trafficking aff - wave 1 - michigan7 2013 achm

8/12/2019 Trafficking Aff - Wave 1 - Michigan7 2013 ACHM

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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20121 7/283

2ac atQ *or$er securit" c&


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A2Q secure t'e *or$er c&Tiano et al % ($usan 4iano, 7rofessor of $ociolog', and Director of the Latin American and Iberian Instituteat the 0ni ersit' of "e% &e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20121 /283

2ac atQ &rosecution c&a2 &rosecution sol)es


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012200/283

ac at sanction cp

a2 sanctions sol)e 555 sanctions fail an$ incenti)es are *etter E&ossi*le generic aff a$)ocateYF


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2ac atQ &rocess c&@nl" an imme$iate an$ concerte$ res&onse sol)es

Ac'ar"a Instituto de In estigaciones $ociales, 0ni ersidad Aut noma de "ue o Le n (Arun umar Achar'a, ))9, ?4he D'namic of Internal displacement, 3orced &igration and Gulnerable to 4raffic=ing in&e


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2ac atQ russia/c'ina c&

C'ina an$ ussia 'a)e terri*le trafficking recor$s t'e" +oul$ >ust scre+ u&Hea)e" ./1 ($usan ea e', Reuters, /*9/*B, ?0.$. cites Russia, China among %orst in human traffic=ingreport@, http //%%%.reuters.com/article/ )*B/) /*9/us-usa-humantraffic=ing-id0$ RF9 I*LC )*B) *9 //F& 8hile the Chinese go ernment has ta=en some steps to address the problem, such as o%ing to %or= %ith international organi#ations andincreasing public a%areness, it alsohas continued to perpetuate the problem in hundreds of its o%n institutions, the$tate Department report said. Despite these modest signs of interest in anti-traffic=ing reforms, the Chinese go ernment did notdemonstrate significant efforts to comprehensi el' prohibit and punish all forms oftraffic=ing and to prosecutetraffic=ers, 0.$. officials %rote. 4he report said ChinaPs one-child polic' and preference for sons has led to fe%er %omen in the countr', thusincreasing demand for %omen as brides or prostitutes.In Russia, the go ernment had not established an' concrete s'stemfor the identification or care of traffic=ing ictims, lac=ing an' formal ictim identification and referral mechanism, although there %ere some ad hoc efforts, the report said. 4he citation is li=el' to further strain the complicated relations bet%een the 0nited $tates and the t%ocountries, %hich alread' ha e been strained b' the handling of the ci il %ar in $'ria and c'bersecurit', among other issues. 8hile it %as not immediatelclear %hat the 1bama administration might do gi en the do%ngrade, human rights ad ocates and some 0.$. la%ma=ers urged strong steps such asimposing sanctions or %ithholding foreign aid. 4he' also called on the Russian and Chinese go ernments to ta=e action. C'ina 'as *ecomet'e se, an$ la*or trafficking ca&ital of t'e +orl$ D said 0.$. Representati e Chris $mith, a "e% Jerse' Republican.

8ithout serious and sustained action b' ei!ing, it is onl' going to get %orse.


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2ac atQ traffickingB &ic

;t'ics &rece$es $iscursi)e uestions an$ our $eman$ com*ines $iscourse +it' et'ics to sol)e$iscursi)e )iolence

o)ano)ic an$ Woo$ $poma and Ro', Communications/Rhetoric 7rofessors at Den er 0ni ersit' and 0 "orth Carolina, 7hilosoph' andRhetoric Gol B: no , ))

4o consider these opening facts ofcommunication is to concei e oflanguage ordiscourse in a %holl' different realm fromintentional, predetermined, strategic enterprise %here the other is but an ob!ect in the selfPs plans for master'. Le inasaccentuates this b' un eiling the properties of communication as ethical encounter, or sa'ing. .1ne can , to besure, concei e of language as an act, asa gesture of beha ior. ut then one omits the essential of language thecoinciding of the re ealer and the re ealed in the face. (*9 9, : . 3or Le inas,ethics precedes discourse in disclosure.4hat is, before %e e en concei e of a freedom that %ould enable us to choose ethics, there is alread' theimperati e (es) that signals our submissionand sacrifice to the other (Le inas *99 c . 8h' are %e pulled to%ard the other as Le inassuggestsH0nder %hat conditions can it be, and matter, that ethics precedes discourseH 3or Le inas,being for the otherpro ides an important insight into ho% our moral obli gation is grounded not in specific altruistic acti it' , thoroughunderstanding, or adherence to uni ersal la%s. Alphonso Lingis, a translator of man' of Le inas.s %or=s, describes the ethical nature ofcommunication succinctl' . 8hat is said is inessential+ %hat is essential is that I be there and spea=.(*99 ,


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 201220 /283une ui ocal interpretations tr'ing to substantiate the go ernment5s lipser ice to ague slogans(F& R" )):B9f .


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 201220%/283


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 201220./283

@t'er


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Me,ican elations esilient(S5Me,ican relations are resilientSeelke 1/2 specialist in Latin American Affairs at CR$, co ers ra#il, oli ia, Fcuador, and &e


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Cu*a Coo&erationHuman trafficking is an area t'e (S an$ Cu*a can coo&erate in sol)es relations#ur*ac' director of the Centre for the $tud' of the Americas, based in er=ele', California, speciali#ing in Latin American politics (Roger, 0Cuba 7olitics 7la' 1ut at 1A$ >athering, June ))9, http //globalalternati es.org/node/*) //A&

0.$.-Cuba relations are once again front and center as the meeting of the 1rgani#ation of American $tates (1A$ in 4egucigalpa,onduras, begins toda'. K Cuba, e


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@rgan Trafficking;,&an$ing t'e legal in$ustr" sol)es E: t'ink +'at t'is means is +e can 'a)e an aff to +ork +it'Me,ico to e,&an$ t'e legal in$ustr" to sol)e t'e su&&l" as&ect of t'e organ in$ustr" makingmore of t'e in$ustr" legal +oul$ make t'em su*>ect to regulations +'ic' +oul$ likel" sol)e allt'e a$)antagesFRR'ig'lig'te$ &art is potentiall' a different card if I am reading it right Q process cp idea or defense ofinternational$atel and a=im, )E Q &D, Resident $cholar, American Fnterprise Institute, A"D &D, 4ransplant $urgeon,3ormer 7resident, International College of $urgeons ($all' A"D "ade', June ), ))E, ?8hatPs 8rong %ith$elling idne'sH,@ American Fnterprise Institute, http //%%%.aei.org/article/health/%hats-%rong-%ith-selling-=idne's/, ensel4his %as the uestion recentl' posed in the prestigious ritish &edical Journal. An American transplant surgeon (in fa or of selling =idne's s uaredagainst an Australian nephrologist (against . In an accompan'ing article, a leading ritish transplant surgeon called for legali#ing organ sales. Co erin the ritish press had a positi e spin. $urgeon 1rgan trade should be legali#ed %as 4he IndependentPs headline+ Legali#e trade in donor orgpleads surgeon %as 4he F ening $tandardPs. 8e cheer these headlines. 4he more attention is paid to the %orld%ide organ shortage and the rapaciounderground mar=et it has spa%ned, the more people, %e hope, %ill support the idea of selling =idne's legall'.4here is nothing %rong %ithselling =idne's. Andun til %e do so, the fates of third-%orld donors and the patients %ho need their organs to

sur i e %ill remain morbidl' ent%ined. 8e do. 1ne of us is a ritish transplant surgeon %ho has seen too man' patients die for %ant of a=idne'. 4he other is an American recipient of a =idne' %ho %as once desperate enough to contemplate obtaining a =idne' in the o erseas organ ba#aa 8e belie e in compensating health' indi iduals %ho are %illing to relin uish one of their =idne's to sa e thelife of a d'ing stranger. 4here reall' is no other option. Asthe %orld has seen, altruistic appeals to organ donationha e not 'ielded enough organs for transplantation. An estimated ),))) patients are %aiting for a transplant in 8estern Furope , more than ,))) of them in ritain. 3ifteen to B) percent %ill die on the %aiting list.>ranted, not all countriesha e made the most use of posthumous donation and the' should. ut e en in $pain, %hich is famousl' successful at retrie ing organs from the ne%deceased because of its robust procurement infrastructure, there are deaths on the %aiting list. 8e face a dual traged' 1n one side,thousands of patients %ho die each 'ear for %ant of a =idne'+ on the other a human-rights fiasco in %hichcorrupt bro=ers decei e indigent donors about the nature of surger', cheat them out of pa'ment and ignoretheir post-surgical needs. 4he 8orld ealth 1rgani#ation estimates that to *) percent of all transplants performed annuall'--perhaps B,)))in all--ta=e place in the clinical nether%orlds of China, 7a=istan, Fg'pt, Colombia, and the 7hilippines. 0nfortunatel',much of the %orldtransplant establishment --including the 8 1, the international 4ransplantation $ociet' and the 8orld &edical Association-- ad ocateremedies that do not go far enough. 4he' insist on obliterating organ traffic=ing but ignore the time-tested factthat tr'ing to stamp out underground mar=ets either dri es corruption further underground or causes it toflourish else%here. 4he truth is that traffic=ing %ill onl' recede %hen the cr'ing need for organs disappears.1pponentsalso allege that a legal s'stem of e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012210/283do 5, the 'oung doctor stated, e en mildl' d'sfunctional families li=e his in %hich the older brother and his bab' sister %ere, before and after the dontransfer, irtual strangers to each other. iro describes his 'ounger sister, his future donor Z&' da' to da' =no%ledge of &ichele %as curiousl'incomplete ... 8e rarel' tal= about an'thing deeper than a mo ie or a meal ... I lo ed her in the distracted %a' 'ou lo e a person %hose e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012211/2837eru ian can recei e as much as SB),))). 4he circulation of =idne's transcends borders. 4hus,shad' international mar=ets %ould co-eift $acrificial Giolence in Li ing Donor4ransplants,@ 8ile' 1nline Librar', ensel4he >ender of the >iftK If iro5s sister had been the patient, %ould Da id ha e interrupted his acti e life and put his bod' on the line to ser e her neInternational data indicate a gender bias in li ing donation, %ith females the more li=el' donors ( Q*) . 4he 1rgans7rocurement and 4ransplantation "et%or= (174" lists 99 (li ing females and * B: males %ho ha e donated organs in

)) +the gender gap is greater for other 'ears. 8i es are far more li=el' than husbands (B Q . U in one sur e'todonate a =idne' to a spouse (E, *) . In Iran under a go ernment regulated s'stem of paid donation, %omen are the primar' paid donors andmen the primar' recei ers of those purchased organs (: .K Rather than celebrate the Zaltruism5 of %omen %orld%ide, %e oughtto be pa'ing attention to the social pressures e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012212/283from ague s'mptoms attributed to her nephrectom' , her complaints %ere dismissed b' the transplant surgeonas Zneurotic5, as Zdonor regret5, as a =ind of Zcompensator' neurosis suffered b' a childless %oman %ho nesucceeded in an'thing in life, not e en in being a donor5. 4he remar= re ealed the ph'sician5s barel' concealedcontempt for this lo% status female. During a meeting of the ellagio 4as= 3orce on organs traffic=ing (* Abdullah Daar argued that=idne' selling %ould actuall' protect lo% status %omen in the &iddle Fast from being coerced to ser e as altruistic famil' donors.


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RRRNeg


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@ffcase Arguments


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1nc to&icalit" N; T e,tra5t engages ot'er countries4ena, *) (&aria, 4rans- order Institute, 0ni ersit' of $an Diego, $eptember B), )*), ?&odern Da' $la er' in0.$.Q&e


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1nc neoli* link T'e aff is neoli*eral

ulati 10 Q 7hD, Associate 7rofessor of 7olitical $cience at entle' 0ni ersit', &ember of the Regional 8or=ing >roup on &odern-Da' $la er' and uman 4raffic=ing, Carr Center for uman Rights, enned'$chool of >o ernment, ar ard 0ni ersit' (>irish J. >ulati, Jul' *, )*), ?&edia Representation of uman4raffic=ing in the 0nited $tates, >reat ritain, and Canada,@ entle' 0ni ersit', pdf, ensel1thers see the anti-traffic=ing efforts as a form of cultural imperialism, a defense of neo-liberal economicinterests, and an e


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1nc &olitics link S&ecificall" e,&an$ing anti5trafficking ai$ to Me,ico +ill cause *acklas' 5 our link is uni ueSeelke 1/2 specialist in Latin American Affairs at CR$, co ers ra#il, oli ia, Fcuador, and &e


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1nc general foreign ai$ link

;)en if t'e &lan tra$es off +it'in e,isting *u$gets $ecreasing trafficking results in moregeneral $e)elo&ment s&en$ing9ANA:=@ A5T A:N@ AN9 =AC !@ 2010 (>ergana, 0$ >A1+ and 3ran=, International 1rgani#ation for &igration, International&igration E , 8ile' 1nline Librar'

At a national le el,the effect of traffic=ing on de elopment ma' also be ie%ed in terms of thefunds spent to fight this crime, funds, %hich could be used for other de elopment inter entions, if human traffic=ing did not e


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1nc $rug tra$eoff $aT'e aff tra$es off +it' $rug inter$iction efforts

A A 2011 (Rocio, Candidate for Juris Doctor, en!amin ". Cardo#o $chool of La%, &a' )**+ A. . ( )) ar ard 0ni ersit', CARD121 J. 13 I"45L 6 C1&7LA8, &arch, %%%.c!icl.com/uploads/ /9/ /9/ 9 9:9*/c!icl;*9. ;gar#a;note.pdf4he three most pre alent and lucrati e transnational crimesNdrug traffic=ing, gun traffic=ing, and human traffic=ingNflourish along the 0nited $tate&e


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1nc states c&states sol)eTena 10 (&aria, 4rans- order Institute, 0ni ersit' of $an Diego, $eptember B), )*), ?&odern Da' $la er'in 0.$.Q&e


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1nc un c&(N can $o t'e &lanCicero59om ngue6 % ($al ador A. Cicero-Domkngue#, graduate of the &atkas Romero Institute forDiplomatic $tudies in &e


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1nc a$) c&

a$) cran$t et al 12 Q $chool of International $er ice, American 0ni ersit' (Jon randt, "icole Adams, ChristinDinh, De in leinfield- a'es, Andre% 4uc=, Dere= ottle, "a Au!la, irsten aufman, 8anlin Ren,December )* , ?Chinese Fngagement in Latin America and the Caribbean Implications for 0$ 3oreign7olic',@ $chool of International $er ice, http //%%%.american.edu/sis/usfp/upload/Chinese-Fngagement-inLAC-A0;0$-Congress-3I"AL.pdf, ensel*c. uman 4raffic=ing As has been broadl' reported,human traffic=ing in the 8estern emisphere in ol es China, Latin America and the 0nited $tates. 4he 0$ should %or= trilaterall' to offer technical assistance and training toChinese internal securit' and Latin American police forces through %or=shops and training e


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1nc etgca an$ t)&a c& A$) C? to $o t'e ;T CA an$ T ?A NZT 12 ("e% Mor= 4imes, 1ctober , )* , ?4o Combat P&odern $la er'5,@ "e% Mor= 4imes,http //%%%.n'times.com/ )* /*)/) /opinion/to-combat-modern-sla er'.htmlH ;rY)6g%hY )B :A 9*: 9AF 3:BF9A)) CCA , enselK 4hough much remains to be done, the1bama administration has begun meaningful ne% initiati es against humantraffic=ing -- a %orld%ide in!ustice that elobalInitiati e. Among other things, &r.1bama should put the %eight of his office behind a bipartisan bill in Congress, theFnd 4raffic=ing in >o ernment Contracting Act. 4he bill %ould strengthen the administrationPs e


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1nc $ata*ase c& A$) c&Martins 13 (Flisa &artins, *)/ /*B ? uman traffic=ing challenges &e


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1nc traffickingB &ic

emo)ing t'e +or$ traffickingB from our $iscourse sol)es refocuses us to+ar$ real reforms!im an$ C'ang 7 professor of la% at Lo'ola La% $chool, Los Angeles, teaches 4orts, Immigration La% and uman 4raffic=in, A"D Associate 7rofessor of 3eminist $tudies at 0ni ersit' of California, $anta

arbara. ( athleen and >race, Lo'ola La% $chool Legal $tudies 7aper "o. )):- :, December )):, Reconceptuali#ing Approaches to uman

4raffic=ing "e% Directions and 7erspecti es from the 3ield(s ,http //%%%.sacramentosect.org/uploads/ /)/9/ / )9 )9E/reconceptuali#ing;approaches;to;ht.pdf K //A&4raffic=ing, connoting onl' selobali#ationU )andU )Fthics.pdf //A&If the outrage that toppled 4rent Lott from the position of $enate &a!orit' Leader could beK summoned to confront the real and gro%ing humanitariancrisis that is traffic=ing, perhaps results %ouldK match rhetoric. As it is, too often traffic=ing simpl' does not ma=e it to C-$7A" or the tal=sho%s.K $ome of the ethical issues in ol ed in human traffic=ing are ob ious. $la er' is as odious toda' as atK an'time, though perhaps the term ?traffic=ing@ obscures %hat is reall' happening. 8e tend to thin= ofK sla er' as apractice of the past and are not a%are that there are actuall' more sla es toda' than at an' K earlier time.

TraffickingB 'as *ecome t'e ? politicall' correct @ phrase and is detached from the issueea$ing 12 ("i=i, $enate introduces bills aimed at reducing human traffic=ing, 4he Capitol Record, */* /* ,

http //capitolrecord.t %.org/ )* /)*/senate-introduces-bills-aimed-at-reducing-human-traffic=ing/].0d&t 7nGDAI //A& A bipartisan group of la%ma=ers in the $enate is announcing a pac=age of bills to combat human traffic=ing. $enJeanne ohl-8elles said she and others ha e been %or=ing on the issue for a decade. $he said at first, man' people reacted %ith disbelief N no one %anted to recogni#e that traffic=ing occurred in the 0.$. or this state, she said. $he saidtoda'5s bills ?recogni#e that %e5 e come a lo %a' but %e still ha e a long %a' to go.@ K?8e ha e a significant pac=age of anti-traffic=ing legislation to introduce toda',@ said $en. ar3raser. ?$ome people %ould sa'the term traffic=ing is a polite term for %hat is going on. 4he real term is sla er',@ shesaid. er bill in the pac=age %ould allo% a minor to petition the court to ha e a prostitution con iction ta=en off their record if the minor %as forceprostitution.

T'e $iscourse of t'e 1AC *ase$ aroun$ traffickingB is mislea$ing an$ s'oul$ *e re>ecte$ Wals' 12 7ro!ect 1fficer for I"4FRAC4 7oint 4ur=u, a pro!ect that has been set up for supporting cooperation programmes along F0 e


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2nc $iscourse firstT'is intellectual stance takes t'e *lin$ers off of &olic"5makers to 'a)e a more et'ical a&&roac'to t'e +orl$ fi,ing linguistic )iolence is a necessar" &re5re uisite to &re)enting structural

)iolence#"les 03 (Joanna, 7rofessor of Fnglish at the 0ni ersit' of C'prus, ?$ha=espeare and 7s'choanal'sis 4ragic Alternati es Fros and$uperego Re enge in amlet@, %%%.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/!ournal/ )) ;b'les)*.shtml W$>XIt is here of course thatlanguage pla's an important role in imagining the other, the other %ithin the self, and the other as self,as %ell as the enormousl' influential isual images each group can ha e of the other. In the need to emphasi#e similarit'in difference, both erbal and isual metaphor can pla' a meaningful role in creating a climate for peacefulunderstanding, and this is %here literature, especiall' the social %orld of the drama and of film, but also the more pri ate %orld of poetr', can immensel' significant. 1f course not all literature is e uall' transparent. In conclusion, %ar, in all its manifestations, is a phenomenon put into actionindi iduals %ho ha e been politici#ed as a group to gi e and recei e iolent death, to appropriate the enem'Ps land, homes, %omen, children, and and perhaps to lose their o%n. As %e ha e seen, in %artime the splitting of the self and other into friend and enem' enormousl' relie es the normalps'chic tension caused b' human ambi alence %hen lo e and hate find t%o separate ob!ects of attention. ence the .soldierPs and terroristPs %illingto sacrifice her/his life for a !ust cause, %hich ma' be a "ation, a >roup, or a Leader %ith %hom he has close emotional ties and identit'. I n this %s/he does not feel guilt' the destructi e impulses, mobilised b' her/his o%n superego, together %ith that of the social superego, ha e pro!ected the s/he might feel at =illing strangers onto the enem'. In other %ords, the charging of the enem' %ith guilt b' %hich the superego of the $tate mobili#esindi idualPs superego seems to be of fundamental importance in escaping the sense of guilt %hich %ar pro o=es in those engaged in the =illing+ 'emobili#ation of superego acti ities can still in ol e the indi idualPs self-puniti e mechanisms, e en though most of his/her guilt has been pro!ectthe enem' in the name of his o%n ci ili#ation and culture. As %e all =no%, this guilt can become a problem at the end of a %ar, leading to ar'ing dof miser' and mental illness. 3or some, the =illing of an enem' and a stranger cannot be trul' mourned, and there remains a blan= space, an

irretrie able act or e ent to be li ed through o er and o er again. 4his dilemma is poignantl' e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012228/283enactings of the earliest creation m ths are poetic acts of primal technological s-illRtransforming chaos into cosmos. Themetatechnological act, 'hich provides the foundation for all other techni ues, is the creation of a s mbolic universe in 'hich tod'ell, a cultural 'orld of mediated meaning. n the ver m thological mimesis of nature, human beings 'ere unconsciouslcreating an artificial 'orld in 'hich to d'ell. 8 th has not brought man bac- to nature, sa s *abriel Xahanian, so much as ithas sought to settle him in culture. . . . The m thi ue of man has al'a s included a techni ue of the human. 15


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1nc *or$ers k #@ 9; S N; CA 9Q T'e militari6ation of t'e (-S-5Me,ico is t'e root cause of trafficking4sse,uali6e$ )iolence


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Case


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1nc "es +ar Zes +ar &o+er $"namics an$ em&iricsContreras 12 Q 3ello%, elfer Center for $cience and International Affairs, ar ard 0ni ersit' (Dominic,citing &onica Duff' 4oft, associate professor of public polic' at the enned' $chool of 7olitical $cience at

ar ard and director of the elfer Center5s Initiati e on Religion in International Affairs, citing $tephen &. 8alt, the Robert and Renee elfer professor of international affairs and facult' chair of the elfer Center5sInternational $ecurit' 7rogram, 3ebruar' *, )* , ?8inning the 8ar on 8arH@, elfer Center for $cience andInternational Affairs, ar ard 0ni ersit',http //belfercenter.=sg.har ard.edu/publication/ *:):/%inning;the;%ar;on;%ar.htmlHbreadcrumbYU 3pro!ectU 3 U 3intrastate;conflict;program, enselIn a !ointl' authored December )** op-ed in the "e% Mor= 4imes, 7in=er and >oldstein %rote that ?the departure of the last American troops from brings relief to a nation that has endured its most painful %ar since Gietnam. ut the e ent is momentous for another reason. 4he in asion of Ira %the most recent eoldstein,professor emeritus of international relations at American 0ni ersit', largel' credited international institutions for the pacification of the internationalcommunit', stating that ?After 8orld 8ar II %e did something ne%\%e founded the 0nited "ations\and %e5 e de eloped this tool, peace=eeping\thathas successi el', progressi el', o er a number of 'ears, made it possible to resol e more conflicts %ithout iolence, to reduce iolence %hen it has aoccurred, and to sustain peace %hen 'ou5re able to negotiate a peace agreement.@ ?4he international communit' is not an ooldstein5s assessment of a ne% peace ta=ing hold. ut he %ent a step further, arguing that inaddition to the international communit' promoting peace, interpersonal norms and the de elopment of social restraints ha e fostered a shift a%a' fro iolence. 7in=er cited ?ps'chological changes through cosmopolitanism and literac'\ Wand theX eoldstein, ?trade is no% basis of prosperit' W%hereasX con uering land used to be.@ o%e er, the' amodern e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012232/283eorgeto%n 0ni ersit' A"D Associate 7rofessor of>o ernment, Dartmouth College, Coordinator of 8ar and 7eace $tudies at the John $loan, Dic=e' Center ( eir A. A"D Dar'l >., ?4he "e% Fra of"uclear 8eapons, Deterrence, and Conflict,@ $pring )*B,http //%%%.au.af.mil/au/ss /digital/pdf/spring;*B/lieber.pdf //A&4he 7roblem of Coerci e FscalationK and 0$ "uclear &oderni#ation K A second set of arguments stems from the problem of nuclear escalation and thefuture of the 0$ nuclear arsenal. 1ur main claim is thatdeterring nuclear conflict %ill be much more difficult in the comingdecades Kthan man' anal'sts reali#e. As nuclear %eapons proliferate,it becomesKincreasingl' li=el' that the 0nited$tates %ill find itself in con entionalKconflicts %ith nuclear-armed ad ersaries. 4hose ad ersaries understand K theconse uences of losing a %ar to the 0nited $tatesNprison or deathK t'picall' a%aits enem' leaders.: K Coerci e nuclear escalation as a meansK ofcreating stalemate and remaining in po%er is one of the onl' trumpK cards a ailable to countries fighting the 0nited $tates.K $ome anal'sts might scoffat the notion that a rational leader %ouldK use nuclear %eapons against a superpo%er li=e the 0nited $tates. utK that retort conflates the logic ofpeacetime deterrence %ith the logicK of %ar, and it ignores histor'.During peacetime, almost an' course ofKaction is better thanstarting a nuclear %ar against a superpo%er. utKduring %arN%hen that superpo%er5s planes are bombingcommand and Kleadership sites, and %hen its tan=s are sei#ing territor'Nthe greatestKdanger ma' be to refrain from escalation and let the %ar run its course.KLeaders of %ea=er statesNthose unli=el' to pre ail on thecon entionalK battlefieldNface life-and-death pressures to compel a stalemate. AndKnuclear %eapons pro ide better means of coerci e escalation thanK irtuall' an' other. K4he notion of countries escalating conflict toa oid con entional defeat ma' sound far-fetched, but it is %ell grounded in histor'. 8henKnuclear-armedstates face o er%helming con entional threatsNor %orr'Kabout the possibilit' of catastrophic con entional
http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1880702,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000761,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1846450,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1853531,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1853531,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/top10/article/0,30583,1855948_1861760,00.htmlhttp://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/digital/pdf/spring_13/lieber.pdfhttp://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1880702,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000761,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1846450,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1853531,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1853531,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/top10/article/0,30583,1855948_1861760,00.htmlhttp://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/digital/pdf/spring_13/lieber.pdf


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012233/283defeatNthe' often Kadopt coerci e escalator' doctrines to deter %ar or stalemate a conflictKthat erupts. 7a=istanopenl' intends to use nuclear %eapons to counterK an o er%helming con entional Indian in asion. Russia claims it needsK theater nuclear %eapons tocounter "A415s con entional ad antages.K Israel e official, his agenc' mista=enl'Pconcluded that American forces had been placed on alert--and might e en ha e begun the countdo%n tonuclear %ar.P4errified that the 0.$. go ernment %as using this training eordie s=' concluded. ut it came Pfrighteningl' close.P 3urthermore,toda' %e can add the danger of nuclear terrorism. Although it is er' unli=el' that terrorists %ill be able to de elop nuclear %eaponson their o%n,the e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 201223 /2831 erall, then, the situation remains er' dangerous. Dr. &artin ellman, a 7rofessor Fmeritus of Fngineering at $tanford 0ni ersit' %hohas de oted man' 'ears to calculating the prospects of nuclear catastrophe, estimates that the ris= of a child born toda' suffering an earl' death throughnuclear %ar is at least *) percent. &oreo er, he cautions that this is a conser ati e estimate, for he has not included the danger of nuclear terrorism ihis calculations.


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*nc 'es euide, (? umanit'5s 3uture angs b' the Delicate 4hreads of 1ur Resistance,

/* /**, http //%%%.ne%clear ision.com/ )**/) /* /string-theor'/4he horror of the Cuban &issile Crisis of *9 had not 'et faded. $hort-range tactical nuclear %eapons %ere proliferating on both sides of the IronCurtain. &ost citi#ens %ere %illing to entertain the notion that not onl' could %e not %in a full-scale nuclear %ar, butthere %ere three lesserle els of %ar that %e had to pre ent e en a limited nuclear %ar could bring on ?nuclear %inter.@ A con %ar could bring in the nuclear po%ers. F en small ?local@ conflicts could escalate into general con entionand then up%ard to the nuclear le el. 8ar, all %ar, %as a potential e


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Nuclear +inter means a +ar +oul$ affect t'e entire glo*eo*ock an$ Toon 7 Alan, professor in the Department of Fn ironmental $ciences, Rutgers 0ni ersit' A"D rian, professor in the

Department of Atmospheric and 1ceanic $ciences, 0ni ersit' of Colorado (?Climatic Fffects of "uclear Conflict,@http //climate.en sci.rutgers.edu/nuclear/Roboc=4oon$ummar'.pdf"uclear %inter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear %ar. In the *9E)5s, %or= conducted !ointl' b' 8estern and $o iet scientists sho%that for a full-scale nuclear %ar bet%een the 0nited $tates and the $o iet 0nion the climatic conse uences, and indirect effects of the collapse of soc %ould be so se ere that the ensuing nuclear %inter %ould produce famine for billions of people far from the target #ones. 4his reali#ation led to theof arms race and the end of the Cold 8ar. $ince that time, the number of nuclear %eapons in the %orld has no% decreased to */B of the pea= numbermore than :),))) in the *9E)5s, and is planned to be onl' U of that le el b' )*:. 4here are se eral %rong impressions that peopleha e about nuclear %inter. 1ne is that there %as a fla% in thetheor' Q that the large climatic effects %ere dispro ed. Anotheris that the problem, e en if it eeophusical 0nion in $an 3rancisco, * Dec. )) . _http //%%%.abcne%s.go.com/4echnolog'/$tor'Hid - : )*:B6page -*` //A&4he decline of the $o iet 0nion ma' ha e left man' Americans feeling safer from nuclear %ar, but a disturbing ne% stud' argues that an attac= b'terrorists sponsored b' a small nuclear state could be !ust as lethal. "uclear %asteland $cientists sa' thate en a small nuclear %ar, bet%eensmall countries or carried out b' terrorists could ha e global repercussions. $uch an attac= could generate casualties comparable tothose once predicted for a full -scale nuclear eeoph'sical 0nion in $an 3rancisco. 3urthermore, Americans should not thin= ofthemsel es as isolated from potential small -scale, regional nuclear conflicts in such distant areas as the &iddle Fast or Asia. 4he impact of such anencounter %ould be global,probabl' plunging the planet into a nuclear %inter and blan=eting %ide areas of the %orld %ith radioacti e fallout. 4he report, %hich cautions that there are man' uncertainties in its o%n conclusions, %as produced b' a teamof scientists %ho ha e been long acti e in stud'ing the conse uences of nuclear %ar. 4he stud' assumes that %eapons used b' terrorists, or smallerstates, %ould be much smaller than those a ailable to the superpo%ers, probabl' on the scale of those dropped on Japan during 8orld 8ar II. ut theresults %ould be catastrophic because the %eapons %ould most li=el' be targeted at ma!or cities. 4he current combination of nuclear proliferation,political instabilit', and urban demographics forms perhaps the greatest danger to the stabilit' of societ' since the da%n of humanit', rian 4oon of th0ni ersit' of Colorado in oulder told a press conference prior to the presentation. 4he number of countries =no%n to ha e nuclear %eapons has groto eight, but as man' as ) ha e some fissionable material and could produce bombs fairl' uic=l', the scientists said, basing their conclusions partl' ostudies b' the "ational Academ' of $ciences, the Department of Defense, and their o%n 'ears -long research. 4oon said Japan, for e


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nc at con entional onl' ;)en a con)entional +ar +ill escalate an$ go nuclear it4s 'uman nature

ulon 11 Charles L, Fmeritus, Life 6 ealth $ciences, Long each Cit' College ( C Rulon Is a "uclear 8ar Ine itableH /* /**,http //%%%.philosoph'lounge.com/nuclear-%ar-ine itable/

4hroughout recorded histor' humans ha e used %ar as the ultimate arbiter for ac uiring, defending and e


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nc 'es accidental use Acci$ental use is still &ossi*le!rieger 11 - Da id rieger, 7resident of the "uclear Age 7eace 3oundation ( 4en $erious 3la%s in "uclear Deterrence 4heor', "uclear Age 7ea3oundation, %%%.%agingpeace.org/articles/db;article.phpHarticle;idY ) , /:/**, accessed * / )/**

.It does not %or= against an accidental use . "uclear deterrence is useful, if at all,onl' against the possibilit' ofan intentional, premeditated nuclear attac= . Its purpose is to ma=e the leader %ho contemplates the intentional use of a nuclear %eapdecide against doing so. ut nuclear deterrence cannot pre ent an accidental use of a nuclear %eapon, such as an accidentallaunch. 4his point %as made in the mo ie Dr. $trangelo e, in %hich a 0$ nuclear attac= %as accidentall' set in motion against the $o iet 0nion. In tmo ie, bomber cre%s passed their ?failsafe@ point in a training e


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1nc u-s not ke" (S is not ke" to trafficking?@=(=ZA!H AN9 A 200. (Diana 7olul'a=h and $ue Moung Ra are third 'ear students at the 0ni ersit' of $an 3rancisco $chool of La%, 3all, E J.L.$oc. Challenges *uman traffic=ing is a serious, 'et hidden problem that affects all parts of the %orld. 4raffic=ing has beencalled present-da' sla er' and in ol es the recruitment, transportation, and sale of persons for forced labor. Iis estimated that appro


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1nc trafficking goo$Trafficking 'el&s $e)elo&ment an$ allo+s &eo&le to esca&e e)en more o&&ressi)e situations at'ome9ANA:=@ A5T A:N@ AN9 =AC !@ 2010 (>ergana, 0$ >A1+ and 3ran=, International 1rgani#ation for &igration, International&igration E , 8ile' 1nline Librar'In fact, %hen the impact of traffic=ing on de elopment is ie%ed in terms of lost opportunities in the place of origin, research suggests that there m be some possible benefits of traffic=ing for de elopment. 3or e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122 1/283ad!ustment %ere made, these results confirm that profits from the e


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1nc $omestic turn


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122 3/283domestic traffic=ing ictims, these efforts are not enough. 4he problem of human traffic=ing is increasing, aonl' through s%ift federal action can it be dealt %ith effecti el'. 4he 4G7RA of ))E is a first step to%ardaddressing the issue of domestic traffic=ing. 7erhaps %ith future reauthori#ations of the 4G7A, the federalgo ernment %ill finall' send a clear message to pimps that the' can no longer act %ith impunit' and that the' %ill be treated as felons. ' remo ing the force, fraud, or coercion re uirement for all traffic=ing prosecutiothe prosecution of traffic=ers %ill be easier and more common. 3urthermore, the %omen that pimps force inprostitution %ill be treated as ictims, not as criminals, and the' %ill recei e the ser ices the' need to lea eprostitution, if the' so desire. Domestic traffic=ing is a form of human traffic=ing and must be addressed assuch in order to protect the human rights of the %omen in ol ed. 1nl' b' addressing the needs of both childand adult ictims of domestic traffic=ing %ill the federal go ernment achie e its goal of fighting all humantraffic=ing %hile still respecting the autonom' and self-determination of %omen.


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1nc no traffickingT'ere is no e)i$ence for an" of t'e aff it is all a construct of anti5&rostitution feminist grou&s

+'o ignore &ro&er $ata collection tec'ni ues Weit6er 12 7rofessor of $ociolog', >eorge 8ashington 0ni ersit'. 7h.D., 0ni ersit' of California, er=ele'(Ronald 8eit#er, )* ?$e< 4raffic=ing and the $e< Industr' 4he "eed for F idence-based 4heor' andLegislation@,http //%%%.la%.north%estern.edu/!ournals/!clc/bac=issues/ *)*/n /*)* ;*BB:.8eit#er.pdf //F&

ut there is also a parallel stor' N a robust m'tholog' of traffic=ing. 8hile no one %ould claim that seeorge 8ashington 0ni ersit'. 7h.D., 0ni ersit' of California, er=ele'(Ronald 8eit#er, )* ?$e< 4raffic=ing and the $e< Industr' 4he "eed for F idence-based 4heor' andLegislation@,http //%%%.la%.north%estern.edu/!ournals/!clc/bac=issues/ *)*/n /*)* ;*BB:.8eit#er.pdf //F&

. 4 F &A>"I40 DF 13 4 F 7R1 LF& & M4 ICAL "0& FR$ 8hen it comes to estimating the magnitude of an' illicit ice ( beit drug sales, illegal gambling, orprostitution ,it is crucial that anal'sts carefull' e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122 7/283onl' possible at the micro le el (e.g., in a cit' or small region of a countr' and then onl' insofar as the data pertaining to this limited arena are reliable %hich is rare.

Trafficking isn4t actuall" on t'e rise fla+e$ $atao6$6iak an$ Collett % Director of Research at the Institute for the $tud' of International &igration at >eorgeto%n 0ni ersit' and Fditor

of "nternational igration , a peer re ie%ed, scholarl' !ournal de oted to research and polic' anal'sis of contemporar' issues affecting internationalmigration A"D Director of &igration 7olic' Institute Furope and $enior Ad isor to &7IPs 4ransatlantic Council on &igration(Fl#bieta A"D Fli#abeth,

Research on uman 4raffic=ing in "orth America A Re ie% of Literature,@http //publications.iom.int/boo=store/free/data;res;human

U *U D.pdf]pageY*)) //A&It is interesting that to an' conscientious social scientist, the discrepancies in the most commonl' uoted estimatesof human traffic=ing %ould be a cause for considerable suspicion of the reliabilit' of the research, 'et %hen icomes to data on traffic=ing, ? fe% e'ebro%s are raised and the figures are easil' bandied about %ithout

uestionB ( empadoo, *99E . It is note%orth' that despite theKdifficulties in establishing clear and reliable statistics, the traffic=ingphenomenon has often been described as mushrooming or being on the raise globall', %hile in fact these assertionare often based on er' fe% cases- 8end' Chap=is, Kfor eeorgeto%n 0ni ersit', comments that an' esti- K mate of traffic=ingin the 0nited $tates (or in an' other countr' re uiresa K reliable source of data , presumabl' a partial count, and then a !ustified basic K rule %ith %hich to e,tra&olate an$estimate from this basic data- >i en thatK neither go ernmentnor N @s ha e a sufficient o)er)ie+ or a data sourcefor K e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122 8/283or on a critical mass of cases. 7erhaps the K researchers at Johns op=ins utili#e the same threshold of *)) or morecases of K ictims that the 0$ $tate Department uses in ma=ing a determination about K %hich countries toinclude in the annual 4I7 report. 0nfortunatel', %e can onl' K guess because the methodolog' is not discussed.

Trafficking is o)erestimate$ $ata collection is terri*le an$ num*ers are >ust a guess-A-@- 200. ( uman 4raffic=ing etter Data, $trateg', and Reporting "eeded to Fnhance 0.$.

Antitraffic=ing Ffforts Abroad, Jul', %%%.gao.go /ne%.items/d) E .pdf4he 0.$. go ernment estimates that )),))) to E)),))) persons are traffic=ed across international bordersannuall'. o%e er, such estimates of global human traffic=ing are uestionable. 4he accurac' of the estimateis in doubt because of methodological %ea=nesses, gaps in data, and numerical discrepancies. 3or e


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1nc case turn Anti5trafficking inter)entions are counter&ro$ucti)e an$ tra& )ictims in o&&ressi)e con$itions9ANA:=@ A5T A:N@ AN9 =AC !@ 2010 (>ergana, 0$ >A1+ and 3ran=, International 1rgani#ation for &igration, International&igration E , 8ile' 1nline Librar'3or e


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1nc organi6e$ crime$oesn4t fun$ an$ insignificant &rofit source


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1nc sol)enc"

Alt cause corru&tion A#A (American ar Association, &arch ))9, ? 0&A" 4RA33IC I"> A $$F$$&F"4 411L RF71R431R &FTIC1@, http //apps.americanbar.org/rol/publications/me


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122%2/283la% enforcement authoritiesin specific areas such as $ sabe, $ono' ta, and Agua 7rieta in the state of $onora to reduce and inhibit the iolacti ities associated %ith smuggling and human traffic=ing. $ee generall' 1RDFR A C4I1" 7 LA" . In addition to the order Action 7lan, 1A$I$$in ol ing the 0.$. C 7 and &e, &3A, and &1I, has been on going since )) . $ee Article *) abo e. As a result of the abo e-mentioned programs, se eral arrests of smugglers and traffic=ers ha e been made. 3or eo ernment from 0ni ersi

of 4e


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2nc status uo sol)esStatus uo sol)es cre$i*ilit"/soft &o+er a$)antageMc a'a an$ ;)ans 11 (Johnn' F. &c>aha, 7h.D. 7rofessor of Justice $tudies 6 Director, Fsperan#a Anti-4raffic=ing 7ro!ect A"D Amanda F ans, Fd.D. &$8, Assistant 7rofessor of $ocial 8or= 6 7rogram F aluator*)/ /**, ?8here are the GictimsH@, http //bebopper: .%ordpress.com/ )**/)E/B)/se


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122% /283

1nc t)&a *a$T ?A is a *a$ mo$el assumes all trafficking )ictims are female se, sla)es nee$ing rescueSrikantia' 7 Associate 7rofessor of La% and Director, Immigrants5 Rights Clinic, $tanford La% (Ja'ashri, ?7erfect Gictims and Real $ur i o4he Iconic Gictim In Domestic uman 4raffic=ing La%,@ oston 0ni ersit' La% Re ie% . *E:,

http //%%%.bu.edu/la%/central/!d/organi#ations/!ournals/bulr/ olumeE:n*/documents/$RI A"4IA . .pdf //A&4he regulations and agenc' implementation of the 4G7A en ision aKprotot'pical ictim %ith se eralcharacteristics (* the ictim is a %oman orKgirl traffic=ed for se< + ( la% enforcement assesses her to be a good %itness+K (Bshe cooperates full' %ith la% enforcement in estigations+ and (she is Krescued instead of escaping from the traffic=ingenterprise. 4hese attributes, Kta=en together,contemplate a ictim of se< traffic=ing %ho passi el' %aits forKrescue b' la% enforcement, and upon rescue, presents herself as a good %itnessK %ho cooperates %ith all la%enforcement re uests. K At the beginning of the iconic ictim narrati e, the ictim is forced,Kdefrauded, orcoerced into traffic=ing for forced se


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1nc ai$s A:9S +on4t cause e,tinction $ormant an$ $oesn4t kill $irectl" 9( S Dartmouth 0ndergraduate Journal of $cience ( uman F


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Se, Trafficking !ritik


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1nc kritik T'e &lan4s focus on se, trafficking cro+$s out t'e )iolence &er&etuate$ *" la*or traffickingt'is is not neutral!im an$ C'ang 7 professor of la% at Lo'ola La% $chool, Los Angeles, teaches 4orts, Immigration La% and uman 4raffic=in, A"D Associate 7rofessor of 3eminist $tudies at 0ni ersit' of California, $anta

arbara. ( athleen and >race, Lo'ola La% $chool Legal $tudies 7aper "o. )):- :, December )):, Reconceptuali#ing Approaches to uman4raffic=ing "e% Directions and 7erspecti es from the 3ield(s ,http //%%%.sacramentosect.org/uploads/ /)/9/ / )9 )9E/reconceptuali#ing;approaches;to;ht.pdf K //A&

. Impacts of Fnd Demand Legislation and 7racticesK 4he conflation of prostitution and traffic=ing has also led to the faultidea that ending demand Kfor commercial se< %ill lead to a reduction in or eradication of traffic=ing.K4hisconcept has been incorporated intoproposed legislation such as the ill to Fnd DemandK for $e< 4raffic=ing Act of )) . n 8hithis bill failed to pass through Congress b' itself, sections of it %ere included in the 4raffic=ing Gictims 7rotection Reauthori#ation Act (4G7RA ofK

)) . n B 4he Fnd Demand section of the 4G7RA )) di erts attention and federal funds toK programs aimed at the prosecution, shaming, and reeducation of clients of se< %or=ers.K $pecificall', the 4G7RA )) pro ides funds to states and local !urisdictions for programs toK in estigate andprosecute persons %ho purchase commercial se< acts n and to educate personsK charged %ith, or con icted of, purchasing or attempting to purchacommercial se< acts. n 4heK latter is to be accomplished largel' through !ohn schools, such as those established in *99 in $anK 3rancisco, %hereclients of street prostitutes attend courses about the purported negati e effects ofK prostitution on se< %or=ers, their customers, and societ'. nResearch has re ealed that !ohnK schools ha e not been effecti e in W BB X discouraging clients from continuing to purchase commercial se< and

onl' resulted in mo ing se< %or= from one area to another. n :K Ad ocates criti ue the underl'ing premises of end demandpolicies as %ell as their negati eKimpacts on both traffic=ed persons and se< %or=ers . 3or eustif" Western im&erialism an$re&ression of +omen!inne" . J.D. Candidate, oalt all $chool of La%, 7h.D. Candidate, Jurisprudence 6 $ocial 7olic', 0ni ersit' of California, er=ele' (Fdi C. &.,

)) , er=ele' Journal of >ender, La% 6 Justice, Appropriations for the Abolitionists 0ndermining Fffects of the 0.$. &andator' Anti-7rostitution7ledge In the 3ight Against uman 4raffic=ing And IG/AID$, http //%%%.prostitutionresearch.info/pdfs;all/traffic=ingU )all/$$R"-id* :E :.pdf //A&Contemporar' acti ists and politicians ha e in o=ed the s'mbolic po%er of the ?se< sla e@--and the concomitant e ils of pedophilia--togal ani#e an international mo ement to end traffic=ingand the se< trade. W3" X $imilarK to the 7rogressi e reformers and prostitutionabolitionists %ho fought against the 8hite $la e trade a centur' ago,K debates decr'ing ?modern da' sla er'@ are fre uentl' spar=ed b' moral outrageagainst the ?special e il in theK abuse and e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122% /283Critics also argue thatprosecutions t'picall' focus on finding and Krescuing ?innocent ictims,@ meaning those indi idualsengaged in the =ind of forced labor ?not tainted b' public fears and pre!udices to%ardsKcertain t'pes of %or= or %or=ers,@ K**:such as labor performed b' illegal Kimmigrants or others %ho appear to oluntaril' ?choose@ their %orKCritics and ictim ser ice pro iders argue thatthis narro% definition of ?deser ing@ ictims results in high prosecutionrates for se< traffic=ingKand irtuall' no enforcement of labor traffic=ing .**EK 7rosecutorial numbers reflectthis realit' . et%een ))* and )) , K the D1J filed t%ice as man' se< traffic=ing cases as labor cases andKprosecutedt'ree times as man' se< traffic=ing defendants,K **9e enKthough the International Labour 1rgani#ation estimates that forced labor occurs nine times more fre uentl'than se< traffic=ing.* )In ma=ingKmoral !udgments about %hichcrimes are %orth' of in estigation and K prosecution and %hich are not, critics maintain that la% enforcement andKprosecutors pla' into public stereot'pes, pre!udices, and fears that K reinforce anti-immigration tendencies and policies.* *


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2nc link T'e $iscourse of trafficking is ske+e$ to+ar$ t'e se, in$ustr" an$ )ictimi6es +omen ot'erforms of trafficking are more &re)alent?eters 12 &A and 7hD from Columbia 0ni ersit' and is currentl' Assistant 7rofessor of Anthropolog' at the 0ni ersit' of "e% Fngland. $heconducted t%o and half 'ears of ethnographic field%or= on the implementation of the 4raffic=ing Gictims 7rotection Act (Alicia, E/ /* , ? roadeniLens on uman 4raffic=ing,@http //%%%.huffingtonpost.com/american-anthropological-association/broadening-the-lens-on-hu;b;*: EE ).html //A&0.$. and international la%define human traffic=ing as the process of forced, coerced, or decepti e mo ement or recruitment of indi iduals intoe


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122.1/283report that in the 0nited $tates the industr' people are most commonl' traffic=ed in and into is domestic %or=not se< %or=.

T'e +a" se, trafficking 'as *een frame$ sto&s ot'er trafficking from *eing mitigate$#rennan % Associate 7rofessor of Anthropolog' at >eorgeto%n 0ni ersit' (Denise, International 1rgani#ation for &igration, &ethodologicalChallenges in Research %ith 4raffic=ed 7ersons 4ales from the 3ield,http //%%%.iom.int/!ahia/%ebda /site/m'!ahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/published;docs/boo=s/data;res;human.pdf //A&

Researchers on traffic=ing find themsel es %riting on an issue that hasK been sensationali#ed, misrepresented,and politici#ed. 8ith the bul= of mediaK treatment onl' sensationali#ing traffic=ing Q especiall' in stories ofse1s obser e federal la%enforcement do%npla'ing of the se erit' of crimes in ol ingKforced labor. nE) 4he go ernmentPs lac= of attention tolabor traffic=ing cases results in the denialK of la% enforcement protection to traffic=ed %or=ers %ho ma' fear emplo'er retaliation for escapingK theabusi e %or= en ironment and reporting the incidents to the authorit ies.4he neglect of laborKtraffic=ing cases has the additionalconse uence of condoning emplo'er abuses in non-se< industries, thereb' hindering long-term pre entionefforts to deter labor e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122.2/2830$, http //%%%.ccasa.org/%p-content/uploads/ )**/) /4he-Road-"orth-4he-role-of-gender-po ert'-and- iolence-in-traffic=ing-from-&e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122.3/283linguistic and social isolation of man'K traffic=ing ictims.K F en those ictims of labor traffic=ing %ho escape their traffic=eand Kapproach la% enforcement agents ma' fail to interest la% enforcement in theirKcases if the agents ha e been trained to focus on se< traffic=ing cases. uman K Rights 8atch has found that e en %hen a domestic %or=erinitiates contact K %ith la% enforcement, ?it is unli=el' that her rights %ill be protected@ becauseKgo ernmentagents ?are not li=el' to enter her %or=place independentl'.@* IfK agents do not in estigate such cases,the' ma' ne er disco er domesticK %or=ers %ho ha e suffered from traffic=ing but incorrectl' frame theirK complaints as demands for additional %ages, instead of as human traffic=ingK cases.* Anecdotal accounts from social ser ice pro iders suggest thatfe%Klabor traffic=ing cases are selected for federal

prosecution. 3or instance, K Jennifer $tanger, formerl' of the Coalition to Abolish $la er' and 4raffic=ingK (CA$4 , the onl' 0.$. agenc' that %or=ssolel' %ith traffic=ing sur i ors,K states that ?onl' three or four of the agenc'5s t%ent' or thirt ' Wforced laborXK traffic=ing cases ha e been chosen forfederal prosecution.@* : $tangerK attributes this statistic to prosecutors5 failure to see traffic=ing as a laborK issue.* E Gictims of traffic=ing foforced labor are not onl' undisco ered, butKalso go uncounte d.* 94he D1J5s focus on se< traffic=ing affects thsetting of future enforcement priorities if forced labor traffic=ing ictims areKundercounted, the' are unli=el'to be the focus of future enforcement goals.

ictims of t'e la*or in$ustr" are ignore$ com&are$ to se, )ictims la*or trafficking is'orren$ous an$ nee$s to *e $ealt +it'Srikantia' 7 Associate 7rofessor of La% and Director, Immigrants5 Rights Clinic, $tanford La% (Ja'ashri, ?7erfect Gictims and Real $ur i o4he Iconic Gictim In Domestic uman 4raffic=ing La%,@ oston 0ni ersit' La% Re ie% . *E:,http //%%%.bu.edu/la%/central/!d/organi#ations/!ournals/bulr/ olumeE:n*/documents/$RI A"4IA . .pdf //A&3ocus on iconic ictims %ho are completel' helpless ictims of se


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2nc &atriarc'" Attem&ting to rescueB +omen from se, trafficking is ineffecti)e an$ creates gen$ere$$iscourse!inne" . J.D. Candidate, oalt all $chool of La%, 7h.D. Candidate, Jurisprudence 6 $ocial 7olic', 0ni ersit' of California, er=ele' (Fdi C. &.,

)) , er=ele' Journal of >ender, La% 6 Justice, Appropriations for the Abolitionists 0ndermining Fffects of the 0.$. &andator' Anti-7rostitution7ledge In the 3ight Against uman 4raffic=ing And IG/AID$, http //%%%.prostitutionresearch.info/pdfs;all/traffic=ingU )all/$$R"-id* :E :.pdf //A&&igrantsP rights organi#ations and se< %or=er ad ocates %ere highl' critical ofla%s and policies focused onKrescuing %omen from the se< industr', arguing that the common %isdom that ?men are smuggled+ %omen aretraffic=ed@ into se


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Trafficking !ritik


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122.7/283

1ncT'eir anti5trafficking $iscourse fuels a s"stem of glo*al a&art'ei$B t'e" attem&t to se&aratet'e ci)ili6e$ usB from t'e outsi$ersB t'roug' moral fear im&osing state control an$$e&ri)ing +omen of t'eir agenc" S'arma % ("andita $harma, Assistant 7rofessor in the $chool of $ocial $ciences, At=inson at Mor= 0ni ersit' in 4oronto, Autumn )) , "8$A Journal, Gol. *:, "o. B, ?Anti-4raffic=ing Rhetoric and the &a=ing of a >lobal Apartheid@,http //%%%.!stor.org/stable/ B*:* 9 //F&In contemporar' discourses of national securit', it is the eradication of the dangerous foreigner that isparamount to notions of protecting the homeland. 4his demands of us, the nationPs sub!ects,that %e be igilantagainst outsiders see=ing increasingl' cle er %a's to circum ent national border controls and thereb' usurthe authorit' and integrit' of the nation-state. $uch rhetoric is, of course, readil' apparent in the post-$eptember ** %ar on terror %itits %idespread practice of nationali#ed, raciali#ed, and gendered profiling of securit' threats. Met, it is important to remind oursel es that such natiosecurit' agendas ha e long been in place. Remembering this ma' allo% us to better understand ho% legitimation for this latest %ar is organi#ed. In thpaper I in estigate ho% national and international go ernance regimes together shape the e


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 20122.8/283number of (politicall', economicall', and/or sociall' iolent and/or untenable situations. 4he narrati es of ictimi#ation and criminalit' %ithin theideological frame%or= of traffic=ing organi#e a contemporar' moral panic that discloses the diss'mmetr' of po%er relations %ithin a s'stem of globalapartheid %here membership in the "orth remains elusi e for all but a fe% and is especiall' restricti e for the ma!orit' of people from the $outh. It isthese reasons that anti-traffic=ing campaigns articulate so %ell %ith official anti-migrant agendas.Instead of ob!ectif'ing %omen migrantas traffic=ed ictims, %e need to recenter the li ed e


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2nc link &rostitutionT'eir conflation of trafficking an$ &rostitution $e&ri)es +omen of agenc" an$ $e&icts t'e t'ir$

+orl$ an$ unci)ili6e$C'uang 10 Assistant 7rofessor of La%, American 0ni ersit' (Janie A. Chuang, &a' )*), ?RF$C0I">4RA33IC I"> 3R1& IDF1L1>ICAL CA740RF 7R1$4I404I1" RF31R& A"D A"4I-4RA33IC I">LA8 A"D 71LICM@, 0ni ersit' of 7enns'l ania La% Re ie% Gol. * E Issue , Fbsco //F&

. C1"3LA4I"> $FT 4RA33IC I"> A"D 7R1$4I404I1" "eo-abolitionists ha e capitali#ed on this intense focus on se


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012270/283$chool of >o ernment, ar ard 0ni ersit' (>irish J. >ulati, Jul' *, )*), ?&edia Representation of uman4raffic=ing in the 0nited $tates, >reat ritain, and Canada,@ entle' 0ni ersit', pdf, enselK An ?Alternati e@ Criti ueK K Another group ofscholars and acti ists critici#e 0.$. polic' from a ?se4RA33IC I"> 3R1& IDF1L1>ICAL CA740RF 7R1$4I404I1" RF31R& A"D A"4I-4RA33IC I">LA8 A"D 71LICM@, 0ni ersit' of 7enns'l ania La% Re ie% Gol. * E Issue , Fbsco //F&B. &ILI4ARI2FD 0&A"I4ARIA"I$& A"D CARCFRAL 3F&I"I$& 4hrough the t%o discursi e mo es described abo e,the neoabolitionist narrati e delimits and collapses comple< forms of %omenPs migration-- ranging from deception andabuse to informed decisions --into a simple portra'al of %omen as ictims of crime. It thus precludes understanding ofthe comple< structural, social, and economic aspects of %omenPs migration, including the possibilit' that

traffic=ed %omen ma' be migrant se< %or=ers or migrant %omen attempting to meet their o%n needs orresponding to labor demands in the 8est. 8hat is called traffic=ing %hen it in ol es se< is often calledinternational labor migration %hen it in ol es other =inds of %or= . As political scientist Jac ueline erman argues, the

neoabolitionist narrati e elideWsX and displaceWsX this specific intersection of gender, immigration, economics, and globali#ation. (3"*9 4huconstrued, traffic=ing is no longer the product of the disparities of %ealth created b' globali#ation, gendered labor mar=ets, or inade uate migrationframe%or=s, but rather the result of the se


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Neg ! Elike ca& or neoli* or somet'ingF Western &ros&erit" at t'e e,&ense of t'e eastern +orl$ turns t'e aff

ulati 10 Q 7hD, Associate 7rofessor of 7olitical $cience at entle' 0ni ersit', &ember of the Regional 8or=ing >roup on &odern-Da' $la er' and uman 4raffic=ing, Carr Center for uman Rights, enned'$chool of >o ernment, ar ard 0ni ersit' (>irish J. >ulati, Jul' *, )*), ?&edia Representation of uman4raffic=ing in the 0nited $tates, >reat ritain, and Canada,@ entle' 0ni ersit', pdf, enselK K 4he uman Rights 7erspecti eK K &ost scholars and acti ists %ho ha e been assisting traffic=ing ictims ha e praised the 0nited $tates forinternational leadership and sincere efforts in combating human traffic=ing. Met the'are critical of the narro% lens %ith %hich 0.$.polic'ma=ers ha e conceptuali#ed the problem. Almost all of the attention has been placed on the traffic=ing o %omen and children for the purpose of se 3R1& IDF1L1>ICAL CA740RF 7R1$4I404I1" RF31R& A"D A"4I-4RA33IC I">LA8 A"D 71LICM@, 0ni ersit' of 7enns'l ania La% Re ie% Gol. * E Issue , Fbsco //F&*. 7R1&14I"> $4FRF14M7ICAL 7FRCF74I1"$ 4he neo-abolitionist focus on se


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Human Trafficking Aff 7Wk Seniors ACHM 2012272/283traffic=ing -- e.g., ethnicit', age, race, nationalit', religion, class, and other factors that inform onePs status in a particular communit'.(3" B4hatmen are thus less identifiable as ictims has in turn led policies and programs to be constructed around thfemale ictim. 3e% traffic=ing inter entions target and address the needs of male ictims.(3" 3or instance, to the e


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2nc link criminal net+orksT'e so5calle$ trafficking criminals aren4t suc' criminals after all in fact most of t'em are >ust&oor small *usiness o+ners tr"ing to make a li)ingS'arma % ("andita $harma, Assistant 7rofessor in the $chool of $ocial $ciences, At=inson at Mor= 0ni ersit' in 4oronto, Autumn )) , "8$A Journal, Gol. *:, "o. B, ?Anti-4raffic=ing Rhetoric and the &a=ing of a >lobal Apartheid@,http //%%%.!stor.org/stable/ B*:* 9 //F&&oreo er, despite the rhetoric of Chinese triads and tongs beingthe ringleaders of traffic=ing rings circulated b' the mainstream media, Canadian immigration officials, and e en some feminist ad ocates,the %omen I inter ie%ed re ealed that the smugglers organi#ing their mo ement %ere not closel' lin=ed %ithcriminal gangs (8ong )) . 4he' %ere not part of a po%erful mafia+ rather the smugglers %eregenerall" small

*usiness o+ners - =ike t'e migrants t'emsel)es t'e smugglers +ere moti)ate$ *" &o)ert" . As arecent "e% Mor= 4imes article put it, WtXhe smugglers WranX a business built for the poor b' the poor (4hompson and 1choa )) , Al .


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2nc link sa)iorsT'e" $e&ict +omen as t'e )ictims to *e sa)e$ an$ returne$ to t'e 'omeL "et t'e" ignore first5'an$ accounts in +'ic' t'ese so5calle$ )ictims re)eal t'e" actuall" +is' to *e 'ere-S'arma % ("andita $harma, Assistant 7rofessor in the $chool of $ocial $ciences, At=inson at Mor= 0ni ersit' in 4oronto, Autumn )) , "8$A Journal, Gol. *:, "o. B, ?Anti-4raffic=ing Rhetoric and the &a=ing of a >lobal Apartheid@,http //%%%.!stor.org/stable/ B*:* 9 //F& All %omen I inter ie%ed %ere ultimatel' deported from Canada. 4he last time I spo=e to an' of them, all %ere distraught at being sent to the plac %here the' hold citi#enship (Centre for 3eminist Legal Research )) , E . $ignificantl',most of the respondents (*E of declared theirintent to tr' again e en though their last attempt did in ol e ar'ing degrees of coercion, deceit, and e enabuse. Angr' at ha ing been captured before reaching their desired destination of "e% Mor= Cit' and no%o%ing large sums of mone', the' stated that onl' b' hiring another group of smugglers could the' achie e theirgoals of being rid of debt and supporting themsel es and their families. 4hus, contrar' to the idea that %omen %ho e


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2nc e&istemolog" Human trafficking5s&ecific me$ia k e&istemolog" in$ict t'e aff su&&orts t'e $ominance inre&resentation an$ t'at turns sol)enc"

ulati 10 Q 7hD, Associate 7rofessor of 7olitical $cience at entle' 0ni ersit', &ember of the Regional 8or=ing >roup on &odern-Da' $la er' and uman 4raffic=ing, Carr Center for uman Rights, enned'$chool of >o ernment, ar ard 0ni ersit' (>irish J. >ulati, Jul' *, )*), ?&edia Representation of uman4raffic=ing in the 0nited $tates, >reat ritain, and Canada,@ entle' 0ni ersit', pdf, ensel&edia 3raming of 7ublic 7olic' K 4he ne%s media contribute to the democratic process b' gi ing oice to a di erse set of groups and eans )) +$chudson *9E)+ 4uchman *9:E . utstudies of media framing of foreign polic' issues and contro ersies among 0.$.

trafficking aff - wave 1 - michigan7 2013 achm

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