e(+o )e ! "re+e($&<(2 e( e

re'er&)o ! o$ )ere%-o$ !b$o*+o$ !"!re%e( %o( /!#or (&+&)e4 o$ ee/e(+o$

)e ! &/"er!+&3&)!) # e6&g&b&&)!).

FORMAS DE MANIFESTACION

E )ere%-o $*be+&3o "*e)e /!(&'e$+!r$e )e %*!+ro /!(er!$:

Pag. 5




!? C%% 6&e$e47!84. S&+*!%&<( e( ! %*! *(! "er$o(! "*e)e, "or /e)&o )e

*(! /!(&'e$+!%&<( )e 3o*(+!), e6&g&r )e o+r! e %*/"&/&e(+o )e *( )eber #

ob+e(er )e E$+!)o ! ee%*%&<( )e *(! $!(%&<( %o(+r! 1*&e( o &(%*/"e. E$

e %!$o )e !%ree)or ! e6&g&r )e )e*)or e "!go )e o )eb&)o.

b? C%% E56&e7!84 e 7e9%&:%. S&+*!%&<( e( ! %*! e +&+*!r )e *( )ere%-o

$*be+&3o +&e(e ! &ber+!) )e o"+!r e(+re ! ee%*%&<( o ! (o ee%*%&<( )e

*(! !%%&<(. E$ e %!$o )e )ere%-o ! !$o%&!r$e o %o(+r!er /!+r&/o(&o.

%? C%% E56&e7!84 e ;4 6%e& 6&!<#%. S&+*!%&<( e( ! %*! e +&+*!r )e *(

)ere%-o $*be+&3o %re!, /o)&'&%! o e6+&(g*e '!%*+!)e$ * ob&g!%&o(e$,

/e)&!(+e e eer%&%&o )e ! !*+o(o/0! )e ! 3o*(+!). E$ e %!$& )e !

%eebr!%&<( )e %o(+r!+o$, )o(!%&o(e$, e+%.

)? C%% e56&e7!84 e !4"%%&!4#"!84. S&+*!%&<( e( ! %*! *(! "er$o(! !

1*&e( e )ere%-o $*be+&3o e -! &/"*e$+o *(! re$"o($!b&&)!) o )eber e$

ob$+!%*&4!)! e( $* %*/"&/&e(+o, "or o 1*e $o&%&+! e !*6&&o )e !

!)/&(&$+r!%&<( )e *$+&%&!.

E$ e %!$o )e +&+*!r )e *(! re$"o($!b&&)!) e%o(</&%!, 1*e "!g! "or ! 30! )e !

%o($&g(!%&<( *)&%&! !(+e ! !%+&+*) re+r!0)! )e !%ree)or ! re%&b&r e "!go.

E$ e3&)e(+e 1*e %*!()o *(! "er$o(! '*ere ob$+!%*&4!)! e( ! 3er&'&%!%&<( )e *(

)eber, "*e)e $o&%&+!r e !*6&&o )e ! '*er4! "8b&%! "!r! e&/&(!r e ob$+7%*o

CLASIFICACION DE LOS DEREC)OS SUBJETIVOS

E( !+e(%&<( ! o e$+!be%&)o "or Ae$$!()r& Ro)r0g*e4, o$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$

"*e)e( $er or)e(!)o$ )e /!(er!$:

# P%& 7; %=>e$% ? "%4$e4!% !4$&:47e"%

Pag. 6




Seg8( e$+e %r&+er&o o$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ $o( "8b&%o$ o "r&3!)o$, )&$+&(%&<(

!(7og! ! ! e6&$+e(+e e(+re !$ r!/!$ %7$&%!$ )e )ere%-o.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ "8b&%o$ $o( !1*eo$ 1*e +&e(e( o$ "!r+&%*!re$ e(

re!%&<( %o( e E$+!)o o 3&%e3er$!2 e$ e %!$o )e o$ )ere%-o$ )er&3!)o$ )e !$

g!r!(+0!$ )e )eb&)o "ro%e$o o )e "!go )e +r&b*+o$. Fr!(%e$%o Me$$&(eo $eB!!

1*e $e !'&r/!( 're(+e ! *( $*e+o )e )ere%-o "8b&%o, !(+e e %*! $*rge +!/b&;(

*( %orre$"o()&e(+e )eber.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ "r&3!)o$ $o( o$ 1*e +&e(e( o$ "!r+&%*!re$ e(+re $0, o

&(%*$o o$ 1*e +&e(e e E$+!)o $& "!r+&%&"! e( *(! re!%&<( *r0)&%! )e$"o!)o )e

%*!1*&er e6"re$&<( )e "o)er, # "*e)e( +o/!r ! 'or/! )e )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ "!+r&/o(&!e$ # e6+r! "!+r&/o(&!e$.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ "r&3!)o$ "!+r&/o(&!e$ !*)e( ! %o(*(+o )e b&e(e$,

!+r&b*%&o(e$ # '!%*+!)e$ 1*e "o$ee *(! "er$o(!2 "or ee/"o, o$ )ere%-o$ re!e$

# %r;)&+o. E( "*r&)!), %!*+e!( &(+ere$e$ 3!or!be$ %*!(+&+!+&3!/e(+e,

"e%*(&!r&!/e(+e, # 1*e e$+7( $*e+o$ ! +r7'&%o$ %o/er%&!e$.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ "r&3!)o$ e6+r! "!+r&/o(&!e$ !*)e( ! !$ '!%*+!)e$

"er$o(!e$ 3&(%*!)!$ %o( ! "er$o(!&)!) # '!/&&!2 "or ee/"o, o$ )ere%-o$

1*e %o/"re()e( ! 3&)!, e %*er"o, e -o(or, ! &(+&/&)!), ! &/!ge(, e

/!+r&/o(&o, ! "!+r&! "o+e$+!), e+%. E( "*r&)!), %!*+e!( '!%*+!)e$ # !+r&b*+o$

&()e$&g!be$ )e $*e+o ! %*! "er+e(e%e(, # (o $o( 3!or!be$ "e%*(&!r&!/e(+e (&

obe+o )e +r7'&%o %o/er%&! !g*(o.

= P%& 7; e@!"#"!# ? 4#$;&#e#

Seg8( e$+e %r&+er&o o$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ $o( !b$o*+o$, re!+&3o$, or&g&(!r&o$,

)er&3!)o$, "*ro$ # $&/"e$, e3e(+*!e$, +r!($/&$&be$ e &(+r!($/&$&be$.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ !b$o*+o$ $o( !1*eo$ 1*e $e )&r&ge( ! ! "*r!&)!) )e

o$ %o/"o(e(+e$ )e ! $o%&e)!) e &/"&%!( *( )eber ge(er! )e re$"e+o2 $e "*e)e(

-!%er 3!er %o(+r! %*!1*&er "er$o(!. E$ e %!$o )e o$ )ere%-o$ re!e$ )e "o$e$&<(

# "ro"&e)!). So( e'&%!%e$ erg! o(/e$, e$ )e%&r, $o( o"o(&be$ ! +o)o$ o$

/&e/bro$ )e ! $o%&e)!).

Pag. 7




Lo$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ re!+&3o$ $o( o$ 1*e $e "*e)e( ee%*+!r %o(+r! *( o

!g*(o$ /&e/bro$ )e+er/&(!)o$ )e ! $o%&e)!). E$ e %!$o )e o$ )ere%-o$ )e

ob&g!%&<( # o$ )ere%-o$ "er$o(!e$. So( e'&%!%e$ !(+e *( (8/ero (o

$&g(&'&%!+&3o # )e+er/&(!be )e "er$o(!$.

So( )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ or&g&(!r&o$ o$ 1*e $e ob+&e(e( &()e"e()&e(+e/e(+e )e !

3o*(+!) )e +&+*!r be(e'&%&!)o %o( $*$ %o($e%*e(%&!$ *r0)&%!$.

E$ e %!$o )e o$ )ere%-o$ &(-ere(+e$ ! ! "er$o(!. So( "er$o(!e$ e &((!+o$.

So( )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ )er&3!)o$ o$ 1*e $e ob+&e(e( "or e'e%+o )e *( -e%-o

ge(er!)o "or e "ro"&o +&+*!r be(e'&%&!)o %o( $*$ %o($e%*e(%&!$ *r0)&%!$2

e6"re$!( e re$*+!)o )e *( !%+o o !%+&3&)!) e'e%+*!)! "or $* "or+!)or *r0)&%o. E$

e %!$o )e o$ )ere%-o$ !)$%r&+o$ ! ! !%+&3&)!) )e %o/er%&o. T&e(e( !

%o((o+!%&<( )e $er !$&g(!)o$ ! !$ "er$o(!$ "or &/"er&o )e ! !%+&3&)!) eg&$!+&3!

)e E$+!)o.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ "*ro$ # $&/"e$ $o( !1*eo$ 1*e (o $e e(%*e(+r!( $*e+o$

! e6&ge(%&!$ )e "!4o, %o()&%&<( # /o)o2 $e "!$/!( &($+!(+7(e!/e(+e # $*

ee%*%&<( "*e)e e6&g&r$e &(/e)&!+!/e(+e. E$ e %!$o )e o$ )ere%-o$ re!+&3o$ !

"e($!/&e(+o.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ e3e(+*!e$ $o( !1*eo$ %*#! e6&$+e(%&! )e"e()e )e *(

-e%-o '*+*ro, e /&$/o 1*e $e %o(3&er+e e( e$e(%&! # %o($+&+*+&3o "!r! $* go%e.

E$ e %!$o )e o$ )ere%-o$ $*%e$or&o$.

So( )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ +r!($/&$&be$ !1*eo$ 1*e "*e)e( $er e$+reg!)o$

3o*(+!r&!/e(+e )e *(! "er$o(! ! o+r!. C*!()o )&%-o 9+r!$"!$o $e "ro)*%e e(+re

3&3o$ $e -!b! )e +r!($'ere(%&! >%!$o )e ! %o/"r!3e(+!?2 e( %!/b&o, %*!()o $e

e'e%+8! *( !%+o )e 8+&/! 3o*(+!) $e )e(o/&(! +r!($/&$&<( "ro"&!/e(+e )&%-!

>%!$o )e eg!)o?.

Por 8+&/o, $o( )ere%-o$ $*be+&3o$ &(+r!($/&$&be$ o$ 1*e (o "*e)e( $er obe+o

)e +r!($'ere(%&! (& +r!($/&$&<(, "or e(%o(+r!r$e e$+re%-!/e(+e &g!)o$ ! !

"er$o(! +&+*!r )e )ere%-o. E$ e %!$o )e o$ )ere%-o$ -*/!(o$.

B LA NATURALE*A DEL DEREC)O

Pag. 8




E )ere%-o e$ *( $&$+e/! e$+r*%+*r! %o('or/!)o "or (or/!$, "r&(%&"&o$,

gr*"o$, %o(*(+o$, e+%. 1*e +&e(e 'or/!$ )e !"&%!%&<( "re)e+er/&(!)!$ !*(

%*!()o ! o"er!%&<( +o+! e$ 'e6&be # %re!+&3!.

S&( e/b!rgo, e( ! '&o$o'0! *r0)&%! $e )&$%*+e !r)*!/e(+e $obre ! e$e(%&! /&$/!

)e )ere%-o. L! e3o*%&<( -&$+<r&%! )e ! re!%&<( e(+re Dere%-o # E$+!)o +&e(e

/*%-o 1*e 3er %o( eo e( ! /e)&)! e( 1*e e %re%&e(+e "ro%e$o )e %o(%e(+r!%&<(

)e ! "ro)*%%&<( )e (or/!$ *r0)&%!$ e( o$ <rg!(o$ e$+!+!e$ -! /o)&'&%!)o (o

$oo ! /!(er! )e o"er!r # !$ "r&or&)!)e$ e(+re !$ '*e(+e$, $&(o +!/b&;( o$

"re$*"*e$+o$ )e $&$+e/! e( $* %o(*(+o.

E %!"0+*o 1*e %o/"o(e e$+! "!r+e b*$%! )e$e(+r!B!r o e$e(%&! )e +o)o e$+e

)&$%*rr&r o$ !$"e%+o$ %e(+r!e$ )e ! '&o$o'0! # +eor0! *r0)&%!$, "ero (o )e$)e *(!

"er$"e%+&3! -&$+<r&%!, $&(o /7$ b&e( %o(%e"+*!.

Co($&)er!/o$ (e%e$!r&o -!%er *(! e6"o$&%&<( )e !$ "r&(%&"!e$ +eor0!$ $obre !

(!+*r!e4! )e Dere%-o, &($er+!)!$ e( $*$ %o(+e6+o$ -&$+<r&%o$ # $o%&!e$, ! '&( )e

1*e e e%+or "*e)! e6"&%!r$e "or 1*; $o( # %</o !"!re%e(, ! +&e/"o 1*e $e

)&$%&er(e $obre $* &/"or+!(%&! "r!%+&%! e( e /!(eo %o+&)&!(o )e Dere%-o.

E(+o(%e$ +e(e/o$:

EL JUSNATURALISMO

E *$(!+*r!&$/o e$ *(! e$%*e! )e "e($!/&e(+o "!r! ! 1*e "or $obre e Dere%-o

"o$&+&3o, e$ )e%&r, e Dere%-o %re!)o "or o$ $ere$ -*/!(o$ /e)&!(+e !$ (or/!$

*r0)&%!$ 1*e "ro)*%e( ! +r!3;$ )e !$ )&3er$!$ '*e(+e$ )e Dere%-o re%o(o%&)!$,

e6&$+e *( Dere%-o $*"er&or >e Dere%-o (!+*r!?, %o/"*e$+o "or *( %o(*(+o )e

3!ore$ 1*e !%+8!( %o/o &($"&r!%&<( )e $*$ %o(+e(&)o$ # %o/o g*0! )e !!%+*!%&<( # )e%&$&o(e$ )e o$ !ge(+e$ )e Dere%-o.

E e'e%+o 1*e e *$(!+*r!&$/o !$&g(! ! Dere%-o (!+*r! e( re'ere(%&! ! Dere%-o

"o$&+&3o, "or o +!(+o, e$ )obe:

• De *( !)o, e Dere%-o "o$&+&3o )ebe &($"&r!r $*$ %o(+e(&)o$ e( o$ 3!ore$ 1*e

%o(+&e(e e Dere%-o (!+*r!. S& e$+e re1*&$&+o (o $e %*/"e, e(+o(%e$ e$+!re/o$

(o "ro"&!/e(+e !(+e (or/!$ *r0)&%!$, $&(o 're(+e ! &/"o$&%&o(e$ /7$ o /e(o$

Pag. 9




!rb&+r!r&!$ $eg8( e %!$o, )e *(! !*+or&)!) 1*e eer%e e "o)er )e /!(er!

&eg0+&/!.

•

De o+ro !)o, e !ge(+e !"&%!)or )e Dere%-o )eber7 +o/!r e( %*e(+!, e( $*$!%+o$, o$ )&%+!)o$ )e o$ 3!ore$ %o(+e(&)o$ e( e Dere%-o (!+*r! "!r! !*$+!r

! eo$ $* %o()*%+! %o+&)&!(!. E( %!$o )e (o -!%ero, e$+!r7 *+&&4!()o

!(+o!)&4!/e(+e ! )ere%-o, "ero (o e$+!r7 %*/"&e()o %!b!/e(+e *(! '*(%&<(

*r0)&%!.

E( ! !(+&g*! Ro/!, -*bo o+r! r!4<( 1*e &/"*$o ! *$(!+*r!&$/o: e $&$+e/!

*r0)&%o ro/!(o '*e %o($+r*&)o ! o !rgo )e )&e4 $&go$ >)e$)e e V !(+e$ )e

Cr&$+o -!$+! ! %o)&'&%!%&<( *$+&(&!(! -!%&! e @ )e (*e$+r! er!?, /e)&!(+e e

!"or+e )e%&$&3o )e o$ /!g&$+r!)o$ # o$ *r&$%o($*+o$ ! ! $o*%&<( )e %!$o$

%o(%re+o$. L! g*0! "r&(%&"! (o "o)0!( $er e#e$ (& )&$"o$&%&o(e$ $&/&!re$, $&(o

"re%&$!/e(+e e %r&+er&o )e *$+&%&! # %o-ere(%&! e(+re !$ )&'ere(+e$ re$"*e$+!$

!"or+!)!$.

Prob!be/e(+e '*e e$o o 1*e e3o ! J*$+&(&!(o ! )e%&r 1*e ! *r&$"r*)e(%&! >e

Dere%-o? e$ e !r+e )e o *$+o # o &(*$+o.

E "e($!/&e(+o )e S!(+o To/!$ eg!)o -!$+! (o$o+ro$ e$, e( "!r+e, re'eo )e o

1*e 3e(&/o$ )&%&e()o.

D&$%&er(e ; e(+re %*!+ro +&"o$ )e e#e$:

• L! e# D&3&(!, 1*e e$+7 e( ! /e(+e )e D&o$ # (o (o$ e$ !%%e$&be "or %o/"e+o.

• L! e# re3e!)!, 1*e e$ ! "!r+e )e ! e# D&3&(! %o/*(&%!)! ! $er -*/!(o !

+r!3;$ )e ! "!!br! S!gr!)! >e$ )e%&r, e +e6+o b0b&%o?.

• L! e# N!+*r!, 1*e e$ ! "!r+e )e ! Le# D&3&(! 1*e $e /!(&'&e$+! ! -o/bre !

+r!3;$ )e $* "ro"&! ob$er3!%&<( )e ! (!+*r!e4!, %o/o "or ee/"o e )ere%-o

! ! 3&)!, ! ! !&/e(+!%&<(, ! ! "ro+e%%&<( (!+*r! )e ! '!/&&!, e+%;+er!.

•

L! Le# Po$&+&3! o Le# H*/!(!, 1*e e$ o 1*e -e/o$ !/!)o Dere%-o "o$&+&3o.

Pag. 10




S!(+o To/!$ !(*(%&! 1*e ! Le# H*/!(! 1*e (o $e %o('or/! ! !$ !(+er&ore$ (o

"!re%e 1*e $e! e#2 # !B!)e, e(+re o+r!$ %o($&)er!%&o(e$, 1*e e( %&er+!$

%&r%*($+!(%&!$ e "*ebo +&e(e )ere%-o ! rebe!r$e %o(+r! e +&r!(o "or $*$

!rb&+r!r&e)!)e$.

A "!r+&r )e $&go VI, e$+!$ %o(%e"%&o(e$ $*'re( *( &/"or+!(+e re/e4<(, "*e$

e/"&e4! ! er! r!%&o(!&$+! # e/"&r&$+! )e ! -&$+or&! %o/o r!$go "re)o/&(!(+e

)e "e($!/&e(+o. Co( eo, e *$(!+*r!&$/o, ! +&e/"o 1*e $*'re *( 3er+&g&(o$o

)e$!rroo >e$ e or&ge( )e $* 3er$&<( %7$&%! %o(+e/"or7(e!?, +!/b&;( e/"&e4! !

$er )&$%*+&)o # ! "o!r&4!r$e e( )&$+&(+!$ "o$&%&o(e$ )e %!&bre e1*&3!e(+e o,

%*!(+o /e(o$, $&/&!r.

L! +eor0! )e %o(+r!r&o $o%&!, e$ *(o )e o$ "&!re$ )e *$(!+*r!&$/o )e e$+!

;"o%! # e( /e(o$ )e )o$ $&go$ "!$o )e '*()!/e(+!r e !b$o*+&$/o >-obb&e$, "or

ee/"o?, ! $o$+e(er ! "o$&%&o(e$ )e/o%r7+&%!$ r!)&%!e$ )e Ro*$$e!*. E( e $&go

VIII e$ *(o )e +err&be "*g(! e(+re 1*&e(e$ *$(!+*r!&$+!/e(+e )e'e()0!( e

!(+&g*o r;g&/e( ># %o( ; ! $* $&$+e/! *r0)&%o?, # 1*&e(e$ *$(!+*r!&$+!/e(+e

"ro"o(0!( *( (*e3o $&$+e/! 1*e +r&*('!r0! )e'&(&+&3!/e(+e %o( ! re3o*%&<(

&ber!.

L! De%!r!%&<( )e o$ Dere%-o$ )e Ho/bre # )e C&*)!)!(o )e ! A$!/be!

N!%&o(! )e Fr!(%&!, e( !go$+o )e , e$ *(! e6"re$&<( eg&$!+&3! )e eo !

)e%&r:

Ar+0%*o .= E obe+o )e +o)! $o%&e)!) "o0+&%! e$ ! %o($er3!%&<( )e o$ )ere%-o$

(!+*r!e$ e &/"re$%r&"+&be$ )e -o/bre. E$+o$ )ere%-o$ $o( ! &ber+!), !

"ro"&e)!), ! $eg*r&)!) # ! re$&$+e(%&! ! ! o"re$&<(.

A+r&b*&r )ere%-o$ "ro"&o$ ! -o/bre %o/o o -!%e e$+e +e6+o e$, "re%&$!/e(+e, *(!

)e !$ %!r!%+er0$+&%!$ )e *$(!+*r!&$/o )e /7$ r!(%&! %o(%e"%&<(: ! (or/!

*r0)&%! "o$&+&3! (o e$+!+*#e )ere%-o$, o$ re%o(o%e %o/o e6&$+e(+e$ !(+e$ 1*e e!

#, e( %o($e%*e(%&!, $oo e %o/"e+e )e%!r!ro$.

E$+! ;"o%! )e re3o*%&o(e$ b*rg*e$!$ e$ "or+!)or! )e %o(%e"%&o(e$ # /!+&%e$

/*# %o/"eo$. U(o )e eo$ %o($&$+e e( 1*e, +! %o/o -e/o$ 3&$+o e( !

De%!r!%&<( Fr!(%e$!, o$ "r&(%&"&o$ *$(!+*r!&$+!$ )e ! %!$e $o%&! e( rebe&<( #

Pag. 11




+r&*('o $o( +r!$!)!)o$ ! o$ +e6+o$ eg&$!+&3o$. Se 3! "ro)*%&e()o, !$0, *(!

$&/b&o$&$ e(+re Dere%-o (!+*r! # Dere%-o "o$&+&3o 1*e #! 3&/o$ ! -!b!r )e o$

"r&(%&"&o$ ge(er!e$ )e Dere%-o >3er "*(+o .. )e %!"0+*o I? # 1*e e3! *(

"o%o &($e($&be/e(+e ! +r!3;$ )e *( $&go -!%&! e "o$&+&3&$/o, e(+re o+r!$r!4o(e$, "or ! (e%e$&)!) )e 'or+!e%er ! %!"!%&)!) (or/!+&3! # /!()!+!r&! )e !$

)&$"o$&%&o(e$ *r0)&%!$ e/!(!)!$ )e E$+!)o.

E(+o(%e$, o 1*e -!$+! e$e /o/e(+o -!b0! $&)o %re!%&<( *r0)&%! )e "o)ere$ e

&($+&+*%&o(e$ )&3er$!$ >re&g&o$o, %o($*e+*)&(!r&o=$o%&!, gr!()e$ "e($!)ore$

e+%;+er!?, "!$!b! ! $er /o(o"o&4!)o "or e E$+!)o gr!%&!$ ! $* )e$!rroo #

%o($o&)!%&<( )e(+ro )e ! %o(%e"%&<( )e/o%r7+&%o=re"re$e(+!+&3! 1*e %o/e(4< !

&/"er!r.

Co/o 3ere/o$ e( e $&g*&e(+e "!r7gr!'o, ! e$%*e! "o$&+&3&$+! )e Dere%-o o"!%<

)*r!(+e 3!r&o$ !Bo$ ! *$(!+*r!&$/o. S&( e/b!rgo, o$ 8+&/o$ %*!+ro o %&(%o

)e%e(&o$ "!re%e( 3er re(!%er "o$&%&o(e$ *$(!+*r!&$+!$, !*(1*e +r!($'&g*r!)!$.

U(o )e $*$ "*(+o$ %r0+&%o$ !%+*!e$ e$ ! %o(%e"%&<( # )e$!rroo )e o$ )ere%-o$

-*/!(o$ e( e /*()o. E$ 3er)!) 1*e $* %o(+e(&)o %o(+e/"or7(eo e$

&(%o/"!r!be/e(+e /!#or # /7$ r&%o 1*e e )e ! De%!r!%&<( )e Fr!(%&! )e

, "ero e( o $*$+!(%&! $e $&g*e e /&$/o "!+r<(: $o( )ere%-o$ 1*e (o "*e)e(

$er )e!)o$ )e re%o(o%er, "!+r&/o(&o )e ! -*/!(&)!) e( %*!(+o +!, # 1*e e

Dere%-o $e &/&+! ! )e%!r!r.

So( $&g(&'&%!)o$ o$ )o$ "7rr!'o$ &(&%&!e$ )e Pre7/b*o )e (*e$+r! Co($+&+*%&<(

Po0+&%! 1*e )&%e(:

No$o+ro$, Re"re$e(+!(+e$ )e ! A$!/be! Co($+&+*#e(+e, &(3o%!()o ! "ro+e%%&<(

)e D&o$, # e( eer%&%&o )e ! "o+e$+!) $ober!(! 1*e e "*ebo )e Per8 (o$ -!

%o('er&)o2

CREYENTES e( ! "r&/!%0! )e ! "er$o(! -*/!(! # e( 1*e +o)o$ o$ -o/bre$,

&g*!e$ e( )&g(&)!), +&e(e( )ere%-o$ )e 3!&)e4 *(&3er$!, !(+er&ore$ # $*"er&ore$

! E$+!)o: >K?.

Pag. 12




N!+*r!/e(+e, e(%o(+r!/o$ *(! !/"&! bre%-! e(+re e$+! )e%!r!%&<( # o 1*e

$*%e)e e( ! re!&)!). S& $*/!/o$ o 1*e (o $e -!%e # o 1*e (o e$ "o$&be -!%er

)e &(/e)&!+o, /*%-o$ )e e$+o$ )ere%-o$ 1*e)!( e(+re gr*e$o$ "!r;(+e$&$. S&(

e/b!rgo, e$+! $&+*!%&<( (o e$ e$+r*%+*r!/e(+e )&$+&(+! ! ! &g*!)!) 'r!(%e$!'re(+e ! 3o+o %e($&+!r&o, (& ! ! %o(%e"%&<( %r&$+&!(! )e +o)o$ o$ -o/bre$ -e%-o$

! &/!ge( # $e/e!(4! )e D&o$ 're(+e ! !$ (o+or&!$ )e$&g*!)!)e$ 1*e e6&$+0!( e(

! E)!) Me)&!, (& ! ! $&+*!%&<( )e ! e$%!3&+*) e( J*$+&(&!(o, 1*e e$+e %o($&)er!

"ro3e(&e(+e )e Dere%-o )e Ge(+e$ "ero %o(+r!r&! ! Dere%-o (!+*r!.

No "!$! "or (*e$+ro 7(&/o *$+&'&%!r e$+!$ $&+*!%&o(e$. To)o o %o(+r!r&o. Pero o

1*e 1*ere/o$ )e/o$+r!r e$, "re%&$!/e(+e, 1*e ! +eor0! )e o$ Dere%-o$ H*/!(o$

%*/"e -o# e ro 1*e !(+e$ eer%&+!b! b!o o+ro$ ro"!e$ e *$(!+*r!&$/o. E(

o+r!$ "!!br!$, 1*e o$ )ere%-o$ -*/!(o$ +! %o/o o$ %o(o%e/o$ $o(

"re%&$!/e(+e e *$(!+*r!&$/o %o(+e/"or7(eo e( *(! )e $*$ '!%e+!$.

L! &)e(+&'&%!%&<( e(+re %o(%e"%&<( $*"er&or ! Dere%-o "o$&+&3o >o *$(!+*r!&$/o?

# Dere%-o "o$&+&3o $*bor)&(!)o, eg! e( ! !%+*!&)!) ! gr!)o +!( $&g(&'&%!+&3o

1*e e !r+0%*o @ )e (*e$+r! Co($+&+*%&<( )&%e o $&g*&e(+e:

La enumeración de los derechos establecidos en este capítulo no excluye los

demás que la constitución garantia! ni otros de naturalea análoga o que se

"undan en la dignidad del hombre! o en los principios de soberanía del pueblo!

del Estado democrático de derecho y de la "orma republicana de gobierno.

E$ )e%&r, ! "ro"&! Co($+&+*%&<( re%o(o%e e6"re$!/e(+e 1*e "*e)e( e6&$+&r o+ro$

)ere%-o$ )e ! "er$o(! (o e$+!be%&)o$ e( $* +e6+o, 1*e )eber7( re%&b&r +!(+!

"ro+e%%&<( *r0)&%! %o/o o$ )e%!r!)o$.

Tr!$ %!)! *(o )e e$+o$ "*(+o$ $*b#!%e( ! *$+&%&! # e1*&)!) )e !$ 1*e $&e/"re

-!b< e *$(!+*r!&$/o, %o( ! /&$/! &/"o$&b&&)!) )e $er "re%&$!/e(+e

)e'&(&)!$, "ero %o( (o /e(o$ "o)er # %o(3&%%&<(.

E( $0(+e$&$, %ree/o$ 1*e e *$(!+*r!&$/o -! $&)o # e$ *(! "o)ero$! %orr&e(+e )e

)e'&(&%&<( )e ! (!+*r!e4! )e Dere%-o, 1*e %o/o +o)o o '&o$<'&%o %!re%e )e

8+&/! # )e'&(&+&3! '*()!/e(+!%&<(, "ero 1*e -! $!b&)o !)!"+!r$e # re(!%er e(

Pag. 13




$*%e$&3!$ /e+!/or'o$&$ ! o !rgo )e )&$+&(+o$ "er&o)o$ # $&+*!%&o(e$ -&$+<r&%!$,

/!(&'e$+7()o$e +!/b&;( e( ! !%+*!&)!).

P*)&er! "!re%er, $&( e/b!rgo, 1*e (o +&e(e *(! 'or/! %o(%re+! )e &($er+!r$e e( e

$&$+e/! *r0)&%o %o(+e/"or7(eo. De$"*;$ )e +o)o, !$ (or/!$ e$+7( e$+!be%&)!$

"re)o/&(!(+e/e(+e e( ! eg&$!%&<( #, $& b&e( -!# %&er+! 'e6&b&&)!) e( ! +eor0!

)e !$ '*e(+e$ # e( +o)o o re'ere(+e ! ! !"&%!%&<( )e Dere%-o, ! '&( # ! %!bo !

eg&$!%&<( e$ ! 1*e &/"er!.

E( )e'&(&+&3!, %ree/o$ 1*e o$ 3!ore$ +&e(e *( $&+&o e( e Dere%-o, 1*e "or

r!4o(e$ -&$+<r&%!$ e$e *g!r (o e$ e /&$/o 1*e e *$(!+*r!&$/o, %*br&< -!%e

)o$, o%-o o 1*&(%e $&go$ "ero 1*e, e( $0 /&$/o, $* e$"!%&o (o -! )e$!"!re%&)o.

EL POSITIVISMO

E positi#ismo $urídico &(&%&! e( $* r*+! -!%&! ! re"o()er!%&<( e( e $&go I #

! !)1*&ere e( o$ "r&/ero$ )e%e(&o$ )e $&go , %o( H!($ e$e( ! ! %!be4!.

Co/o e( e %!$o )e *$(!+*r!&$/o, (o e$ "o$&be e( e$+! obr! )!r *(! &)e!

)e+!!)! )e $* e3o*%&<( # "r&(%&"!e$ e6"o(e(+e$, "or o 1*e 3!/o$ !

%o(%re+!r(o$ ! e$+e !*+or, "or o )e/7$, )e (o+! +!( $&g(&'&%!+&3! 1*e $* ee%%&<(

(o$ e6&/e )e /!#or '*()!/e(+!%&<(.

e$e( "!(+e! 1*e "!r! e$+r*%+*r!r *(! %&e(%&! !*+<(o/! )e Dere%-o -!# 1*e

$e"!r!r +o)o o 1*e "er+e(e%e ! o+r!$ %&e(%&!$, $e!( 3!ore$, %o()*%+!$, e+%;+er!,

1*e re$*+!( /7$ "ro"&o$ )e ! /or!, ! re&g&<(, ! $o%&oog0! o ! "o0+&%!. A$0, o

"ro"&o )e Dere%-o ! teoría pura del Derecho, %o($&$+&r7 e( $* e$e(%&! (or/!+&3!:

! (or/! *r0)&%! 37&)! # e $&$+e/! e'&%!4 1*e reg*!( e'e%+&3!/e(+e !$

%o()*%+!$ )e o$ $*e+o$ # ! $o%&e)!) e( $* %o(*(+o.

E/"&e4! "or %o($+!+!r 1*e e Dere%-o %o/o $&$+e/!, "!r! reg&r, (o +&e(e 1*e

o$+e(+!r *( %*/"&/&e(+o r0g&)o (& *(&3er$!. !$+! %o( 1*e ! ge(er!&)!) )e

$*e+o$ o !%!+e "!r! 1*e e'e%+&3!/e(+e $e! e'&%!4 #, "or +!(+o, or)e( *r0)&%o

"ro"&!/e(+e )&%-o.

I/!g&(! ! Dere%-o %o/o *(! "&r7/&)e e( %*#o 3;r+&%e e6&$+e *(! (or/! 1*e o$o$+&e(e %o/o %o(*(+o. E$+! (or/! (o e$ *( +e6+o eg&$!+&3o (& (!)! $e/e!(+e2

Pag. 14




e$, /!$ b&e( *(! -&"<+e$&$ $obre $* e'&%!%&!: $& e or)e( *r0)&%o e( $* %o(*(+o e$

!%!+!)o "or ! ge(er!&)!) )e o$ $*e+o$ )e ! $o%&e)!) %orre$"o()&e(+e, e(+o(%e$

e$ $* or)e( *r0)&%o # e( %!$o %o(+r!r&o (o o e$: e$ '*()!/e(+! "or1*e, !$0

)e'&(&)!, o $*$+e(+!.

S!3o 1*e ! $o%&e)!) )e 1*e $e +r!+e %!&g! e( ! !(!r1*0! +o+! o e( ! )&$"*+!

'r!+r&%&)! "er/!(e(+e, $e $*"o(e 1*e $&e/"re -!br7 *( or)e( ! 1*e o$ $*e+o$

obe)e%e(. Por 1*; o obe)e%e( E$o, $o$+&e(e, e$ *( "robe/! )&$+&(+o 1*e

"er+e(e%e ! e3!*!%&o(e$ (o *r0)&%!$. E -e%-o e$ 1*e -!# *(o 1*e r&ge # e$e e$

e or)e( *r0)&%o )e e$! $o%&e)!). E$ )e (o+!r ! 0(+&/! 3&(%*!%&<( 1*e e6&$+e

e(+re e$+! %o(%e"+*!&4!%&<( # e -e%-o )e eer%&%&o )e "o)er.

E or)e( *r0)&%o !%!+!)o +&e(e *( %o(*(+o )e (or/!$ e$e(%&!e$: !$ 1*e

e$+!be%e( !$ reg!$ )e *ego e( )&%-! $o%&e)!). L! &(/e($! /!#or0! )e o$

E$+!)o$ %o(+e/"or7(eo$ +&e(e( e$+!$ )&$"o$&%&o(e$ e( ! Co($+&+*%&<( Po0+&%! >#

!*( %*!()o $e +r!+e )e *( gob&er(o )e '!%+o, e!$ e6&$+e( e( ! Co($+&+*%&<( #

(or/!/e(+e e( $* "ro"&o E$+!+*+o, %o/o '*e e %!$o )e De%re+o Le# ,

E$+!+*+o )e Gob&er(o )e E/erge(%&! # Re%o($+r*%%&<( N!%&o(! )e )e !br& )e

?. E$+e %o($+&+*#e e "r&/er (&3e )e !$ (or/!$ "o$&+&3!$ )e(+ro )e Dere%-o#, !0, $e e$+!be%e( %*!()o /e(o$ )o$ %o$!$:

• Q*&e( gob&er(! # %o/o o -!%e

• Co/o $e e!bor!( !$ (or/!$ *r0)&%!$ )e &('er&or er!r1*0!.

A "!r+&r )e e$+e "r&/er (&3e )e (or/!$ "o$&+&3!$, ! 3!&)e4 )e !$ (or/!$

*r0)&%!$ $*bor)&(!)!$ 1*e)! $*e+! ! 1*e $e %o('or/e( o (o %o( e /!()!+o$*"er&or e( 'o()o # e( 'or/!. E( 'o()o, "or1*e (o $e "*e)e !)/&+&r 1*e (or/!

&('er&or %o(+r!)&g! ! ! $*"er&or2 #, e( 'or/!, "or1*e $& ! Co($+&+*%&<( e$ ! )e

/!#or er!r1*0! )e(+ro )e or)e( *r0)&%o "o$&+&3o, (&(g*(! (or/! &('er&or "*e)e

)e!r )e %*/"&r !$ 'or/!&)!)e$ 1*e e! e$+!be%e "!r! $* !"rob!%&<( #

3&ge(%&!.

Lo )e/7$ 1*e)! ! ! "!r+&%*!r 'or/! )e %o('or/!%&<( )e %!)! $&$+e/! *r0)&%o

(!%&o(!, "*e$ 3!r0! $eg8( e %!$o.

Pag. 15




L! 3&(%*!%&<( )e "o$&+&3&$/o %o( ! !"!r&%&<( )e E$+!)o /o)er(o e$ e3&)e(+e #,

e( %&er+! 'or/!, %o($+&+*#e ! +eor0! 1*e /7$ %!b!/e(+e &(+e(+! e6"re$!r $*

!+0$&/o gr!)o )e )e$!rroo # %o($o&)!%&<( )*r!(+e e$+e $&go.

Por eo, (o e$ r!ro 1*e e$e( &)e(+&'&1*e ! E$+!)o # Dere%-o, /o$+r7()oo$

%o/o !$ )o$ %!r!$ )e !$ /&$/! /e)!!: e )ere%-o e$ e e$+!)o "or1*e ; e$ e

1*e o "ro)*%e2 e e$+!)o e$ e )ere%-o "or1*e, ! '&( # ! %!bo e e$+!)o e$ e

/76&/o "o)er )e(+ro )e ! $o%&e)!) # e )ere%-o e$ e'e%+&3!/e(+e obe)e%&)o

%o/o or)e( *r!)o e'&%!4, '*()!)o e( ! (or/! -&"o+;+&%! '*()!/e(+!. L!

%o(%*$&<( )e !$ )o$ %!r!$ )e ! /e)!! "!re%e, !$0, "er'e%+!/e(+e %o-ere(+e %o(

o$ "re$*"*e$+o$ )e e$+! +eor0! # ogr! e$+r*%+*r!r *(! &)e! %o-ere(+e e( e "!(o

!b$+r!%+o.

E /;r&+o )e "o$&+&3&$/o *r0)&%o %o($&$+e, "re%&$!/e(+e, e( -!ber %o($o&)!)o

*(! Teor0! )e E$+!)o # *(! Teor0! )e Dere%-o &(+erre!%&o(!)!$ # !"o#!)!$ e(+re

$0 %o( !*+o(o/0! )e o+r!$ )&$%&"&(!$.

E( $0(+e$&$, e "o$&+&3&$/o *r0)&%o -! )&$eB!)o ! %o($+r*%%&<( )e *( /o)eo )e

+eor0! )e Dere%-o 37&)o e( $0 /&$/o # 1*e e'e%+&3!/e(+e -! $&g(&'&%!)o *(

!"or+e e( +;r/&(o$ %o(+e/"or7(eo$ ! ! %o($o&)!%&<( )e E$+!)o /o)er(o # ! !

/eor %o/"re$&<( )e Dere%-o.

S&( e/b!rgo, %o/o %o(%e"%&<( &(+egr! # e6%*#e(+e )e o+r!$ (o$ "!re%e

&($*'&%&e(+e, "or1*e e Dere%-o +&e(e %o/o '&(!&)!) reg&r /eor ! ! $o%&e)!) #

(o $oo $er *(! e$+r*%+*r! "er'e%+! e( $0 /&$/!.

EL )ISTORICISMO JURIDICO Y LAS CORRIENTES SOCIOLOGICAS

D*r!(+e e $&go "!$!)o $e )e$!rro< e( Ae/!(&!, ! &($+!(%&! )e S!3&g(#, !

e$%*e! -&$+or&%&$+! )e Dere%-o. L! "o$&%&<( )e e$+e (o+!be *r&$+!, $eg*&)! *ego

"or 3!r&o$ o+ro$ 1*e !"or+!ro( *( %oo$! $&$+e/! *r0)&%o ! /*()o

%o(+e/"or7(eo ! +r!3;$ )e (*/ero$!$ obr!$ # )e %<)&go %&3& !e/7( )e ,

$*"o(0! 1*e %!)! "*ebo %o($+r*0! e( $* )&!r&o 1*e-!%er e Dere%-o 1*e e er!%orre$"o()&e(+e. L*ego, ! +!re! )e *r&$+! er! +o/!ro, org!(&4!ro, )!re *(

Pag. 16




/!r%o +e<r&%o # %o(3er+&ro e( *( Dere%-o e!bor!)o. E Dere%-o (!%&)o )e

"*ebo er! e Dere%-o "o"*!r, e $&g*&e(+e er! e Dere%-o o%*+o.

S!3&g(# !"!re%e ! Dere%-o %o( e$+! +eor0!, e$ (e%e$!r&o )e%&ro, e( *(!

%o#*(+*r! "!r+&%*!r: o(!"!r+e -!b0! &/"*e$+o ! Ae/!(&! )*r!(+e !rgo$ !Bo$ e

C<)&go C&3& Fr!(%;$ #, +er/&(!)o $* &/"er&o, !"!re%e e( o$ +err&+or&o$ )e e$e

'*+*ro E$+!)o Ae/7( ! )&$%*$&<( +e<r&%! )e $& $e )eb0! !$*/&r o (o e %<)&go

%o/o (or/! &(+er(! %o( !g*(!$ /o)&'&%!%&o(e$, %o/o 3e(0! o%*rr&e()o e(

/*%-o$ o+ro$ "!0$e$. E (!%&o(!&$/o !e/7( 're(+e ! Fr!(%&! e$ e3&)e(+e '!%+or

)e'&(&+or&o e( ! "o$&%&<( )e S!3&g(# # +r&*('! $&( /!#or %o(+r!+&e/"o. S* +eor0!,

"or o+r! "!r+e, e$ "er'e%+!/e(+e %o-ere(+e %o( eo: e Dere%-o !e/7( (o "*e)e

$er e 'r!(%;$, "or1*e Ae/!(&! +&e(e *( "*ebo 1*e -! "ro)*%&)o e $*#o

"o"*!r/e(+e # 1*e %orre$"o()e ! $*$ *r&$+!$ %o(3er+&ro e( %*+o.

L! e$%*e! -&$+<r&%! e$ -o# re%or)!)! '*()!/e(+!/e(+e (o "or e &/"or+!(+e

+r!b!o 1*e -&4o $obre !$ '*e(+e$ %o($*e+*)&(!r&!$ !e/!(!$, $&(o "or $*

gr!()&o$! $&$+e/!+&4!%&<( # re%re!%&<( )e Dere%-o Ro/!(o.

Re3!or&4!ro(, e( e "!(o +e<r&%o # e( $* +r!b!o %o+&)&!(o, e ro 1*e %!be ! !$

%o()*%+!$ $o%&!e$ )e "*ebo e( ! %o('or/!%&<( )e Dere%-o # )e e$+e /o)o

I-er&(g, o+ro )e o$ gr!()e$ *r&$+!$ )e e$+! e$%*e!, ego ! "re'&g*r!r !

(e%e$&)!) %o(%re+! )e *(! $o%&oog0! )e Dere%-o $obre ! b!$e )e e$+!

"er$"e%+&3! ge(er!.

M7$ +!r)e, e$+! &)e! "&o(er! ego ! +o/!r %*er"o e( ! /&$/! Ae/!(&! # e( o+ro$

*g!re$, re%o(o%&e()o %o/o reg! ge(er! 1*e e Dere%-o (or/!b! ! ! $o%&e)!) #

1*e, "or +!(+o, o 1*e e( e$+! o%*rr0! er! '*()!/e(+! "!r! %o(o%er, "er'e%%&o(!r #

e(r&1*e%er +!(+o e %o(+e(&)o (or/!+&3o %o/o ! !"&%!%&<( )e $&$+e/! *r0)&%o.

E !"or+e gob! )e -&$+or&%&$/o # )e $o%&oog&$/o -! $&)o "o$&+&3o, ! re%o(o%er

! "*ebo # ! $*$ %o()*%+!$ *( &/"or+!(+e ro e( ! %o('or/!%&<( )e Dere%-o #

$o%&e)!) (or/!)!.

CONDUCTAS, NORMAS Y VALORES EN EL DEREC)O

Pag. 17




Lo 1*e re$*+! %!ro )e o )&%-o -!$+! !1*0 e$ 1*e e Dere%-o (o +&e(e (& *(!

*(&)!) )e obe+o &()&$%*+&be, (& e$+r*%+*r!/e(+e )ebe +e(er! !8(. L!$ +eor0!$

*$(!+*r!&$+!$, "o$&+&3! # $o%&oog&$+!$, e(+re o+r!$, !$0 %o/o ! "!r+&%*!r

e$+r*%+*r!%&<( # !"&%!%&<( )e $&$+e/!, e6&ge( ! %o(3erge(%&! )e o$ +re$ee/e(+o$ %o($&)er!)o$ e( e +0+*o )e e$+e "!r7gr!'o.

L! +eor0! +r&)&/e($&o(! )e Dere%-o, "o$+*!)! "or C!ro$ Co$$&o # e(!rbo!)! e(

e Per8 '*()!/e(+!/e(+e "or C!ro$ Fer(7()e4 Se$$!rego e( 3!r&o$ +r!b!o$, -!

re$*/&)o ! )&%-o$ ee/e(+o$ %o/o %o/"o(e(+e$ e$e(%&!e$ e &($e"!r!be$ )e

Dere%-o. No "re+e()e/o$e( e$+! "!r+e (& $*/!r(o$ ! e! (& !(!&4!r +o)o$ $*$

/!+&%e$ # "!r+&%*!r&)!)e$ >"*e$ +&e(e 3!r&o$ 1*e /ere%e( )&$1*&$&%&o(e$ (o

!)e%*!)!$ e( *(! obr! )e e$+! (!+*r!e4!?.

M7$ b&e(, (o$ &(+ere$! -!%er *( e($!#o )e %o(%*$&<( '&(! e( b!$e ! +o)o o

)e$!rro!)o e( e$+e &bro # re$!+!r ! &/"or+!(%&! e'e%+&3! 1*e %o()*%+!$, (or/!$

# 3!ore$ +&e(e( e( *( $&$+e/! *r0)&%o %o/o e (*e$+ro.

!? L#7 "%4;"$#7 &('*#e( e( /*+&+*) )e %!/"o$: e( o "o0+&%o # (or/!+&3o )e

E$+!)o, e( e !"or+e ! Dere%-o %o($*e+*)&(!r&o # e( e /;r&+o 1*e /ere%e( e(

! !"&%!%&<( )e Dere%-o, 30! ! &(+er"re+!%&<( o ! &(+egr!%&<( *r0)&%!,

e$"e%&!/e(+e e( $*$ )&/e($&o(e$ $o%&o<g&%!$.

b? L%7 <#%&e7 $e &(+egr!( )e$)e e %o(+e(&)o "o0+&%o )e E$+!)o, "!$!()o "or !

*r&$"r*)e(%&! # ! )o%+r&(! %o/o '*e(+e$ )e Dere%-o2 '&!()o %o/o %r&+er&o

&/"or+!(+e ! "o$&%&<( !6&o/7+&%! )e &(+er"re+!%&<(2 !%+*!()o ! +r!3;$ )e

)&3er$o$ ee/e(+o$, %o/o e /;+o)o <g&%o, e $&$+e/7+&%o, ! $* /e)&)! e

-&$+<r&%o2 # "or o$ !"o+eg/!$, o$ "r&(%&"&o$ ge(er!e$ # o$ +&(+e$ "!r+&%*!re$

)e ! !(!og0!.

%? L#7 4%&#7 >;&:!"#7 $o( e$e(%&!e$ e( ! '*(%&<( (or/!+&3! ge(er! )e

E$+!)o, e(+re !$ 1*e )e$+!%!( ! )&3er$&)!) eg&$!+&3! # e "e$o 'or/! )e !

*r&$"r*)e(%&!, # %o($+&+*#e( b!$e$ '*()!/e(+!e$ )e +o)! ! !"&%!%&<(

*r0)&%!.

Por eo %o($&)er!/o$ 1*e (o e6&$+e e6%*$&<( (& )e %o()*%+!$, (& )e 3!ore$, (& )e

(or/!$ )e(+ro )e Dere%-o. Por o /&$/o, %ree/o$ 1*e e !ge(+e )e Dere%-o, e(

Pag. 18




! "*r!&)!) )e roe$ 1*e e +o%! ee%*+!r, +&e(e 1*e +o/!r e( %o($&)er!%&<( +o)o$

e$+o$ ee/e(+o$, )eb&)!/e(+e "o()er!)o$ $eg8( $* %r&+er&o, "!r! +r!b!!r e( !

e$+r*%+*r! # e( ! o"er!%&<( )e $&$+e/! e( $* %o(*(+o. Eo ob&g!, '&(!/e(+e, !

1*e 1*&e( +&e(e 1*e +r!b!!r )e(+ro )e Dere%-o !$*/! *(! e6%ee(+e 'or/!%&<( *r0)&%! 1*e &(%*#e, (e%e$!r&!/e(+e, %o/"e/e(+!%&o(e$ )e or)e( '&o$<'&%o #

$o%&o<g&%o.

EL DEREC)O COMO CIENCIA

E$ *(! 3&e! )&$%*$&<( ! 1*e "!(+e! e$+e 8+&/o e"0gr!'e e Dere%-o e$ *(!

%&e(%&! o /7$ b&e( *(! )&$%&"&(! +e<r&%! )e $!ber -*/!(o

To)o )e"e()e )e "*(+o )e "!r+&)!, e$ )e%&r, )e o 1*e %o($&)er!/o$ %&e(%&!.

Mo)er(!/e(+e, $e %o($&)er! 1*e *(! %&e(%&! )ebe +e(er %*!()o /e(o$

"re$*"*e$+o$ %o/*(e$, *(&)!) )e obe+o # *(&)!) )e /;+o)o. E$ eo o 1*e

"er/&+e )e$!rro!r # !%*/*!r *( %o(o%&/&e(+o &(+er$*be+&3o 1*e, $&( (eg!r !

&((o3!%&<(, "er/&+! &(+er!%+*!r )e(+ro )e *( %!/"o %!ro # )&$+&(+o )e 1*e-!%er

&(+ee%+*! %o( $e(+&)o *(&3o%o.

E Dere%-o %!re%e )e o$ +re$ re1*&$&+o$, e(+e()&e()o %o/o )&$%&"&(! gob! )e

%o(o%&/&e(+o -*/!(o. Por o +!(+o, %o($&)er!/o$ 1*e (o e$ %&e(%&!, $&(o

)&$%&"&(! )e $!ber.

E( e /*()o !%+*! "!re%e e6!ger!r$e ! &/"or+!(%&! )e !$ %&e(%&!$, ! "*(+o +!,

1*e $& $e (&eg! +! %!&)!) ! *( r!/o )e $!ber, !*+o/7+&%!/e(+e $e o e(+&e()e

)e3!*!)o. No %ree/o$ 1*e )eb! $er e %!$o: !$ %&e(%&!$ +&e(e $* 7/b&+o # $*

!"or+e ! ! -*/!(&)!), "ero *( %&e(+&'&%&$/o )e$/e)&)o e &(ge(*!/e(+e

"!(+e!)o %o/o !*+<(o/o, +!/b&;( "*e)e e3!r ! %!+7$+ro'e$.

E( e $&$+e/! e$e(&!(o $e -! )e'e()&)o 'e(</e(o$ *r0)&%o$ 1*e "rob!be/e(+e

(o e$+*3o e( ! /e(+e )e )&%-o !*+or eg&+&/!r, "ero 1*e !$0 !"!re%e( %o/o

8+&/!$ %o($e%*e(%&!$ )e o 1*e ; "ro"*$o.

A (&(g*(! r!/! )e %o(o%&/&e(+o -*/!(o -!# 1*e (eg!re (& $* 3o%!%&<(

%&e(+0'&%!, (& ! "o$&b&&)!) )e eg!r ! $er %&e(%&! !g8( )0!. Pero o!! 1*e %*!()oe$o eg*e, $e! e( o$ +;r/&(o$ -*/!(o$ )eb&)o$. E$+!/o$ %o(3e(%&)o$ )e !

Pag. 19




(e%e$&)!) )e %o(3er+&r ! Dere%-o e( %&e(%&!. Pero (o e$ %o(3e(&e(+e $!%r&'&%!r

$*$ /!+&%e$ # $* r&1*e4! "!r! ogr!r +! g!!r)<(, (& e$ "re%&$o )e$/ere%ero

"or1*e !8( e '!+! +re%-o "!r! eo. M7$ b&e(, 1*e e( e %!/&(o "or re%orrer, +o)!

e$! r&1*e4! $e! $&$+e/!+&4!)! e &(%or"or!)! %o/o "!r+e )e *(! '*+*r! %&e(%&! *r0)&%! &(+egr!, ! $er3&%&o )e $*$ /eore$ # (o $&e/"re %*/"&)o$ "ro"<$&+o$.

II. LOS DEREC)OS )UMANOS

Se e$ %o(%e"+8! %o/o '!%*+!)e$, "rerrog!+&3!$, "r&3&eg&o$ # &ber+!)e$

'*()!/e(+!e$, 1*e +&e(e *(! "er$o(! "or e $&/"e -e%-o )e $ero, $&( o$ %*!e$,

(o $e "*e)e 3&3&r %o/o +!, +!/b&;( $e )&%e( 1*e %o(%re+!( e( %!)! /o/e(+o

-&$+<r&%o !$ e6&ge(%&!$ )e )&g(&)!), &ber+!) # ! &g*!)!) -*/!(!. E$+o$

%o(+&e(e( 3!ore$ '*()!/e(+!e$2 $o( )ere%-o$ (o$ "er+e(e%e( ! +o)o$ o$ $ere$

-*/!(o$, $&( (&(g8( +&"o )e e6%e"%&<( $oo "or e -e%-o )e "er+e(e%er ! !e$"e%&e -*/!(!.

Pag. 20




No $o( )ere%-o$ 1*e ! $o%&e)!) 9%o(%e)e, $& (o 1*e ! $o%&e)!) 9re%o(o%e, "or

eo, (*(%! "*e)e( $er %*e$+&o(!)o$ #, e$ ob&g!%&<( )e e$+!)o, %o($!gr!ro$ #

g!r!(+&4!ro$.

E )ere%-o %o/o ! /or!, L! %&e(%&!, e !r+e, L! +;%(&%! o ! re&g&o$&)!),

Per+e(e%e e /*()o )e -o/bre, ! 1*&e( e $&r3e %o/o /e)&o P!r! 1*e Re!&%e

%o/o "er$o(! # !%!(%e $*$ '&(e$ "ro"&o$ )e(+ro )e !$ (or/!$ )e

%oe6&$+e(%&!&)!) >3&3e e( %o($+!(+e re!%&<( %o( o$ )e/7$?.

L! "er$o(! -*/!(!, e(+e()&)! %o/o *(! e$+r*%+*r! &()&3&)*! )e Po+e(%&!

r!%&o(! # 3o*(+!) &bre, e$, $eg8( ! e6"re$&<( De S!(+o To/7$ )e 1*&(o, 9o

/7$ "er'e%+o )e ! (!+*r!e4! 9, # +o)o$ +&e(e( e )eber )e )e'e()er # "ro+eger!.E$+! re$"o($!b&&)!) e$ *(! e6&ge(%&! $o%&! 1*e &/"&%! %o/"ro/&$o %o(

(o$o+ro$ /&$/o$ )e %o/"or+!r(o$ )e %&er+! /!(er!, !)e/7$ )e *(!

re$"o($!b&&)!) "e(! )e !+er&)!).

E -o/bre e$ *( $er 1*e e6&$+e e( $0 # (o e( o+ro2 %o($+&+*#e 9*( '&( e( /&$/o #,

"or e$o, !/7$ "*e)e $er *+&&4!)o %o/o /e)&o. T&e(e( %o/o +r&b*+o$ e$e(%&!e$ !

&ber+!) # ! r!%&o(!&)!), 1*e $o( ! r!04 # e '*()!/e(+o )e $* )&g(&)!), # )e

!%*er)o eo e %orre$"o()e( )e+er/&(!)o$ )ere%-o$ b7$&%o$ 1*e $o( '!%*+!)e$,

"o)ere$ o "o+e$+!)e$ $obre +o)o o 1*e e e$ (e%e$!r&o "!r! %*/"&r %o( $* )e$+&(o,

e$ )e%&r, "!r! re!&4!r$e %o/o $er -*/!(o.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ '*()!/e(+!e$ !+&e()e( ! *( %o(*(+o )e '!%*+!)e$ # !+r&b*%&o(e$

"!r! %*#! +&+*!r&)!) e$ %o()&%&<( (e%e$!r&! # $*'&%&e(+e e "er+e(e%er ! g;(ero

-*/!(o. E( e$e $e(+&)o, ! ! "er$o(! -*/!(! %o($&)er!)! e( )obe !$"e%+o,

&()&3&)*! # $o%&! e %orre$"o()e e eer%&%&o )e )&%-!$ '!%*+!)e$ "or ! $&/"e

r!4<( )e $* "ro"&! (!+*r!e4!, 1*e e$ ! /&$/o +&e/"o o"ore!, e$"&r&+*! # $o%&!.

L! (e%e$&)!) )e $* re%o(o%&/&e(+o # "ro+e%%&<( $e !/"!r! e( ! (e%e$&)!) )e

%o($er3!r, )e$!rro!r # "er'e%%&o(!r ! $er -*/!(o e( e %*/"&/&e(+o )e $*$

'&(e$ )e e6&$+e(%&! # !$o%&!%&<(.

L! re'ere(%&! ! o$ )ere%-o$ '*()!/e(+!e$ e3! &/"0%&+! ! (o%&<( !$o%&!)! )e

)&g(&)!) -*/!(! e -&$+<r&%!, #! 1*e, "or *( !)o, ! "r&/er! e6&ge 1*e ! $o%&e)!)

re$"e+e ! e$'er! )e &()e"e()e(%&! )e -o/bre, $* !*+o(o/0! # o$ '&(e$ "ro"&o$

"!r! o$ 1*e -! $&)o %re!)o2 # "or e o+ro, "or1*e ! +r!3;$ )e o$ +&e/"o$ e

Pag. 21




-o/bre 9)e$%*bre # "o$+er&or/e(+e 9(or/!+&3&4! '!%*+!)e$ 1*e e $&r3e( "!r!

!$eg*r!r !$ %o()&%&o(e$ )e *(! e6&$+e(%&! # %oe6&$+e(%&! %!b!/e(+e 9-*/!(!.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ '*()!/e(+!e$ -!%e( 1*e e $er -*/!(o !%!(%e $* 0(+egr!

"er$o(!&)!)2 e$ )e%&r, !*)e( ! )ere%-o )e $er ge(*&(! # %!b!/e(+e -o/bre$.

P!r+&e()o )e *(! "re/&$! +eo<g&%!, e$+o$ )ere%-o$ re$*+!( &()&$"e($!be$ "!r! !

*$+! %o(3&3e(%&! # $o( e$e(%&!e$ "!r! !%!(4!r e e1*&&br!)o )e$!rroo )e

(*e$+r! "er$o(!&)!).

S* )e(o/&(!%&<( /7$ !"ro"&!)! e$ ! )e 9)ere%-o$ '*()!/e(+!e$, e6"re$&<(

1*e e/!(! )e ! Org!(&4!%&<( )e !$ N!%&o(e$ U(&)!$ >ONU?, ! /&$/! 1*e

+e<r&%!/e(+e e$ err!)!, #! 1*e $e &(%*rre e( *(! +!*+oog0! JURIDICA. E(

"*r&)!), $e +r!+! )e *(! )e(o/&(!%&<( re"e+&+&3!, e( r!4<( )e 1*e o$ )ere%-o$ )e

"or $0 $o( 9-*/!(o$, "*e$ e -o/bre e$ e 8(&%o $*e+o +&+*!r )e )ere%-o$ #

)ebere$ >%o/o $!be/o$, (& o$ !(&/!e$ (& !$ "!(+!$ o$+e(+!( +&+*!r&)!) $obre

!$ "rerrog!+&3!$ *r0)&%!$?.

L! $&(g*!r&)!) )e o$ )ebere$ '*()!/e(+!e$ r!)&%! e( 1*e e6%*#e( !

*+&&4!%&<( )e !+r&b*+o$ !)e+&3o$ %o/o ! &)&o$&(%r!$&!, e $e6o * o+ro -e%-o

e6+r!Bo # !e(o ! )e *( "er+e(e%er ! e$! "e%*&!r e$"e%&e )e $ere$ %!"!%e$ )e

/!(&'e$+!r r!4<(, )e$eo, e$"er!(4!, 'r*$+r!%&<(, )oor, %o(3&%%&<( o %o(%&e(%&!.

A*( %*!()o $e! 9!"!re(+e/e(+e %o(+r!)&%+or&o, )&%-! %o()&%&<( -*/!(! e

&(!&e(!be, "e$e ! !berg!r, %o/o )&er! e( e$%r&+or !rge(+&(o Er(e$+o S7b!+o,

9+!(+o *( +or+*r!)or %o/o ! *( S!(+o.

T!e$ )ere%-o$ (o $o( %o('er&)o$ "or e e$+!)o2 '*#e(, re"e+&/o$, )e ! (!+*r!e4!

/&$/! )e $er -*/!(o # "er+e(e%e( "or &g*! ! +o)o$ o$ /&e/bro$ )e ! e$"e%&e.Por eo -!( $&)o %!&'&%!)o$ %o/o )ere%-o$ (!+*r!e$, I((!+o$, &(!&e(!be$,

&/"re$%r&"+&be, &(3&o!be$, !b$o*+o$, (e%e$!r&o$, !"r&or0$+&%o$ # -!$+!, %o/o

!'&r/!ro( o$ re3o*%&o(!r&o$ 'r!(%e$e$ )e $&go VIII, $!gr!)o$.

A-or! b&e(, +o)o$ o$ re$"o($!be$ e( 'or/! &()&3&)*! # %oe%+&3! )e $* re$"e+o #

)e'e($!. Co/o !'&r/! Er(e$T*ge()-!+, e$+! 9%orre$"o($!b&&)!) &/"&%!

9%o(%eb&r(o$ b!o *(! /or! )e re$"e+o *(&3er$!.

CARACTERSTICAS DE LOS DEREC)OS )UMANOS

FUNDAMENTALES

Pag. 22




E(+re o$ "r&(%&"!e$ 1*e )&$+&(g*e( ! o$ )ere%-o$ '*()!/e(+!e$ e$ +!( o$

$&g*&e(+e$:

• UNIVERSALES: $*$ "r&(%&"&o$ $o( %o/*(e$ ! +o)o$ o$ $ere$ -*/!(o$, $&(

(&(g8( +&"o )e )&$+&(%&<(. So( "!+r&/o(&o %o/8( # "er"e+*o )e ! -*/!(&)!).• INTRNSECOS: $* "o$e$&<( # go%e (o )e"e()e )e ! "re3&! !%re)&+!%&<( )e

(&(g*(! %*!&)!) o "ro"&e)!) )&3er$! o )&$+&(+! ! ! )e $er *( $er -*/!(o.• ABSOLUTOS: $o( ! ge(*&(! e6"re$&<( )e b&e(e$ '*()!/e(+!e$ ree3!(+e$

"!r! o$ +&+*!re$, %o($+&+*#e()o, "or e()e, e6&ge(%&!$ $*"re/!$ re$"e%+o )e

%*!1*&er o+r! 1*e "ro3e(g! )e %o($&)er!%&o(e$ e%o(</&%!$, "o0+&%!$, e+%.Se +r!+! )e re1*er&/&e(+o$ 1*e, e( %!$o )e e(+r!r e( %o('&%+o %o( o+ro$, o$

)e$"!4! -!$+! !(*!ro$.• INALIENABLES: $o( )ere%-o$ 1*e (o "*e)e( $er obe+o )e +r!($'ere(%&! !

o+ro$ $*e+o$.Deb&)o ! $* %!r7%+er <"+&%o #! 1*e )e+er/&(!( e $&g(&'&%!)o )e $er &)e(+&'&%!)o

%o/o *( $er -*/!(o, (o e$ "o$&be re(*(%&!r ! eo$. E( $*/!, e$ &(!)/&$&be

$* )&$"o$&%&<( )&$%re%&o(! # !rb&+r!r&!.• PERPETUOS: $*$ "r&(%&"&o$ $o( "er/!(e(+e$ e( e +&e/"o. S* e6&$+e(%&! (o

$e e6+&(g*e (*(%!, "or $er %o($*$+!(%&!e$ ! ! (!+*r!e4! -*/!(!. No e6&$+e

%&r%*($+!(%&! !g*(! 1*e "*e)! )e+er/&(!r $* )e$!"!r&%&<(, $!3o 1*e e$+7

!%!(%e ! g;(ero -*/!(o e( $0 /&$/o.• INMUTABLES: $*$ "r&(%&"&o$ (o $o( /*+!be$, #! 1*e ! (!+*r!e4! -*/!(!

(o +!/b&;( 3!r0!.• INDELEBLES: $*$ "r&(%&"&o$ (o "*e)e( $er $*"r&/&)o$ )e $e(+&/&e(+o

-*/!(o.• UNITARIOS: $*$ "r&(%&"&o$ $o( &()&3&$&be$, #! 1*e $o( o$ /&$/o$, $&(

&/"or+!r e +&e/"o o *g!r.• OBLIGATORIOS: $*$ "r&(%&"&o$ )ebe( $er !%e"+!)o$ )e /!(er! ge(;r&%!.• NECESARIOS: $*$ "r&(%&"&o$ $o( &/"re$%&()&be$ "!r! ! e6&$+e(%&! #

%oe6&$+e(%&! -*/!(!$.

ETAPAS DE LA CONSAGRACI(N TE(RICA Y PRCTICA DE LOS

DEREC)OS FUNDAMENTALES

• Per&o)o )e ! "ro%!/!%&<(• Per&o)o )e ! "ro+e%%&<(• Per0o)o )e ! "ro/o%&<(

Pag. 23




CLASIFICACI(N DE LOS DEREC)OS FUNDAMENTALES

1. DEREC)OS DE PRIMERA GENERACI(NSo( o$ "r&/ero$ 1*e !%!(4!ro( re%o(o%&/&e(+o # "ro+e%%&<( e( -&$+or&!.Lo$

)ere%-o$ %&3&e$ "er/&+e( e )&$'r*+e )e ! &ber+!) "er$o(! # )e $* !*+o(o/0!, #

$e re'&ere( ! !$"e%+o$ %o/o "ro+e%%&<( )e ! &ber+!) "er$o(!, "ro+e%%&<( )e !

&(+egr&)!) '0$&%! # e$"&r&+*!, e+%.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ "o0+&%o$, "or $* "!r+e (o $o( re%o(o%&)o$ ! ! "er$o(! 1*e o$ eer%e

e( o"o$&%&<( ! e$+!)o.

2. DEREC)OS DE SEGUNDA GENERACI(NSo(, -&$+<r&%!/e(+e, o$ 1*e $&g*e( ! o$ !(+er&ore$ e( )e$!rroo. E( e$+e "er&o)o

!"!re%e( (o o$ )e(o/&(!)o$ )ere%-o$ e%o(</&%o$, )ere%-o$ $o%&!e$ # )ere%-o$

%*+*r!e$, 1*e &/"&%!( *(! "ro/o%&<( )e b&e(e$+!r )e )e$!rroo /76&/o )e !$

'!%*+!)e$ '0$&%!$, e$"&r&+*!e$ e &(+ee%+*!e$ )e -o/bre.

3. DEREC)OS DE TERCERA GENERACI(NSo( o$ 1*e /7$ re%&e(+e/e(+e -! !%!(4!)o re%o(o%&/&e(+o # "ro+e%%&<(, #

%o($+&+*#e( re$"*e$+! ! 'e(</e(o$ %o/o !$ %o('!gr!%&o(e$ b;&%!$.

E6&$+e(%&! )e *(! $o%&e)!) org!(&4!)! e( 'or/! )e e$+!)o. E -o/bre $<o "*e)e

$er &bre e( *( e$+!)o &bre. Se )e$"re()e )e eo )e"e()e )&re%+!/e(+e )e (&3e

)e org!(&4!%&<( )e !$ &($+&+*%&o(e$ "o0+&%!$ 1*e gob&er(!( ! o$ "*ebo$, #, "or

e()e, e$+!$ "ro+e$+!$ re1*&ere( ! "e(! 3&ge(%&! )e $&$+e/! eg! )e ! $o%&e)!).

Pag. 24




III. EL DEBER JURIDICO

E$ ! %o(+r!"!r+e )e )ere%-o $*be+&3o, %o( e %*! e$ %orre!+&3o: ! +o)o )eber

%orre$"o()e *(! '!%*+!), # 3&%e3er$!. Tr!+!, e( "r&(%&"&o, )e %o/"or+!/&e(+o

&/"*e$+o "or ! e#.

E;#&% G#&":# M?4e $eB!! e )eber *r0)&%o %o/o 5! re$+r&%%&<( )e !

&ber+!) e6+er&or )e *(! "er$o(!, )er&3!)! )e ! '!%*+!), %o(%e)&)! ! o+r! * o+r!$,)e e6&g&r )e ! "r&/er! %&er+! %o()*%+!, "o$&+&3! o (eg!+&3!5.

E$ (e%e$!r&o )&$+&(g*&r e(+re o$ )ebere$ *r0)&%o$, '*()!)o$ e( !$ (or/!$

*r0)&%!$, )e !1*eo$ o+ro$ )ebere$ 1*e )er&3!( )e (or/!$ /or!e$, re&g&o$!$, )e

+r!+o $o%&!, e+%.

Por ee/"o *( "!)re +&e(e e )eber *r0)&%o )e !&/e(+!r ! $* -&o /e(or2 "ero

!)e/7$ +&e(e e )eber /or! )e -!%ero, ! re&g&<( $e o &/"o(e # !$ (or/!$ )e

+r!+o $o%&! o ob&g!( +!/b&;( ! eo. E$ "re%&$o (o %o('*()&r e$+o$ )ebere$

"or1*e !*(1*e $e "!re4%!( $o( )&$+&(+o$ )eb&)o ! 1*e %!)! +&"o )e (or/!$

)e+er/&(! *( +&"o e$"e%&! )e )ebere$.

Por o+r! "!r+e e$ (e%e$!r&o )&$+&(g*&r e(+re e )eber e$"e%0'&%!/e(+e *r0)&%o,

%re!)o "or ! (or/! *r0)&%!, # e )eber /or! )e %*/"&r o 1*e /!()!( !$

(or/!$ )e Dere%-o 3&ge(+e. Eo$ $o( )ebere$ )&$+&(+o$, !*(1*e $e )e( %o/o

%o&(%&)e(+e$. E )eber *r0)&%o $e '*()! 8(&%! # e6%*$&3!/e(+e e( ! e6&$+e(%&! )e*(! (or/! )e Dere%-o "o$&+&3o 1*e o &/"o(e. E )eber /or! )e %*/"&r o

Pag. 25




or)e(!)o e( !$ (or/!$ *r0)&%!$ +&e(e %o/o %o(+e(&)o )&%-!$ (or/!$, "ero (o $e

'*()! e( e! $&(o e( 3!ore$ /or!e$.

G;7$#<% R#=&;" Seg8( e$+e *r&$+! e )eber /or! )&'&ere )e *r0)&%o e( 1*e e

"r&/ero (o "*e)e $er e6&g&)o e( %!/b&o e $eg*()o $0. L! ob&g!%&<( /or! e$

)eber, "*r! # $&/"e/e(+e2 ! *r0)&%! (o e$ $<o )eber, $&(o )e*)!. Fre(+e !

ob&g!)o "or ! (or/! /or! (o -!# o+r! "er$o(! 1*e "*e)! e6&g&re e

%*/"&/&e(+o2 're(+e ! ob&g!)o "or *(! (or/! *r0)&%!, e( %!/b&o, e6&$+e *(

"re+e($or. De !-0 ! %orre!+&3&)!) )e !$ (o%&o(e$ )e )eber *r0)&%o # )ere%-o

$*be+&3o.

IV. EL DEREC)O PUBLICO Y PRIVADO

SEGN MARCIAL RUBIO

E6&$+e *(! gr!( %o('*$&<( -o# e( )0! e(+or(o ! e$+! )&$+&(%&<( # e! e$ 'r*+o )e

%!r7%+er )&(7/&%o 1*e +&e(e( e Dere%-o # e E$+!)o. H!$+! -!%e %o$! )e )o$

$&go$, ! )&$+&(%&<( e(+re )ere%-o "8b&%o # )ere%-o "r&3!)o er! b!$+!(+e %!r!: e

"r&/ero $e o%*"!b! )e reg*!r e gob&er(o # e $eg*()o !$ re!%&o(e$ "r&3!)!$

e(+re !$ "er$o(!$. Por !1*e e(+o(%e$ !/bo$ "!(o$ er!( )&'ere(%&!)o$ # (o

o're%0!(, %!$&, 4o(! gr&$ )&'0%& )e )&$+&(g*&r. S&( e/b!rgo, e( o$ 8+&/o$ )o$

$&go$, e E$+!)o -! !$*/&)o *(! %!(+&)!) %re%&e(+e )e '*(%&o(e$. M*%-o$ -e%-o$

1*e !(+e$ 1*e)!b!( &br!)o$ ! ! e(+er! &ber+!) )e !$ "er$o(!$ !-or! +&e(e(

&(ere(%&! )e E$+!)o, %o( o %*! $e "ro)*%e, !(+e *( /&$/o -e%-o, !

$*"er"o$&%&<( )e (or/!$ "8b&%!$ # "r&3!)!$. E$+! 4o(! gr&$, ! %re%er, )&$+or$&o(<

! %!r&)!) )e ! )&$+&(%&<( e(+re !/bo$ gr*"o$.

No ob$+!(+e, ! )&'ere(%&! e(+re )ere%-o "8b&%o # )ere%-o "r&3!)o, e$+7 /!r%!)!

"or !g*(o$ r!$go$ "!r+&%*!re$. Por ee/"o, /&e(+r!$ 1*e e( e )ere%-o "r&3!)o

"re3!e%e ! &ber+!) &()&3&)*!, e( e )ere%-o "8b&%o r&ge e "r&(%&"&o !+r&b*+&3o o

)e %o/"e+e(%&!, $eg8( e %*! e '*(%&o(!r&o $oo "*e)e -!%er !1*eo e( o 1*e

+&e(e %o/"e+e(%&! !$&g(!)! "or (or/! $*"er&or.

De o+ro !)o, e( e )ere%-o "r&3!)o $e $*"o(e 1*e +o)!$ !$ "er$o(!$ 1*e

"!r+&%&"!( )e -e%-o 1*e $e +r!+e >"or ee/"o *( %o(+r!+o?, e$+!r7( e( &g*!)!)

Pag. 26




'or/! )e %o()&%&o(e$ 're(+e ! ! e#. L! Co($+&+*%&<(, e( e &(%&$o )e $* !r+0%*o

)&%e +e6+*!/e(+e: To)! "er$o(! +&e(e )ere%-o ... ! ! &g*!)!) !(+e ! e#

.... S&( e/b!rgo, e( e )ere%-o "8b&%o $e !"&%! o %o(+r!r&o, "*e$ e$ $!b&)o

1*e e E$+!)o +&e(e *(! $er&e )e 0/&+e$ # )e "r&3&eg&o$ 1*e, "or ee/"o e( *(%!$o )e %o(+r!+!%&<(, o "o(e( e( "&e )e )e$&g*!)!) >"or e(%&/!? )e $* %o=

%o(+r!+!(+e %*!()o e$+e e$ $*e+o "r&3!)o. A$0, e E$+!)o (o "*e)e $er e/b!rg!)o

(& ee%*+!)o %o!%+&3!/e(+e, # "*e)e, "or r!4o(e$ )e &(+er;$ "8b&%o, re$%&()&r $*$

%o(+r!+o$ )e )ere%-o "8b&%o %o( +er%ero$. S&( e/b!rgo,

Lo$ +er%ero$ 1*e %o(+r!+!( %o( ; %!re%e( )e +o)o$ e$+o$ "r&3&eg&o$. To)o e$+o e$

%&er+o, "ero -!# 1*e -!%er e6%e"%&<( )e o$ %o(+r!+o$=e#, 1*e !+e(8!( ! /!#or

'e6&b&&)!) "!r! e E$+!)o.

E )ere%-o "8b&%o # e )ere%-o "r&3!)o, $o( )o$ gr!()e$ %o(*(+o$ 1*e $e

org!(&4!( e( b!$e ! "r&(%&"&o$ $&$+e/7+&%o$ "!r+&%*!re$ # )&'ere(%&!e$ # 1*e, "or

o +!(+o, e6&$+e( ! "e$!r )e 1*e, e(+re eo$, -!#! e'e%+&3!/e(+e *(! 4o(! gr&$ e(

%o($+!(+e %re%&/&e(+o 1*e )e$)&b*! ! )&'ere(%&!.

F&(!/e(+e, )ere%-o "8b&%o # )ere%-o "r&3!)o +&e(e( +!/b&;( %o$!$ e( %o/8(:

!$ (or/!$ )e !/bo$ $o( "ro)*%&)!$ $eg8( o$ %r&+er&o$ +o/!)o$ e( %*e(+! !

-!b!r )e !$ '*e(+e$ 'or/!e$2 e( !/bo$ %!$o$ e E$+!)o "o(e $* '*er4! %o!%+&3!

)e+r7$ )e %*/"&/&e(+o e'e%+&3o )e o$ /!()!+o$2 e( !/bo$ $e +o/!( e( %*e(+!

!$ %o()*%+!$ e6"0%&+!$ # (o o re$er3!)o ! "e($!/&e(+o # ! %o(%&e(%&! >%o/o,

"or ee/"o, $0 o +o/! e( %*e(+! ! /or!? # !$0 $*%e$&3!/e(+e.

SEGN MARIO AL*AMORA

1. DEREC)O PUBLICO

Co(*(+o )e (or/!$ 1*e reg*!( *r0)&%!/e(+e ! org!(&4!%&<( # '*(%&o(!/&e(+o

)e E$+!)o, !$0 %o/o !$ re!%&o(e$ e(+re o$ %&*)!)!(o$ # e E$+!)o. E( $*/!, $o(

!$ (or/!$ *r0)&%!$ $obre ! "ro"&! org!(&4!%&<( )e !"!r!+o e$+!+!, # +o)!$ $*$

'*(%&o(e$. E '&( 1*e "er$&g*e e Dere%-o P8b&%o e$ e &(+er;$ )e ! %oe%+&3&)!),

)e ! org!(&4!%&<( $o%&!, ! '&( )e ogr!r !r/o(0! e( ! %o(3&3e(%&! -*/!(!,

Pag. 27




%*#!$ (or/!$ e$+7( %o(+e(&)!$ "r&(%&"!/e(+e e( e Dere%-o Co($+&+*%&o(!,

Dere%-o Pe(!, Dere%-o A)/&(&$+r!+&3o, e+%.

2. DEREC)O PRIVADO

Nor/!$ 1*e reg*!( o$ !%+o$ # !$ re!%&o(e$ )e o$ "!r+&%*!re$ e(+re $0, "or

ee/"o, %*!()o )o$ "er$o(!$ %o(+r!+!(, $*rge ! ob&g!%&<( )e %*/"&r %o( o$

+;r/&(o$ )e %o(+r!+o2 o %*!()o $e %!$!(, o %*!()o &(&%&!( *(! !%+&3&)!)

%o/er%&!, )e +! 'or/! 1*e eo$ e(+!b!( !$ re!%&o(e$ 1*e /eor %o(3e(g! ! $*$

&(+ere$e$, !1*0 !$ e#e$ )e!( e( &ber+!) ! o$ &(+ere$!)o$ "!r! e$+!be%er $*$

re!%&o(e$, %*#!$ (or/!$ b7$&%!/e(+e e$+7( reg&)!$ "or e C<)&go C&3&, 1*e$eB!! !$ ob&g!%&o(e$, e )ere%-o )e '!/&&!, ! $*%e$&<( o ! -ere(%&!, e+%.

DEREC)O PBLICO DEREC)O PRIVADO• De&e"% C%47$!$;"!%4#

• De&e"% P&%"e7#

• De&e"% Pe4#

•

De&e"% I4$e&4#"!%4# P=!"%• De&e"% A!4!7$&#$!<%

De&e"% C!<!

De&e"% Me&"#4$!

De&e"% I4$e&4#"!%4#

P&!<#%

SEGN VICTOR GARCIA TOMA

EL DEREC)O PBLICO Y PRIVADO

De$)e e "er&o)o Ro/!(0$+&%o $e -!( 3e(&)o 'or/*!()o *(! $er&e )e +eor0!$ *$+&'&%!+or&!$ "!r! "!r%e!r e )ere%-o e(+re !$ 1*e "o)e/o$ /e(%&o(!r:

TEORA CLSICA O DEL INTERHS

Por U"&!(o, $o$+&e(e 1*e e )ere%-o "8b&%o e$+7 %o($+&+*&)o "or (or/!$ 1*e

!/"!r!( e &(+er;$ ge(er! o %oe%+&3o, /&e(+r!$ 1*e e )ere%-o "r&3!)o o e$+7 "or

!$ re'er&)!$ ! &(+er;$ &()&3&)*! o )e o$ "!r+&%*!re$.

TEORA DE LA NATURALE*A DE LA RELACI(N JURDICA

Pag. 28




Georg Je&(eW, $o$+&e(e 1*e ! )&$+&(%&<( )ebe '*()!r$e e( ! (!+*r!e4! )e !$

re!%&o(e$ 1*e !$ (or/!$ e$+!be4%!(: !$ (or/!$ )e )ere%-o "r&3!)o $e re'&ere( !

re!%&o(e$ )e %oor)&(!%&<(, ! "!(+e!r *( "!(o )e &g*!)!) !b$o*+! e(+re o$$*e+o$ "!r+&%*!re$ o e(+re e$+o$ # e E$+!)o2 # !$ )e )ere%-o "8b&%o ! re!%&o(e$

$*bor)&(!%&<(, "*e$ e E$+!)o eer%e $* $ober!(0! o &/"er&o e( e!$ >e( %*!(+o !

E$+!)o, Rog*&( $eB!! 1*e $& &(+er3&e(e e( *(! re!%&<( *r0)&%! $*e+! ! *(!

eg&$!%&<( e$"e%&!, e$! re!%&<( "er+e(e%e ! ! e$'er! )e )ere%-o "8b&%o2 # $& o

-!%e e( *(! re!%&<( $*e+! ! ! eg&$!%&<( %o/8(, e! e$ )e 0()oe "r&3!)!?.

TEORA DEL VALOR EN EL DEREC)O

A*$"&%&!)!, e(+re o+ro$, "or M!r&o A4!/or! V!)e4, e$+! +eor0! $o$+&e(e 1*e

/&e(+r!$ e )ere%-o "r&3!)o +&e(e "or obe+o ! "!$/!%&<( )e ! *$+&%&!

%o(/*+!+&3!, e )ere%-o "8b&%o "ro/*e3e ! *$+&%&! )&$+r&b*+&3!. E( o+r!$

"!!br!$, ! )&3&$&<( re"o$! e( e +&"o )e *$+&%&! 1*e $e !$"&r! ! "!$/!r e( e $e(o

)e ! $o%&e)!).

TEORA DEL VALOR METODOL(GICO

A*$"&%&!)!, "or Le<( D*g*&+, e$+! +eor0! (&eg! ! e6&$+e(%&! )e *(! )&3&$&<( re!

)e )ere%-o e( "8b&%o # "r&3!)o, "ero !%e"+! ! *+&&)!) )e )&%-! )&$+&(%&<( "or

r!4o(e$ $&$+e/7+&%!$, "r7%+&%!$ # /e+o)o<g&%!$. E "ro'e$or D*g*&+ !'&r/! 1*e,

!*( %*!()o (o e6&$+e $e"!r!%&<( +o+! # !b$o*+! e( e &(+er&or )e )ere%-o, !

r!/&'&%!%&<( e$ %o(3e(&e(+e "!r! *(! /eor %o/"re($&<( # e$+*)&o )e /&$/o:

'!%&&+! +;%(&%!/e(+e $* %o(o%&/&e(+o e( !$ '!%*+!)e$ )e Dere%-o, !$0 %o/o $*

e!bor!%&<( e( e "!(o )o%+r&(!r&o.

Pag. 29




V. EL DEREC)O ABSOLUTO Y RELATIVO

A. DEREC)O ABSOLUTO

So( !1*e!$ "rerrog!+&3!$ 1*e $e %o($&)er!( &()&$"e($!be$ "!r! 1*e e

-o/bre "*e)! %*/"&r (or/!/e(+e $*$ '&(e$ (!+*r!e$ # $o%&!e$.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ !b$o*+o$ $o( !/!)o$ +!/b&;( )ere%-o$ )e -o/bre, )ere%-o$

&()&3&)*!e$, )ere%-o$ '*()!/e(+!e$, )ere%-o$ &(-ere(+e$ ! !

"er$o(!&)!) -*/!(! # +!/b&;( )ere%-o$ -*/!(o$. E$+o$ )ere%-o$ $o( !"&%!be$

)e &g*! 'or/! "!r! +o)o$ o$ 1*e -!b&+!( e( e +err&+or&o, #! $e!( (!%&o(!e$ o

e6+r!(ero$, re$&)e(+e$ o +r!($e8(+e$, e$+o$ 3&e(e( ! $er *(! e$"e%&e )e )ere%-o

%o/8( !"&%!be ! +o)o$ "or &g*!.

E obe+&3o )e $* )e%!r!%&<( # re%o(o%&e()o %o( %!r7%+er !b$o*+o, e$ e )e

"ro"or%&o(!r ! +o)o$, %o( ! "o$&b&&)!) )e $* eer%&%&o *(! e$'er! )e !%+&3&)!)e$

)e(+ro )e ! %*! "*e)!( )e$e(3o3er $*$ '!%*+!)e$ # re!&4!r o$ '&(e$ )e ! 3&)!

%o( $eg*r&)!), "ro3e%-o # b&e(e$+!r.

Lo$ )ere%-o$ )e -o/bre '&g*r!( ! )0! )e -o#, e6"re$!/e(+e re%o(o%&)o$ %o()&'ere(%&!$ "o%o '*()!/e(+!e$ e( +o)o$ !$ %o($+&+*%&o(e$ )e/o%r7+&%!$, $oo

-!b&e()o )&3erge(%&! e( o re!+&3o ! ! &(3&o!b&&)!) )e ! 3&)!, )eb&)o ! 1*e e(

3!r&o$ "!0$e$ e6&$+e ! "e(! )e /*er+e, (eg7()oe !$0 e %!r7%+er !b$o*+o ! e$+!

"rerrog!+&3! -*/!(!.

Ee/"o:

Pag. 30




• E )ere%-o )e &ber+!), #! 1*e "*e)e -!%er$e 3!er %o(+r! %*!1*&er!.

• E )ere%-o 1*e %!)! 1*&e( +&e(e $obre $* "ro"&o (o/bre, ob&g! ! o$ )e/7$ !

!b$+e(er$e ! *$*r"!ro.

• L&ber+!) )e "re($!

B. DEREC)O RELATIVO

E$ e Dere%-o 1*e $e '*()!/e(+! %*!()o ! ob&g!%&<( %orre$"o()e o &/"or+!

$oo ! 3!r&o$ $*e+o$ &()&3&)*!/e(+e # $oo !'e%+! ! )e+er/&(!)!$ "er$o(!$, e

%*! (o e$ o"o(&be ! +o)o e /*()o. U( )ere%-o e$ re!+&3o %*!()o ! ob&g!%&<(

%orre$"o()&e(+e &(%*/be ! *(o o 3!r&o$ $*e+o$, &()&3&)*!/e(+e )e+er/&(!)o$.

C*!()o ! ob&g!%&<( %orre$"o()&e(+e &(%*/be ! *(o o 3!r&o$ $*e+o$,&()&3&)*!/e(+e )e+er/&(!)o$. Se -!%e( 3!er !(+e o+r! "er$o(! o "er$o(!$

%o(%re+!/e(+e &)e(+&'&%!)!$. Lo$ )e/7$ )ere%-o$ $o( re!+&3o$2 "or ee/"o: o$

1*e )er&3!( )e *( %o(3e(&o. S<o "*e)e( $er $*e+o$ "!$&3o$ !$ "er$o(!$ 1*e -!(

$&)o "!r+e$ e( e /&$/o, o $*$ %!*$!-!b&e(+e$.

E>e6%'

E )ere%-o )e "e+&%&<(, "or1*e e6&$+e 're(+e ! )e+er/&(!)o$ <rg!(o$ )e E$+!)o.

Pag. 31




VI. DISCIPLINAS DEL DEREC)O

Lo$ gr*"o$ (or/!+&3o$ "*e)e( ! $* 3e4 $er &($er+!)o$ e( e$+r*%+*r!$ $*"er&ore$

1*e $e 3!( )&'ere(%&!()o *(!$ )e o+r!$ )e(+ro )e Dere%-o. U(o )e e$+o$ (&3ee$

$*"er&ore$ )e e$+r*%+*r!%&<( e$ e 1*e %orre$"o()e ! !$ +r!)&%&o(!/e(+e !/!)!$

r!/!$ )e Dere%-o, e(+e()&)!$ %o/o $*b$&$+e/!$ e$+r*%+*r!e$ *r0)&%o$ 1*e

+&e(e( )e+er/&(!)!$ %!r!%+er0$+&%!$ "ro"&!$ # )&$+&(+!$ )e !$ o+r!$ r!/!$.

1. RAMAS TRADICIONALES DEL DEREC)O

E e&e"% 6=!"%, Pro)*%&)! ! '!+! $e !"&%! ! $!(%&<(. E( e'e%+o, *(!

$!(%&<( &/"*e$+! e( e )ere%-o %&3& "or %o()*%+! &0%&+! >!"&%!()o !$ (or/!$ )e

!%+o &0%&+o? $e g*0! "or %r&+er&o$, "r&(%&"&o$ # $*"o$&%&o(e$ "!r+&%*!re$ 1*e $e

&(%&(!( %!)! 3e4 /7$ -!%&! *(! "o$&%&<( obe+&3&$+! 're(+e ! ! re$"o($!b&&)!)

%&3&, e$ )e%&r, ! $!(%&o(!r e !%+o &0%&+o ! /!rge( )e 1*e 1*&e( o re!&%e +e(g!

&(+e(%&<( o &(%*$o (eg&ge(%&!.

E4 e e&e"% 6e4#, L! $!(%&<( $oo "*e)e $er &/"*e$+! %*!()o e -e%-o !

$!(%&o(!r e$+7 +&"&'&%!)o %o/o )e&+o )e /!(er! "re3&! e &(e1*03o%! "or *(! e# #

e( *( "ro%e)&/&e(+o reg*!r, "ree$+!be%&)o, !(+e !*+or&)!) &/"!r%&! # %o( e /7$

!/"&o )ere%-o ! ! )e'e($!. No $oo eo: ! re$"o($!b&&)!) )ebe $er

(e%e$!r&!/e(+e "or )oo o "or %*"! ># e( e$+e 8+&/o %!$o $oo %*!()o ! e# o

e$+!be%e e6"re$!/e(+e?. Do$ )e o$ "r&(%&"&o$ '*()!/e(+!e$ )e +r!+!/&e(+o !

$o$"e%-o$o $o( 1*e $e "re$*/e ! &(o%e(%&! /&e(+r!$ (o $e )e/*e$+re o %o(+r!r&o

#, +!/b&;(, 1*e ! )*)! '!3ore%e ! reo.

Pag. 32




E4 e e&e"% "!<!, *(! $!(%&<( &/"*e$+! e( e )ere%-o %&3& "or %o()*%+! &0%&+!

>!"&%!()o !$ (or/!$ )e !%+o &0%&+o? $e g*0! "or %r&+er&o$, "r&(%&"&o$ #

$*"o$&%&o(e$ "!r+&%*!re$ 1*e $e &(%&(!( %!)! 3e4 /7$ -!%&! *(! "o$&%&<(obe+&3&$+! 're(+e ! ! re$"o($!b&&)!) %&3&, e$ )e%&r, ! $!(%&o(!r e !%+o &0%&+o !

/!rge( )e 1*e 1*&e( o re!&%e +e(g! &(+e(%&<( o &(%*$o (eg&ge(%&!.

Po)e/o$, e(+o(%e$, !"re%&!r e(or/e$ )&'ere(%&!$ e(+re e$+o$ +re$ %o(*(+o$ o

r!/!$ )e Dere%-o.

L!$ +re$ /!(er!$ )e $!(%&o(!r $o( %*!&+!+&3!/e(+e )&$+&(+!$ "or1*e, )e(+ro )e *(

/&$/o $&$+e/! *r0)&%o, obe)e%e( ! "r&(%&"&o$ )&$+&(+o$. A$0, !$ r!/!$ )e

Dere%-o e$+7( 'or/!)!$ (o $o!/e(+e "or (or/!$ # gr*"o$ (or/!+&3o$ )&'ere(+e$,

$&(o &(%*$&3e +&e(e( "r&(%&"&o$ )&3er$o$ e( %*!(+o ! $* 'or/! )e o"er!r. A1*0 #!

$e 3e ! &/"or+!(%&! )e )&%-o$ "r&(%&"&o$ e( ! %o('&g*r!%&<( )e !$

"!r+&%*!r&)!)e$ )e Dere%-o >%o$! 1*e (o !"!re%e %o( &g*! %!r&)!) e( e (&3e

)e o$ gr*"o$ (or/!+&3o$?.

2. RAMAS CLSICAS DEL DEREC)O

No -!# *(! %!$&'&%!%&<( *(&'or/e # "er'e%+! )e !$ )&$+&(+!$ r!/!$, e( ! /e)&)!

1*e ! e3o*%&<( )e ! $o%&e)!) '*er4! ! e3o*%&<( )e Dere%-o #, "or +!(+o, $e

-!! e( %o($+!(+e e(r&1*e%&/&e(+o # re)e'&(&%&<(. L!$ r!/!$ %7$&%!$ $o(:

• Dere%-o %o($+&+*%&o(!

• C&3&

• Pe(!

• L!bor!

• A)/&(&$+r!+&3o

• Pro%e$!

Pag. 33




• I(+er(!%&o(!

• Co/er%&!

• Tr&b*+!r&o

S&( e/b!rgo, %o(*(+o$ %o/o "or ee/"o e )ere%-o )e e$"!%&o, e )ere%-o )e !

&(+egr!%&<( e(+re E$+!)o$, e )ere%-o )e "ro"&e)!) &(+ee%+*!, e+%;+er!, $e 3!(

"er'&!()o %o/o (*e3!$ r!/!$ 1*e %orre$"o()e( ! "r&(%&"&o$ *r0)&%o$ #

(or/!+&3&)!) "!r+&%*!r&4!)!.

Pero !8( /7$ !7, e$+o$ %o(*(+o$ >o r!/!$ )e Dere%-o?, "*e)e( $er &($er+!)o$e( o+ro$ %o(*(+o$ /7$ !/"&o$ # $*"er&ore$ >"!r! o$ 1*e !$ r!/!$ $er0!(

e(+o(%e$ $*b%o(*(+o$?

3. EL DEREC)O CONTEMPORNEO

To/! e( %*e(+! e )ere%-o "8b&%o # e )ere%-o "r&3!)o.

E6&$+e *(! gr!( %o('*$&<( -o# e( )0! e( +or(o ! e$+! )&$+&(%&<( # e! e$ 'r*+o )e%!r7%+er )&(7/&%o 1*e +&e(e( e Dere%-o # e E$+!)o.

H!$+! -!%e %o$! )e )o$ $&go$, ! )&$+&(%&<( e(+re )ere%-o "8b&%o # )ere%-o

"r&3!)o er! b!$+!(+e %!r!: e "r&/ero $e o%*"!b! )e reg*!r e gob&er(o # e

$eg*()o !$ re!%&o(e$ "r&3!)!$ e(+re !$ "er$o(!$. Por !1*e e(+o(%e$ !/bo$

"!(o$ er!( )&'ere(%&!)o$ # (o o're%0!(, "robe/! ! )&$+&(g*&r.

S&( e/b!rgo, e( o$ 8+&/o$ )o$ $&go$, e E$+!)o -! !$*/&)o *(! %!(+&)!)%re%&e(+e )e '*(%&o(e$. M*%-o$ -e%-o$ 1*e !(+e$ 1*e)!b!( &br!)o$ ! ! e(+er!

&ber+!) )e !$ "er$o(!$ !-or! +&e(e( &(ere(%&! )e E$+!)o, %o( o %*! $e "ro)*%e,

!(+e *( /&$/o -e%-o, ! $*"er"o$&%&<( )e (or/!$ "8b&%!$ # "r&3!)!$. E$+! 4o(!

gr&$, ! %re%er, )&$+or$&o(< ! %!r&)!) )e ! )&$+&(%&<( e(+re !/bo$ gr*"o$. No

ob$+!(+e, ! )&'ere(%&! e(+re )ere%-o "8b&%o # )ere%-o "r&3!)o, e$+7 /!r%!)! "or

!g*(o$ r!$go$ "!r+&%*!re$. Por ee/"o, /&e(+r!$ 1*e e( e )ere%-o "r&3!)o

"re3!e%e ! &ber+!) &()&3&)*!, e( e )ere%-o "8b&%o r&ge e "r&(%&"&o !+r&b*+&3o o

Pag. 34




)e %o/"e+e(%&!, $eg8( e %*! e '*(%&o(!r&o $oo "*e)e -!%er !1*eo e( o 1*e

+&e(e %o/"e+e(%&! !$&g(!)! "or (or/! $*"er&or.

A$0, !$ r!/!$ )e Dere%-o e$+7( 'or/!)!$ (o $o!/e(+e "or (or/!$ # gr*"o$

(or/!+&3o$ )&'ere(+e$, $&(o &(%*$&3e +&e(e( "r&(%&"&o$ )&3er$o$ e( %*!(+o ! $*

'or/! )e o"er!r. A1*0 #! $e 3e ! &/"or+!(%&! )e )&%-o$ "r&(%&"&o$ e( !

%o('&g*r!%&<( )e !$ "!r+&%*!r&)!)e$ )e Dere%-o >%o$! 1*e (o !"!re%e %o( &g*!

%!r&)!) e( e (&3e )e o$ gr*"o$ (or/!+&3o$?.

No -!# *(! %!$&'&%!%&<( *(&'or/e # "er'e%+! )e !$ )&$+&(+!$ r!/!$, e( ! /e)&)!

1*e ! e3o*%&<( )e ! $o%&e)!) '*er4! ! e3o*%&<( )e Dere%-o #, "or +!(+o, $e

-!! e( %o($+!(+e e(r&1*e%&/&e(+o # re)e'&(&%&<(. L!$ r!/!$ %7$&%!$ $o( !$ )e

)ere%-o %o($+&+*%&o(!, %&3&, "e(!, !bor!, !)/&(&$+r!+&3o, "ro%e$!,

&(+er(!%&o(!, %o/er%&! # +r&b*+!r&o. S&( e/b!rgo, %o(*(+o$ %o/o "or ee/"o e

)ere%-o )e e$"!%&o, e )ere%-o )e ! &(+egr!%&<( e(+re e$+!)o$, e )ere%-o )e

"ro"&e)!) &(+ee%+*!, e+%;+er!, $e 3!( "er'&!()o %o/o (*e3!$ r!/!$ 1*e

%orre$"o()e( ! "r&(%&"&o$ *r0)&%o$ # (or/!+&3&)!) "!r+&%*!r&4!)!

F&(!/e(+e, )ere%-o "8b&%o # )ere%-o "r&3!)o +&e(e( +!/b&;( %o$!$ e( %o/8(:

!$ (or/!$ )e !/bo$ $o( "ro)*%&)!$ $eg8( o$ %r&+er&o$ +o/!)o$ e( %*e(+! !

-!b!r )e !$ '*e(+e$ 'or/!e$2 e( !/bo$ %!$o$ e E$+!)o "o(e $* '*er4! %o!%+&3!

)e+r7$ )e %*/"&/&e(+o e'e%+&3o )e o$ /!()!+o$2 e( !/bo$ $e +o/!( e( %*e(+!

!$ %o()*%+!$ e6"0%&+!$ # (o o re$er3!)o ! "e($!/&e(+o # ! %o(%&e(%&! >%o/o,

"or ee/"o, $0 o +o/! e( %*e(+! ! /or!? # !$0 $*%e$&3!/e(+e.

. DEREC)O PBLICO

!? Dere%-o %o($+&+*%&o(!.= +!/b&;( %o(o%&)o %o/o "o0+&%o, e$ e %o(*(+o )e

(or/!$ re!+&3!$ ! ! e$+r*%+*r! '*()!/e(+! )e e$+!)o, ! !$ '*(%&o(e$ )e $*$

<rg!(o$ # ! ! re!%&<( )e e$+o$ %o( o$ "!r+&%*!re$ # e(+re $0.

b? Dere%-o !)/&(&$+r!+&3o reg!/e(+! ! org!(&4!%&<( # e '*(%&o(!/&e(+o )e !

!)/&(&$+r!%&<( "8b&%! # !$ re!%&o(e$ )e E$+!)o %o( ;$+!2 +&e(e "or obe+o

e$"e%0'&%o ! !)/&(&$+r!%&<( "8b&%!.

Pag. 35




%? Dere%-o "e(! e$+7 %o($+&+*&)o "or e %o(*(+o )e (or/!$ )e %!r7%+er re"re$&3o

1*e &($+r*#e # or)e(! e )ere%-o )e %!$+&g!r %o(+r! 1*&e(e$ e$+7( ! /!rge( )e

! $o%&e)!)2 $o( e %o(*(+o )e (or/!$ 1*e )e+er/&(!( o$ )e&+o$, !$ "e(!$

1*e e e$+!)o &/"o(e ! o$ )e&(%*e(+e$ # !$ /e)&)!$ )e $eg*r&)!) 1*e e/&$/o e$+!be%e "!r! ! "re3e(%&<( )e %r&/e(.

)? Dere%-o "ro%e$!: E$ ! r!/! )e )ere%-o "8b&%o &(+er(o 1*e )e+er/&(!( !$

"er$o(!$ o &($+&+*%&o(e$ /e)&!(+e !$ %*!e$ $e !+&e()e e( %!)! %!$o ! !

'*(%&<( )e &/"!r+&r *$+&%&! # e "ro%e)&/&e(+o 1*e -! )e ob$er3!r$e, e "ro%e$o

3! )e$)e ! )e/!()! -!$+! ! $e(+e(%&!.

e? Dere%-o &(+er(!%&o(! "8b&%o: E$ ! r!/! )e )ere%-o "8b&%o e6+er(o 1*e

reg!/e(+! o$ )ere%-o$ # )ebere$ e( !$ re!%&o(e$ e(+re o$ $*e+o$

&(+er(!%&o(!e$ #! $e!( e$+!)o$ * org!(&4!%&o(e$.

'? Dere%-o +r&b*+!r&o: e$ e %o(*(+o )e (or/!$ re'ere(+e$ ! o$ &/"*e$+o$

e$+!be%&)o$ "or e e$+!)o, e(+&)!)e$ 'e)er!+&3!$ o /*(&%&"!e$ %o( e obe+o )e

re%!*)!r o$ &(gre$o$ (e%e$!r&o$ "!r! ! !+e(%&<( )e o$ $er3&%&o$ "8b&%o$.

. DEREC)O PRIVADO

!? Dere%-o %&3& r&ge ! -o/bre $&( %o($&)er!%&<( ! $*$ !%+&3&)!)e$ o "ro'e$&o(e$

reg!/e(+!()o $*$ re!%&o(e$ %o( e E$+!)o # $*$ $e/e!(+e$.

b? Dere%-o %o/er%&! reg*! ! !%+&3&)!) %o/er%&! )e+er/&(!()o !$ re!%&o(e$

)e o$ %o/er%&!(+e$ # o$ !%+o$ )e %o/er%&o2 e$+*)&! o$ "re%e"+o$ 1*e reg*!(e %o/er%&o # !$ !%+&3&)!)e$ %o/er%&!e$ !$0 %o/o !$ re!%&o(e$ *r0)&%!$ 1*e

$e )er&3e( )e e$+!$ (or/!$.

%? Dere%-o !gr!r&o: E$ e %o(*(+o )e (or/!$ 1*e reg*!( e r;g&/e( )e ! +&err!

!bor!.

)? Dere%-o !bor!: Co(*(+o )e (or/!$ 1*e reg*!( !$ re!%&o(e$ e(+re obrero$

# "!+ro(e$, "!+ro(e$ e(+re $0 # obrero$ e(+re $0.

Pag. 36




e? Dere%-o &(+er(!%&o(! "r&3!)o: E$ ! r!/! )e )ere%-o "8b&%o e6+er(o 1*e

)e+er/&(! !$ e#e$ !"&%!be$ ! o$ !%+o$ *r0)&%o$ 1*e re!&4!( o$ gober(!)o$

)e *( e$+!)o %o( o$ gober(!)o$ )e o+ro e$+!)o.

'? Dere%-o )e !$ "er$o(!$: reg*! ! "er$o(!&)!) *r0)&%!, %!"!%&)!), )o/&%&&o,

e$+!)o %&3& # +o)o$ o$ )ere%-o$ "er$o(!0$&/o$ >(o/bre, &)e(+&)!)?

g? Dere%-o )e '!/&&!: reg*! e /!+r&/o(&o, )&3or%&o, "!+r&! "o+e$+!), !)o"%&<(,

+*+e!, e+%.

-? Dere%-o S*%e$or&o: reg*! o re'er&)o ! +e$+!/e(+o$, eg!)o$, e+%.

&? Dere%-o )e !$ ob&g!%&o(e$: reg*! o$ -e%-o$ # o$ !%+o$ *r0)&%o$,

ob&g!%&o(e$ # )ere%-o$ e/erge(+e$, e+%.

? Dere%-o Co(+r!%+*!: reg*! !$ re!%&o(e$ %o(+r!%+*!e$, $* 'or/! # /o)o.

W? Dere%-o Re!: reg*! $obre o$ b&e(e$, $* %!$&'&%!%&<(, "o$e$&<(, )ere%-o )e

"ro"&e)!) # e )e$/e/br!/&e(+o "or ee/"o: e *$*'r*%+o

Pag. 37




CONCLUSIONES

P!r! '&(!&4!r /e "!re%e /*# &/"or+!(+e re$!+!r o$ 0/&+e$ 1*e ! &g*! 1*e

e( +o)o$ o$ %o(%e"+o$ *r0)&%o$ '*()!/e(+!e$ $e )ebe( +e(er "re$e(+e$ ! !

-or! )e '&!r ! /e+!$ %o(%e"+*!e$ )e(+ro )e ! 3!$+! +!re! )e %&r%*($%r&b&r *(

%o(%e"+o e( *( 7/b&+o e$"e%0'&%o $&( %!er e( *( re)*%%&o(&$/o e6%e$&3o2 "or

*( !)o 9%*!1*&er! 1*e $e! ! %o(%e"%&<( )e )ere%-o $*be+&3o ! 3o*(+!)

o%*"! e( ; *( *g!r &($*$+&+*&be "ero "or o+ro e$! /&$/! 3o*(+!) $e

/*e$+r! &($*'&%&e(+e "!r! '*()!/e(+!r *( (8/ero /*# !/"&o )e )ere%-o$,

X&()$%-e&) %o!bor< gr!()e/e(+e ! &(%or"or!r ! e$e(%&! )e )ere%-o

$*be+&3o %o( $* +eor0! )e ! 3o*(+!) , "e$e ! $*$ %r&+&%!$ 1*e !*(1*e %&er+!$

%reo 1*e (o$ !#*)!( ! %o/"re()er /eor e "robe/! e( e 1*e (o$ e$+!/o$

Pag. 38




!)e(+r!()o ! &(+e(+!r )e'&(&r e %o(%e"+o )e 9)ere%-o $*be+&3o, +!re!

b!$+!(+e !/b&%&o$! 1*e (o$ %oo%! e( ! e(%r*%&!)! )e 1*e !$ %o($+r*%%&o(e$

+e<r&%!$ (o %o(%*er)e( (e%e$!r&!/e(+e %o( ! re!&)!) *r0)&%! $&(o 1*e

-!g!( $obre$!&r !$ &($*'&%&e(%&!$ )e ! +eor0! e( ! "r7%+&%!. Po)e/o$ )e%&r 1*e e )ere%-o $e -! 'or/!)o # -! e3o*%&o(!)o e( ! -&$+or&!

! +r!3;$ )e !$ $o%&e)!)e$ 1*e !"&%!b!( %!)! $&$+e/! *r0)&%o # !

"!r+&%&"!%&<( )e !$ (!%&o(e$ e( e!. L! /&$/! )e%!r!%&<( *(&3er$! )e o$

)ere%-o$ )e -o/bre $er0! *( )o%*/e(+o -&$+<r&%o, e %*! +&e(e "or obe+o

"ro+eger ! )&g(&)!) &(+r0($e%! # !1*eo$ )ere%-o$ &(!&e(!be$ )e +o)o$ o$

$ere$ -*/!(o$ )e /*()o, $&( )&$+&(%&<( !g*(!. A$0, ! De%!r!%&<(

U(&3er$! # e )ere%-o (!+*r! 3!( )e ! /!(o, # e e$+!)o +&e(e ! ob&g!%&<(

)e re%o(o%er e$+o$ )ere%-o$ (!+*r!e$ )e -o/bre. Lo$ Dere%-o$ H*/!(o$ $o( ! re$*+!(+e )e ! 8$1*e)! )e e1*&)!) e(+re o$

Ho/bre$ )e M*()o. S* "ro/o%&<( (o$ -! e3!)o ! 3er(o$ )e 'or/! &g*!

"ero !/e(+!be/e(+e $&g*e( -!b&e()o 'or/!$ )e !%%&<( 1*e (o "er/&+e( e

&bre )e$e(3o3&/&e(+o )e ! "er$o(!. E Deber J*r0)&%o e$ ! ob&g!%&<( 1*e +e(e/o$ )e re$"e+!r !$ (or/!$

&/"*e$+!$ "or ! $o%&e)!) ! +r!3;$ )e <rg!(o *r&$)&%%&o(! >LEYES? E Dere%-o P8b&%o # Pr&3!)o, $o( *( %o(*(+o )e (or/!$ e( )o()e, e( e

"r&/ero e E$+!)o "ro+ege o$ &(+ere$e$ "!r+&%*!re$, "*e$ e$! "ro+e%%&<( e$ )e

&(+er;$ "8b&%o, # e( e $eg*()o, o$ "!r+&%*!re$ %*/"e( e$!$ (or/!$ "or1*e

+&e(e( *( &(+er;$ &()&3&)*!. E Dere%-o e$ *( $&$+e/! e$+r*%+*r!)o 1*e %o(+&e(e "r&(%&"&o$ # (or/!$

*r0)&%!$ 1*e o )&'ere(%&!( )e o+ro$ $&$+e/!$ (or/!+&3o$ # 1*e, e( $* &(+er&or,

$e org!(&4! "!r+&e()o )e ! *(&)!) /7$ ee/e(+! 1*e e$ ! (or/! *r0)&%!,

$*b&e()o ! *(! /!#or &(+egr!%&<( e( gr*"o$ (or/!+&3o$, o$ 1*e ! $* 3e4

"*e)e( $er &($er+!)o$ e( $*b%o(*(+o$ )e(o/&(!)o$ *$*!/e(+e r!/!$ )e

Dere%-o, !$ %*!e$ re$"o()e( !8(, ! "e$!r )e ! e3o*%&<( re%&e(+e, ! !

%7$&%! )&'ere(%&! e(+re )o$ gr!()e$ %o(*(+o$ 1*e %o('or/!( e )ere%-o

"8b&%o # e )ere%-o "r&3!)o. E$+o$, ! $* 3e4, +&e(e( !go e( %o/8(, 1*e $o(

o$ "r&(%&"&o$ # !$ (or/!$ *r0)&%!$ )e /76&/o (&3e.

Pag. 39




BIBLIOGRAFA

• R*b&o Corre!, M!r%&!, E S&$+e/! *r0)&%o >&(+ro)*%%&<( ! )ere%-o?, !.

e). L&/!: P.U. C!+<&%! )e Per8, • A4!/or! V!)e4, M!r&o I(+ro)*%%&<( ! ! C&e(%&! )e Dere%-o. L&/!,

T&"ogr!'0! Se$!+or. >?.• G!r%0! To/!, V0%+or. I(+ro)*%%&<( ! )ere%-o, II e)&%&<( U(&3. De L&/!,

trabajo ii ciencias juridicas_final corregdo

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