INDIAN RAILWAYS SUMMER TRAINING

PRESENTED BY:KAPILESHWAR

EC-A1206431047

INTRODUCTION• Railways were first introduced to India in the year 1853 from

Mumbai to Thane.

• Its operations cover twenty nine states and seven union territories and also provides limited international services to Nepal , Bangladesh and Pakistan.

• Indian Railways is divided into 17 zones , which are further sub-divided into divisions.

MTRC• Mobile Train Radio communication is a digital wireless

network based on GSM-R.

• designed on EIRENE (European Integrated Railway Radio Enhanced Network).

• The Radio link uses both FDMA and TDMA . • The 900 MHz frequency bands for down link and up link signal

are 935-960 MHz and 890-915 MHz respectively.

THE BASIC FEATURES OF GSMR

• Point to Point call Allows user to make a distinct call.

• Voice Broad cast call Allows groups of user to receive common information.

• Voice Group call Allows groups of user to make calls within/among the groups.

• Emergency call Allows user to call controller by short code or button during emergency.

NATIONAL EIRENE NUMBERS

National EIRENE Numbers are used specifically for Railway purposes and consist of three parts.

i) Call type (CT)

ii) User ID No

iii) Function code (FC)

• The call type prefix tells the network how to interpret the number dialed.It is one digit long.

• The user identification Number can be one of the following:i. Train Running Number for TFN (Train Functional Number) ii. Engine Number for EFN (Engine Functional Number)iii. Coach Number for CFN (Coach Functional Number)

• Train Functional Number is used for calling the driver by its train number.

• The following numbering scheme is used in the Railway.

Functional Number of driver in Rajdhani Express for Thursday is as follows. 2 4 2301 0 01

Call Type Thursday Train Number Schedule Train Driver for link train -1 for gaurd for special train -2 -80 • User can register itself as a driver / guard of any train from their

handset by dialing 091 i.e. Railway access code following the above digits for a specific train .

OFC EQIPMENTS & CABLES

Optical fiber• An optical fiber( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along it’s

length.

Optical fiber construction• Core: Thin Glass Center of the fiber where light travels.

• Cladding: Outer Optical Material surrounding the Core.

• Buffer Coating: Plastic Coating that protects the Fiber.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OFC

FEATURES• Greater bandwidth Fiber provides far greater bandwidth and greater fidelity than copper wire.

• Low attenuation and greater distance Because the fiber optic signal is made of light, very little signal loss occurs during transmission , and data can move at higher speeds and great distances.

• Security Your data is safe with fiber cable. It doesn’t radiate signals and is extremely difficult to tap.

• Immunity and reliability Fiber provides extremely reliable data transmission. It’s completely immune to many environmental factors that affect copper cable. The core is made of glass, which is an insulator, so no electric current can flow through it. It’s immune to electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference (EM/RFI), crosstalk, impedance problems, and more.

EQIPMENTSFusion Splicing Machine

• It melts the two ends of fiber optic cables together to form a continuous cable.

• To do this properly, machines must align the cable, touch the ends together, and send heat or an electric arc through the joint to melt the glass.

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

• An OTDR is used for estimating the fiber's length and overall attenuation, including splice and mated-connector losses.

• It may also be used to locate faults, such as breaks, and to measure optical return loss.

Cleaver

• A perpendicular cut in a optical fiber cable is critical to the success of the splice or joint. A cleaver breaks the glass cable with high precision.

Optical Power Meter

• An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to measure the power in an optical signal.

• A typical optical power meter consists of a calibrated sensor, measuring amplifier and display.

• The sensor primarily consists of a photodiode selected for the appropriate range of wavelengths and power levels.

TELE EXCHANGE• A telephone exchange is a telecommunication system used in

the public switched telephone networks or in large enterprises.

• A telephone switch is the switching equipment of an exchange.

NETWORKING

IP Networks: Networks which adopt packet data transmission and use IP protocol are called IP networks.• worked at speeds of 2mbps.

Non-IP networks: In these networks, direct connection exists between the client and server.• higher speeds are not adopted in non-IP networks.• worked at speeds of 64Kbps.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY• Local Area Network (LAN) is an interconnection of data

devices using speeds of 10 Mbps/ 100 Mbps/ 1Gbps.

• The network topologies commonly used for LAN are:i. Bus : Data devices are connected to a common bus which is

linear.

ii. Ring: Data devices are connected in a ring from which gives an alternative path during failure of any one link. Generally not followed.

iii. Star / Hub: Number of data devices connected to a data device at a central location

• Wide Area Network (WAN) is formed when data devices are located far away and cannot be connected together to form a LAN.

• In other words, WAN is an interconnection of LANs with communication links of required speed.

• The network topologies in WAN are: i. Point-to-point : In this configuration, two locations are connected together by a communication link. ii. Point – to –multipoint: In this configuration, central location is connected to many locations by communication links. iii. Mesh: Interconnection of every data device to every other data device in the network. iv. Combination of the above.