traffic signal control using ir sensors

TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL USING IR SENSORS

SavitribaiPhule Pune University

A

Seminar Report

On

“TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL USING IR SENSORS”

Submitted by

KunalKabra.Seat No.: T120863029

Under the Guidance of

Prof. S. A. Shejwalkar

In partial fulfilment for the award of

Third year

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, Nasik.


Pune VidyarthiGriha’s College of Engineering, Nashik

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Pune VidyarthiGriha’s College of Engineering

Nashik- 4



1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

It is an intelligent traffic controlling system.

Our present methodology adopted for traffic controlling is based upon the fix timing.

Each side has to wait for the fix time and they are allowed to cross the road for the limited fix

time.

This is feasible during normal traffic but fails during heavy rush.

This waste the time of commuters as well as increases rush many folds.

This problem can be tackled by adopting traffic monitoring system based on density of vehicles.

This uses vehicles density as its tool for measuring the rush on the road.

Based upon the calculated density of vehicles the traffic light are being controlled to manage the

traffic.

1.2 Project overview

The main objective of this project is to design an intelligent auto traffic signal control system.

Traffic congestion is one of the major issues to be considered. Generally Vehicular traffic

Intersects at the junctions of the road and are controlled by the traffic signals .Traffic signals

Need a good coordination and control to ensure the smooth and safe flow of the vehicular traffic.

During the rush hours, the traffic on the roads is at its peak. Also, there is a possibility for the

Emergency vehicles to stuck in the traffic jam. Therefore; there is a need for the dynamic control

of the traffic during rush hours. Hence I propose a smart traffic signal controller .The proposed

System tries to minimize the possibilities of traffic jams, caused by the traffic lights, to some

Extent by clearing the road with higher density of vehicles and also provides the clearance for the Emergency vehicle if any. The system is based on the AVR micro controller and IR sensors

Technology.



2. LITERATURE SURVEY

The present practices for traffic signal control are given below.

2.1 Simple Traffic Management Scheme

The traffic is control by one person only. If there are four roads from where vehicles are

coming then the man should have control in traffic. He has to release the vehicles one by one

road. In this scheme there is very use of manpower and its not easy to handle when more

traffic is there.

2.2 Automatic Traffic Management Scheme

The most widely used automatic system. Uses simple time based system which works on

time interval basis which is now inefficient for random and non-uniform traffic. but time

interval basis is very time wasting its not a fast process.

2.3 Intelligent Traffic Management Scheme using Wireless Technologies

This is used to sense presence of traffic near any circle and junction and then able to

route the traffic based on the density in desired direction.



3. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter the block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent

Modules are considered. Block diagram is shown in figure.

Fig No. 3.1 Density Based Traffic Light Signal Control System



3.1.1 Working

Our project density based traffic light control is an automated way of controlling signals in

accordance to the density of traffic in the roads. IR sensors are placed in the entire intersecting

road at fixed distances from the signal placed in the junction. The time delay in the traffic

signal is set based on the density of vehicles on the roads.

The IR sensors are used to sense the number of vehicles on the road. According to the IR

count, microcontroller takes appropriate decisions as to which road is to be given the highest

priority and the longest time delay for the corresponding traffic light.

3.2 The main blocks of this project are

1. PIC Micro controller (18F4550)

2. Battery Supply

3. IR Sensors

4. LED

The description of each of the component used in the project is given as below

3.3 PIC Microcontroller

Fig No. 3.2 Pic Microcontroller



Introduction to microcontroller

Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the field of microcontrollers had their

beginnings in the development of technology of integrated circuits. This development has made

it possible to store hundreds of thousands of transistors into one chip. That was a prerequisite for

production of microprocessors, and the first computers were made by adding external peripherals

such as memory, input-output lines, timers and other. Further increasing of the volume of the

package resulted in creation of integrated circuits. These integrated circuits contained both

processor and peripherals. That is how the first chip containing a microcomputer, or what would

later be known as a microcontroller came about.

Description

Introduction to PIC Microcontrollers

PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller given by Microchip Technology to

identify its single-chip microcontrollers. These devices have been very successful in 8-bit

microcontrollers. The main reason is that Microchip Technology has continuously upgraded the

device architecture and added needed peripherals to the microcontroller to suit customers'

requirements. The development tools such as assembler and simulator are freely available on the

internet at www.microchip.com.

Popularity of the PIC microcontrollers is due to the following factors

1. Speed: Harvard Architecture, RISC architecture, 1 instruction cycle = 4 clock cycles.

2. Instruction set simplicity: The instruction set consists of just 35 instructions.

(as opposed to111 instructions for 8051)

3. Power-on-reset and brown-out reset. Brown-out-reset means when the power supply

goes below a specified voltage (say 4V), it causes PIC to reset; hence malfunction is

avoided.


http://www.microchip.com/


4. PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources.

Low power crystal

Mid-range crystal

High range crystal

RC oscillator (low cost).

5. Programmable timers and on-chip ADC.

6. Up to 12 independent interrupt sources.

7. Powerful output pin control (25 mA (max.) current sourcing capability per pin.)

8. I/O port expansion capability.

3.3.1 Pin diagram

Fig No. 3.3 Pin Diagram Of Pic18f4550

PIC18F4550 is a 40 pin microcontroller. It has 5 ports port A, port B, port C, port D, port E. All

the pins of the ports are for interfacing input output devices.

1. Port A: It consists of 6 pins from A0 to A5

2. Port B: It consists of 8 pins from B0 to B7

3. Port C: It consists of 8 pins from C0 to C7

4. Port D: It consists of 8 pins from D0 to D7

5. Port E: It consists of 3 pins from E0 to E2



The rest of the pins are mandatory pins these should not be used to connect input/output devices.

1. Pin 1 is MCLR (master clear pin) pin also referred as reset pin.

2. Pin 13, 14 are used for crystal oscillator to connect to generate a frequency of about

20MHz.

3. Pin 11, 12 and31, 32 are used for voltage supply VDD(+)and VSS(-)

PIC 18F4550 Specification

1. RAM -368 bytes

2. EEPROM- 256 bytes

3. Flash Program Memory- 8k words

4. Operating Frequency DC to 20MHz

5. I/O port - Port A,B,C,D,E

3.4 Power Supply

The present chapter introduces the operation of power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers and then voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, then filtering to a dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc level and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input dc varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.



TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage.


Fig No. 3.4 Components Of Linear Power Supply


REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current (‘overload protection’) and overheating (‘thermal protection’). Many of the fixed voltage regulators ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

3.5 IR Sensors

Introduction to IR Sensors

PIC based traffic control system is an application specific project, which is used to control the

traffic. An embedded system is developed which consists of a PIC, IR transmitter and receiver,

LED’s.

Fig No. 3.5 IR Sensing Circuit



3.5.1 IR TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

The purpose of the transmitter is to transform the information we want to send into a signal that

can be propagated by the channel. In the case of our wired copper channel, this means we want

the information to be transformed into a modulated voltage level, something like the pulse train.

For a wireless channel, however, the transmitter needs to encode the information onto an EM

wave that can be easily propagated.

Fig No. 3.6 IR Transmitter

The IR transmitter part consists of an Infra-red light emitting diode that can capable of sending

modulated data within infra-red band. To match the receiver frequency the data is modulated at

38.7 KHZ by configuring 555 timer at a stable mode of operation, which generates frequency

using the components R2 and C2 as shown in above fig. This frequency can be varied over a

long range just by varying the preset R1 and C1.The transmitter usually is a battery powered

handset. It should consume as little power as possible, and the IR signal should also be as

strong as possible to achieve an acceptable control distance.

Preferably it should be shock proof as well. Many chips are designed to be used as IR

transmitters. The older chips were dedicated to only one of the many protocols that were

invented. Nowadays very low power microcontrollers are used in IR transmitters for the simple

reason that they are more flexible in their use. When no button is pressed they are in a very low

power sleep mode, in which hardly any current is consumed. The processor when wakes up to

transmit the appropriate IR command only a key is pressed



An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the pulses on the

base of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the transistor subtracts O.6V

from that, resulting in constant amplitude of O.6V at the emitter. This constant amplitude

across a constant resistor results in current pulses of a constant magnitude. Calculating the

current through the LED is simply applying ohm' law.

3.6 LED’S

Fig No. 3.7 LED’s Interfacing

LED (light emitting diode) color is characterized by the wavelength it emits. The

peak emission wavelength differs according to the energy released during recombination. This

energy differs according to the LED material used. Mixed crystals of GaP & GaAs are used. By

varying the mixing ratio “X”, different luminous colors from red to yellow are obtained.

LEDs can typically draw up to 30mA.A current limiting resistor is mandatory to protect

both the microcontroller & LED. Even connecting a led through a resistor is not advisable in



case of 8051.A NPN or a PNP transistor may be used. This way even higher currents can be

used. Ohms law can be used to calculate the value of the current limiting resistor, i.e I=V/R.



4. PCB DESIGNING

4.1 General Description

The PCB layout for the circuit is attached. Board consists of insulating material coated with

conducting material. Mostly copper- coated boards are used instead fo copper, silver and gold

can also be used, but as copper is cheaper mostly it is preferred. The metal conducting pattern

serves as connecting medium for electronic components that are assembled on the board

components are mounted by leads passing through the holes that are drilled or punch on the

based material and the foil. These leads are soldered to the conducting pattern to form complete

PCB. The base or insulating material used for PCB is glass, glass epoxy paper, polyester, paper

phenolic etc. The copper foil on the base meterial is developed by process of electrode position

in etching process.

Some of the etchant are used as follows

1. FeCl3

2. Cucl2

3. Chromic Acid, etc

4. But FeCl3 is most commonly used in etching process.

5. PCB acts as a heat sink.

4.2 Artwork of PCB

Perfect artwork is most important process in production of PCB. The circuit is initially tested and

location of component is fixed. Artwork is the drawing showing conduction pattern on PCB .

After testing the circuit a rough layout is prepared on paper then that layout is transferred on

PCB by using PCB aids. The artwork can also be prepared on transparent paper with sticking

tapes and pads self- adhesive (stickers) in various ranges.



4.3 Filming of PCB

To prepare a PCB at home following procedure is adopted

Measure the dimensions of all components for e.g. Resistors Capacitor , Inductors, etc and

prepare a layout by using components mounting rules

1. Using trace paper or carbon paper draws the mirror image of the figure.

2. Draw this mirror image on Cu coating of PCB by using PCB pen, pencil or tapes and

pads then drill the hole by using drilling machine

3. After drying the paint put the PCB in FeCl3 solution for etching . If you want fast etching

add some drops of HCL during etching unwated Cu is dissolved in FeCl3.

4. After etching wash it with water and if you to remove paint then use acetone.

5. Then mount the component on opposite sides of a track.

6. Cut the leads of proper length and solder all the terminals of the components.

7. In this way PCB is fabricated manually.

For PCB designing you should have following things

1. Detail circuit diagram

2. Physically each component with you

3. Determination of the size of PCB

4. Layout & Filming

5. PCB manufacturing

6. Bear board testing



4.4 Actual PCB designing

Fig No. 4.1 Actual PCB

Cutting the larger copper clad plastes in required size Pieces accroding to the measurement of the

actual layout of the circuit a small copper clad was also used for the power supply. Proper case

should be taken while cutting the Copper clad should be symmetric.

4.5 Cleaning copper clad

For cleaning the copper clade ,first of all the fecl3 solution was completely me a dilute selution

(by adding water fecl3).

Draw the PCB layout of the circuit on paper considering actual component size. Consider the

actual size of the components and the conduction line the layout of the circuit was drawn on the

paper. First of all we should consider the actual size of the integrated circuit, displays & many

more. While constructing the layout it should be notice that



1. Fewer jumpers are more preferable because to make the circuits more compact, more neat

in look.

2. For conducting line we should go for more caned line instead of 90-degrecue due to this

also the circuit become more compact.

4.6 Tracing of layout from paper clad

First of all the actual circutit layout is taken on the tracing paper with exact dimension of the

components. Now placing this tracing paper on the copper clad under a carbon paper traced the

layout on the copper clad. It should be noticed that the tracing on the clad should be accurate.

4.7 Applying non-etching materials on the layout

Applying the non-etching materials on the layout is done manually . The non-etching materials

are drafting ads, oil paints, etc . on the PCB drafting aids are used, because more linearity

conducting are obtained. The drafting aids are different shapes & z-size for every components

are should be no crack on the drafting aids, because due at this after etching there will be no

conduction between two lines.

4.8 Etching procedure

After applying the non-etching on the copper clad then this copper clad is kept in the fecl3

solution for etching procedure. The etching procedure longs for the about 5 to 6 hours. During

the etching procedure the copper under the drafting aids does not get etched, while all other

copper on the clad gets etched & only the layout remain.



4.9 Cleaning the PCB & remaining non-etch materials

After the etching the cleaning of PCB is done. It is done with the help of the soap solution &

brush to remove the transferred pattern with the cotton swab-dipped in pattern remover solution.

Against wash with coup & water & dry it.

4.10 Drilling

After the PCB is ready, drilling is necessary. Drilling is done with the help of the hand drill or

drilling machine. For mounting of components proper drilling (holes) are necessary. The holes

are of the dimension so that the terminals of each component and pins of the JC can easily pass

through it to make a contact with the conducting line on the PCB.



5. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

This project is implemented using following software‘s

Proteus 8 (Embedded C) – for designing circuit.

Software description

5.1 PROTEUS 8

Proteus 8 is a single application with many service modules offering different functionality

(schematic capture, PCB layout, etc.). The wrapper that enables all of the various tools to

communicate with each other consists of three main parts.

5.1.2 Application Framework

Proteus 8 consists of a single application (PDS.EXE). This is the framework or container which

hosts all of the functionality of Proteus. ISIS, ARES, 3DV all open as tabbed windows within

this framework and therefore all have access to the common database.

5.1.3 Common Database

The common database contains information about parts used in the project. A part can contain

both a schematic component and a PCB footprint as well both user and system properties. Shared

access to this database by all application modules makes possible a huge number of new features,

many of which will evolve over the course of the Version 8 lifecycle.

5.2.3 Live Netlist

Together with the common database the maintenance of a live netlist allows all open modules to

automatically reflect changes. The most obvious example of this is wiring in ISIS producing

ratsnest connections in ARES but it goes much further than that. The new Bill of Materials

module contains a live viewer and the 3D Viewer and Design Explorer are also linked into the

live netlist.



6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

6.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig No. 6.1 Circuit Diagram For Traffic

Circuit diagram description

Above diagram shows circuit diagram of Traffic signal control using IR sensors. In this diagram

switch is provided as a input RC0 to RC3 of PIC microcontroller. We are using two IR module at

appropriate distance on the side of the road to detect the vehicle. The normal traffic has 100ms

delay. If on one side of road there is traffic then the IR sensor give logic high to the PIC

microcontroller. Then the delay of the green LED delay will increase 400ms.

And if the second IR sensors detect vehicles then again the sensors send logic high to the PIC

microcontroller. Then the green LED delay will increase to 800ms.



If there is no traffic then it will send logic low to the PIC microcontroller. Basically this system

is based on the traffic density.

6.2 Layout



Fig No. 6.2 Layout



7. SOFTWARE WORKING

7.2 FLOWCHART


START

SW1=0 SW2=0

Normal traffic time (100ms)

SW1=! 0

SW2=! 0

SW1=1 SW2=0

Increase Green Time (400ms)

SW1=1 SW2=1

Increase Green Signal Time at Max (800ms)


Fig No. 7.1 Flowchart

8. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

8.1 Advantages

During normal time the signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density at the

junction but in case of any emergency vehicle like ambulance, fire brigade etc., requiring priority

are built in with RF control to override the set timing by providing instantaneous green signal in

the desired direction while blocking the other lanes by red signal for some time.

It reduces the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to an extent.

8.2 Applications

This System Is Very Efficiently Used In Metro Cities.

It will help us to reduce the traffic problems.

It is used to rout the traffic.



9. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

9.1 Conclusions

Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed in it. Presence of

every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus contributing to the best working

of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC‘s with the help of growing technology, the

project has been successfully implemented. Thus the project has been successfully designed and

tested.

9.2 Future Scope

We can use GSM module to track location of car.

We can use camera for security purpose.

We can use image processing technique.



10. LIST OF COMPONENTS AND COSTING

Table No. 10.1

Sr No

Component Quantity Costing

1. 40*1 Burg Strip 1 5

2. Female to female connector 10 41.25

3. 5 mm led (RGB) 10 10

4. AW 7805 IC 1 9.50

5. In 4007 Diode 4 2

6. 12 MHz Crystal 1 5

7. 1\4 watt Resistance(1K,2.2K,10K) 13 3.25

8. Copper clad 1 95

9. Capacitor(100uf,22pf,) 4 3.80

10. Tech switch 1 2

11. IR module 2 140

12. PIC184550 1 250

13. Fecl3 2 120

14. IC base 1 10

TOTAL 696.8



REFERENCES

1. PIC microcontroller. (Author: mazzidi)

2. Ramón Martinez “Smart control system for LEDs traffic-lights based on PLC”. Dpt. de Senates, Sis-temasy Radio communications. Universidad Po-litécnica de Madrid ETSI de Telecommunica-tion.Ciudad University s/n.28040 Madrid SPAIN

3. Bechrakis D. A., Sparis P. D.” A flexible data logging device for wind potential measurements and statistic-al magnitudes”. Democritus university of Thrace, department of electrical and computer engineering, mechanical engineering laboratory, xanthi, 67 100, Greece
