true et al 1970 project tarapaca

8/12/2019 True Et Al 1970 Project Tarapaca

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Society for American Archaeology

Archaeological Investigations in Northern Chile: Project Tarapaca. Preceramic ResourcesAuthor(s): D. L. True, Lautaro Nunez A. and Patricio Nunez H.Reviewed work(s):Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Apr., 1970), pp. 170-184Published by: Society for American ArchaeologyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/278146.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHERN CHILE:PROJECT TARAPACA-PRECERAMIC RESOURCESD.L.TRUE, LAUTARONU(NJ ZA., AND PATRICIONUNIEZH.

ABSTRACTA series of nonceramic sites is described for the pur-

pose of indicating the nature of the resources to befound along the western margin of the Andean precor-dillera in northern Chile. Artifacts recovered from sev-eral sites are similar to those designated Ayampitin andLauricocha from other regions in Andean South Amer-ica. Strong ties are suggested between coastal and in-ternor sites, due either to trade relationships betweenseparate groups or to the same peoples occupying a seriesof site locations on a seasonal round. Detailed studiesthat hopefully will clarify these relationships are in proc-ess. Information on permanent agricultural settlements inthis same region will be presented in a future summary./t RCHAEOLOGICALresearch was carded

ut in norther Chile during 1966 and 1967under the auspices of the University of Cali-fornia/University of Chile Cooperativeprogram,hereafter referred to as the "Convenio."At the time this archaeologicalwork was firstconsidered, the ultimate goals of the largerCon-venio program n anthropologyhad not yet beendetermined. It was possible, however, to suggesta preliminaryresearchdesign for archaeologyinnorthern Chile wherein two kinds of problem-oriented studies would be implemented:1. Contributions to the prehistoryof northern

Chile resulting from selected excavationsin several key locations;2. Contributions to archaeologicaltheory andmethod through the development of coor-dinated long-rangestudy programs n areaswhere near ideal conditions prevail for thestudy of (1) culture change, (2) ecologicaladaptation in arid land situations, (3) set-tlement-pattern studies and related socio-cultural adlustments in response to en-vironmental change or climatic fluctuation,and (4) archaeological definition of the

sociocultural aspects of prehistoric com-munities in a formative stage of develop-ment.This suggestssome of the more obvious possi-bilities and is not intended to be a completelisting of the significant problem-oriented re-search potential for this area.Step one in the implementation of this proj-ect was an aerial survey of the topography andresources of the larger area. In addition to theobvious value in understanding the topography

and terrain features, this survey resulted in dis-covery of several sites which might have beendifficult to locate from the ground. Next, pre-liminary ground surveyswere made in the Que-brada Camifna,Quebrada Tarapaca, Quebradade Quisma near the Oasis of Pica, and in theQuebrada Guatacondo.Although it was recognized that the solutionof many of the suggested problems wouldeventually involve investigations in other re-gions, the emphasis in this program was to beplaced on that area along the lower reaches ofthe western flank of the Andean Cordillera(precordillera) extending from the QuebradaCamarones in the north to the River Loa in thesouth (see Fig. 1).More specifically, it was planned that the be-ginning stages of the project should be con-cerned with settlement patterns, land use, eco-logical adaptation, and general patterns of cul-tural development within two particular trans-verse valleys:1. The Quebrada Tarapaca2. The Quebrada Guatacondo.

Phase one of this projectwas to confine its activi-ties to the Quebrada Tarapaca. A later phasewould proceed with investigations in Guata-condo aftervariousadministrativeproblemshadbeen resolved. As of this writing, plans arebeing formulated under the direction of Dr. C.W. Meighan, University of California, Los An-geles, to implement the Guatacondo phase ofthis project in cooperation with Dra GreteMostny, Director of the Museo Historia Natu-ral, Santiago,Chile.Although the intent of the initial phase (proj-ect Tarapaca) was to be essentially exploratory,at least some aspects of all of the above statedobjectives have been considered in the workcompleted so far.

THE AREATarapaca is the northernmost of the Chileanprovinces. Except for the higher mountain re-gions, it is one of the world's most barrendesertregions (Dingman and Galli 1965: 8-12; Bow-man 1924;Bird 1943: 184). The climate is con-trolled or modified by the cold Humboldt cur-

170

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TRUE AND OTHERS ] PROJECTTARAPACA 171Littoral &Coast Central Western Flank InterAndean BolivianRange Valley SubCordillera Valleys(Basins) Altiplano

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172 AMERICANANTIQUITY' [ VOL.35, No. 2, 1970rent, and rainfall is literally unknown for thisarea. The coastal regions have considerablefog,and on occasion this fog (known locally asCamanchaca) extends inland nearly to the baseof the Andean subcordillera. In a few isolatedcoastal locales, condensation from this fog issufficient to support a feeble stand of transientvegetation. For all practical purposes, however,there is no rain-controlled vegetation in thisprovince lower than 3,000 m. above sea level.Even in the higher elevations cover is sparse andtypical of arid desert regions.Throughout its length (within the Provinceof Tarapaca) the coastline is rough and rocky.Open sandy beaches are not common, andcoastal terracefeatures, as such, are narrow andpoorlydeveloped. The coastal scarprises steeplyin near cliff-like formations to an elevation ofsome 500-600 m. near Iquique, and up to 1,200m. above sea level near the southem marginsof the province. Just inland from the coastalscarp,which has considerable local relief, eleva-tions increase rapidly to the point where peaks;up to 1,600 m. above sea level mark the crestof the coastal range.Between the eastern margins of the coastalrange and the westem slopes of the Andeansubcordillera there is an open valley-like regionwith little overall relief. This interiorvalley liesat an elevation of some 1,100-1,200 m. above sealevel in the area just east of Iquique. Elevationsincrease slightly to the north and drop to about900 m. above sea level in the vicinity of the Salarde Pintados. The valley, or region of interiordrainage,extends essentially unbroken from theQuebrada Camifna n the north to the RiverLoain the south.The portion of this interior valley region thatconcerns us here extends from the QuebradaCamifia to the Quebrada Guatacondo and isknown locally as the Pampa de Tamarugal.Basically the Pampa Tamarugal consists of aseries of salares, or dry lake beds, which formthe terminal basins for several exotic streamsoriginatingin the Andean highlands to the east.For most quebradas, and for most years, littlesurface water reaches these basins, although thewater table in some portions of some salares ispresently high enough to support scatteredstands of Phreatophytic vegetation (Prosopissp.) .The eastern margin of the Pampa Tamarugalis characterizedby a series of coalescing alluvialfans - probably of late Pleistocene and post-

Pleistocene age - marking the outlets of theaforementioned exotic streams. In some in-stances these fans extend well into the valleyand cover portions of the old lake beds. Inmany locales, the western foothill region of theAndean subcordilleraextends nearly to the mar-gins of the salares. For the most part this aspectof the local topography consists of massive fan-like deposits (fanglomerates) broken by occa-sional, partly submerged, mountain peaks andridges. These older fans and possible piedmontformations are sharply dissected in the upperregions of the subcordillera by high gradientstreams. Present stream flow seems hardly suffi-cient to have created the extant topography,even given considerabletime.Emphasis in the present work is directedtoward those locales immediately adjacent tothe salares, but the topography of the largerarea and the climatic conditions responsible forthis topography are of considerable import inthe interpretation of prehistoric cultural activi-ties in this region. Detailed discussion of localenvironmental and ecological situations will bepresented in future reports dealing with specificproblems.PROJECT ARAPACA 1966-1967

The basic intent of this first phase of theproject was to obtain information that wouldpermit the definition of a local cultural se-quence, and to explore the possibilitiesfor moredetailed future studies oriented toward theoreti-cal problems. It was proposed that these goalscould best be met as a result of a concentratedeffort within some limited area, as opposed to ashotgun approach wherein a number of short-term one-shot investigationswould be instigatedover the area at large. This was the basisfor thedecision to spend over a year working in a singlequebrada. Further, it was obvious that even aportion of one quebrada included more re-sources than could be examined in the availabletime.The resulting researchdesign called for inten-sive examination of the archaeologicalresourceswithin a small defined territory (see Fig. 2).This territorywas set up to include the widestpossible range of cultural activities over thelongest possible span of time. It extended fromthe margins of the Pampa Tamarugal to thepoint in the canyon where the steep canyontopography typical of the subcordillera began.These bounds included an area of open pampa



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TRUE AND OTHERS] PROJECT TARAPACA 173

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*t- > \< / 23 t X ~~~~~~~~~~~~*odarn vi lIaga C&E-workshop stationsPF ""s P X 2 tb *t > X \ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~rcaaoloia sitar 2-workshop concant ratior

+- ffi/8;26 ( _______ ung radedoad~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~raa ra

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3+C> 3'\ g salarsf t \ *~~~~~~~-dga ot pampaseron A-S_-r Pqabrada

FIG.2. Location of sites and area of investigation.

and part of the margins of a salar (possibleEarlyMan); an area in the lower reaches of thequebrada marked by intermittent water supplyand low-relief topography (intermittent occu-pation with hunting and gathering as well ashorticultural possibilities); and an area ofmarked relief with steep canyon walls and aperennial stream (permanent agricultural vil-lages more or less in the Andean tradition).The defined territory was approximately 25km. in length and 1 to 2 km. wide, dependingupon the width of the quebrada. The majorityof the field researchwas carried on in the lowerhalf of this territoryin an area of considerablyless than 20 sq. km. Field work was in progressin one form or another from July, 1966, throughJuly, 1967.Within this designated territory,a total of 83separable sites was recorded. For the most partthese were sites not previously recorded, al-

though some were known to Chilean archaeolo-gists working in the province. The region wassurveyed in part the previous year by archaeolo-gists from the University of Chile (L. Nunfiez1965a: 17-19; 1966: 25-30).It is considered likely that the artifacts so farrecovered and examined in the sequence of sitesrangesin time from some 6000 yearsB.C. throughSpanish Colonial occupancy.These resourceshave been categorized as fol-lows:1. workshopor quarry sites;2. habitationalsites includingopen campsandpermanent masonry structures;3. cemetery sites;4. other - includes ceremonial locations,ground figures,petroglyphs,etc.Because of the complex nature of the perma-

nent habitation sites, cemeteries and ceremonial



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174 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL. 5, No. 2, 1970TABLE 1

Site Frequency and DistributionWORKSHOP SITES

Tarapaca 9,1011,28 (possible 19,21,22)

Total 4NONAGRICULTURAL CAMP SITES

Temporary Camps SeasonalTarapaca 1 2,3,448,12,i4,18,24,25,26 29 31 32

Tempora ry Camps StopoverTarapaca 14A, 2A, (possible 19,21, 22

Temporary Camps Transition ?Tarapaca 35, 14A(house pit component)

Total 21AGRICULTURAL VILLAGESPermanent Settlements Prehistoric

Tarapaca 5,13,13A.15,17,34,44,46,52,55,61,62,63,65,69,77&CasPermanent Settlements Historic

Tarapoca 16 38 49 50 60Temporary Settlements

Tarapaca 6 7 20 81 Total 26CEMETARY SITES

Tara paca 3640 4145 48 5154 57 58 64 72 75 78 79 80

OTH E R Total 15Ground Figures

Tarapaca42 71 7682Petroglyph Sites

Tarapaca 30 43 47 68Terraces Fields Corrals etc.

Tarapaca 23 27 33 53 56 59 66 67 70Total 17

83

locations, this initial report will be confined toconsideration of what we designate workshopand temporarycampsites (preceramic). A laterreport will discuss the more important agricul-tural villages and the cemeteries associatedwiththem. Table 1 presents the distribution of thesites in terms of the above listed categories.WORKSHOP SITES

Workshop sites are defined as those locationsmarked by artifacts and chipp,ing waste, butlackingobvious refuse or midden deposits. Theremay be indications of artifact use as well asmanufacture, but there is no suggestionof habi-tation on the spot. Some overlap between sitesin this category and habitation sites may existsince it is not always possible to distinguishbetween sites resulting exclusively from the by-products of tool manufacture and those repre-senting short-termoccupational situationswheresome tool manufacturing was carried on. Twokinds of workshop situations have been identi-fied in the present sample:

1. scattered isolated indications of tool manu-facture;2. concentrations of debris and tools.With few exceptions, the entire terracefront-

ing the quebrada from Huarasifia to the Pampais a nearly continuous zone of prehistoric occu-pation. At dozens of locations along this front,it is possible to find scattered bits of chippingwaste and occasional artifacts. These locationsare in addition to those specifically designatedas sites. The overall appearance is that of ascattered cultural substrate over which variousother activities were carried on from time totime in later years. In some instances the morerecent occupancy has obliterated or becomemixed with the earlier remains. In other situa-tions, the scattered waste and tools seem undis-turbed by later activities. Sites along the lowerreaches of the quebrada and along the pampawere often relatively undisturbed. It is the sitesin this part of the region that concern us at thepresent time.The scattered workshop debris mentionedabove is found in two kinds of situations: iso-lated finds that appear to be the by-product ofthe manufacture of a single tool, and more con-centrated manifestations of chipping waste thatmay or may not be actual sites. For the former,usually only the waste flakes are found, but insome instances the tool itself - a heavy biface- is found in situ. Theredoes not seem to beany patterning in the distribution of these sta-tions other than the fact that they tend to followthe margins of the Pampa. They are not closeenough together to call the aggregatea site, butthere are locations in which they aremuch moreconcentrated than in others. These areasof con-centration are indicated on Fig. 2 as areas C, E,and F. In area C, more than 40 stations werenoted in a space about 800 m. long and less than50 km. wide. There is no refuse or other indica-tion of cultural activities associated with thesestations. Each station seems to be an independ-ent manifestation of some cultural activity un-related to the next, except that the by-productisa similar tool or blank - made of similar ma-terial. The use of these tools and the exact na-ture of the finished product are not known.Similar artifacts are found scattered along thequebradaproper,and once in a while a specimenor two turns up in the excavated camp sites. Im-plements of this sizeand configuration,however,do not seem to be significantelements on any of



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AND OTHERS ] PROJECTTARAPACA 175he later sites so far investigated. A preliminarytudy of the implements does not show any sig-ificant wear patterns or markings along thecutting edges. All of the specimens so farexamined, however, have been lightly windabraded, and this would eliminate most evi-

dence for such wear.In addition to the scattered stations describedabove, one location along the Pampa was locatedwhere similar kinds of chipping waste and somesimilar artifacts were more concentrated (seeFig. 2, area D). This locale contains more thanone kind of tool-making waste, and more thanone time period may be represented. The con-centration may be the by-product of some par-ticular cultural pattern, or it may be the fortui-tous overlapping of the activities of several cul-tural patterns through some period of time. Inany case, the chipping waste here is more hetero-geneous than in the isolated stations, and it isclearly different from those locations given sitedesignations below.Four locations have been designated as actualsites (Tarapaca 9, 10, 11, and 28). All are lo-cated along the Pampa or in the lowest reachesof the quebrada (see Fig. 2). Three other sitesmay represent workshop locations, but it is notclear whether these are short-term camps orspecialized manufacturing situations (Tarapaca19, 21, and 22). For the present, these threesites will be excluded from the discussion.The four Pampa sites are nearly identical interms of their physical location and the artifactsfound there. They are marked by concentra-tions, from 10 to 20 cm. deep, of chipping wasteand artifacts. Most of the debris in each casewas located within an area some 10 m. wideand 50 m. long. All are located directly on a lowbluff overlooking the Pampa. The primary ma-terial being utilized here was a reddish-brownrhyolitic stone. although some fine-grainedbasaltwas used. This latter is common in the regionand was widely used in other cultural situations.On the basisof a preliminaryexamination, theartifacts from these sites can be categorized as:

1. leaf-shaped bifacially flaked implementsthat probably served as knives;2. leaf-shaped bifacially flaked implements-somewhat smaller in size- that may havebeen projectile points;3. leaf-shaped unifacial implements that mayhave been scrapers or partially finishedknives or projectile points;

b

CE NT I METERSd

FG. 3. Heavy biface artifacts or blanks fromisolated workshop stations.

4. an occasional heavy biface similar to thosefound on the scattered stations describedabove.The sample from the four sites includes sev-eral hundred artifacts. Quantification of thissample in terms of artifacttypes and frequenciesand possible functional interpretationof the im-plements will be presented in the future afterthe lithic analysis (presently in process) is com-

plete. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate typical artifactsfrom the workshop locations at Tarapaca.Most of the artifacts found in the above-mentioned locations have been mentioned in theliterature dealing with this part of the Andeanregion (Barfield 1961: 93-100; Orellana 1963:13-14; Le Paige 1963: 191-3; L. Nu'Tnez965a:189-204). Implements in thi's tradition aresurely related in some way to assemblagesfromAyampitin and Intihuasi (Gonzales 1952: 110-33; Gonzales 1960a:-1-296); from Lauracocha(Cardich 1964); and from Callavallauri (Tscho-pic 1946). They are similarto tools LanningandHammel include in Period III in their 1961synthesis (Lanning and Hammel 1961: 139-54)


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176 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY VOL. 35, NIO. , 1970.. .........................................................................,..... ......... ...... ..................................... ................... . .... .................. ........................

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.......... . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . ........ ..... ................ . ........................... .... ... . .... . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............ . ............ ..... . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .... .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . ... ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . ................. . . . . . . . . . ....................... . ......... ..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FiG. 4. Projectile p-oints and knives from the workshop sites (Tarapaca 10).

and are also similar to what Lanning includes inPeriod II and Period III in his 1966resume (Lan-ning 1966: 135).

HABITATIONSITESThe most common and basic subdivision forthis site categoryis that which separatesceramic-

producing groups from nonceramic or prece-ramic peoples. Unfortunately, the point in timewhen ceramics were introduced into this regionhas not yet been established in any secure way.In general, it is assumed that ceramic-usingpeo,ples were associated with a sedentary agricul-turally based subsistence and that preceramic


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TRUE AND OTHERS ] PROJECTTARAPACA 177groups were hunters and gatherers withoutpermanent villages. However, there is no neces-sary relationship between preceramic and pre-agricultural in this part of the world, althoughthe two conditions tend to be found together.Until a substantial number of radiocarbondeterminations are available for the area anduntil detailed studies of the resourceshave beencompleted, it may not always be possible to dif-ferentiate temporarycamps of tradersor herdersfrom those actually belonging to preceramic-preagricultural collectors. To further compli-cate the situation, it is almost certain that therewere circumstances wherein agricultural peo-ples subsisted to a considerable degree on non-cultivated vegetable foods such as algarroba(Prosopissp.).

Only nonceramic, nonagriculturalsites are in-cluded in the present survey. Agriculturallybased habitation sites will be discussed in a laterpaper. A total of 21 sites is included in this cate-gory (habitation sites - nonceramic). These canbe further subdivided into a number of group-ings based on several shared traits, although, infact, each site is slightly different from the rest.Tentative groupingsfor these sites are suggestedbelow. The order of presentationdoes not neces-sarily reflect the relative time placement of thegroups. Following the group heading, the sitesbelieved to belong in that group will be listed.Group 1 (Tarapaca 18, Tarapaca 14)

These are sites characterized by numerousheavy lithic implements; they lack evidence forthe use of bifacially flaked knives or projectilepoints. The artifacts are typical of those toolsarchaeoloigistscall cobble choppers, hammers,planes, and the like. These are found on surfacesites, i.e., there is no well-developed midden.There is, however, evidence of faunal remainson the surface, and some pockets of refuse werelocated in the test excavations.Most of the tools arebasalt, and most are typi-cal of those described by Bird from Taltal andQuiani (Bird 1943: 237-8, 286-90). It is im-portant to stress the fact that, although bifaciallyflakedknives or points are clearly not partof theassemblages here, no claim is made, nor is it sug-gested, that these sites represent what Kriegerand others have called a "Preprojectile pointHorizon or stage" (Krieger 1964: 42-51). Thetime placement of these sites in the local se-quence is problematical. The possibility thatthey are part of some older nonprojectile-point-using cultural pattern must be considered,but it

is not likely in this context. Other sites in thesequence have the same range of heavy lithictools plus bifacially flaked knives or scrapingtools. Organic material suitable for radiocarbondeterminations was collected from both sites.Group 2 (Tarapaca 1, Tarapaca 3, Tarapaca 4,Tarapaca8, and Tarapaca 12)

Sites in this category are characterized byheavy lithic tools similar to those described inGroup 1 above, but with the significantadditionof numerous well-made bifacially flaked tools(see Fig. 5). The sites are open camps withoutobvious structural features. Most artifactswerefound scattered over the surface, but some refuseor midden is present. This refuse contains nu-merousfaunal remains,charcoal,some vegetablematerial, and chipping waste. Milling-stone ele-ments may be part of the assemblage,but theywere found on the surfaceof only one of the fiveincluded sites. Manos were recovered from theexcavations at Tarapaca 12. Tarapaca 12 is dif-ferentiated from the remainder of these sites onthe basis of the above-mentioned milling-stoneelements and on the basis of a distinctive tri-angular-shaped knife or projectile point with aconcave base (see Fig.51,m) . This artifactassem-blage, minus the milling-stone elements and tri-angular points, is found associatedwith a num-ber of structures and rock features on site Tara-paca 1. However, the relationship between theartifactsand the structures s not clear. It is sug-gested, but not demonstrated, that the struc-tures postdate the artifactsdescribed.Material from Tarapaca 2 is similar in manyrespects to that of Tarapaca 12 and probablyshould be included within this group. Thoughthe artifact assemblageseems to be mixed, someelements on this site are distinctive, and it is dif-ficult to know where it fits into the sequence.Group 3 (Tarapaca 2A, Tarapaca 14A)

Sites in this group are characterizedby well-made, pressure-retouched,bifacially flaked im-plements including a distinctive serrated formthat may representa very sophisticatedtool (seeFig. 6a). Knife-like forms are common, withboth leaf and oval configurations. The sites aresmall camping areas (TR-2A is less than 10 m.in diameter) markedby a shallow sheet of refuseor midden and considerable chipping waste.Some cobble tools or heavy implements werefound on the surface, but not in the refuse sheetor pockets. Scraping tools are present but arenot common. No milling-stone elements were



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178 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL. 5, No. 2, 1970..

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- .. ---- ---- -- -.... .... . . . . . . .: :. ..::. ..::.::. ...:...... .... . ..: .: : .m. . .. ......... ;. m. .. . . -:;:::::i':i:'.:.1 .? -.-:.-:.:-: -..:.:: .... ... ..... . .. .:" -...... .. ... ..- .. : .. . , ::,. :: -.:- .:..:. :.:,:, ....: . . . . . . . . . : .. .. ... . .. ..-.....: ..m... .:: :'. : .... :--.. .:. .:.::.--.,::.-.:: ..... .. ..... :::: ... ..:..:i. -..,..::.:-:% .. ..m... -:... ..:: : :::::: : ..: .. ..: : .: .. .. .. . :.. :..::.. ..... . ... :. .. .:...:: :. .:.. .... .... :.:.........:::: : ::.. .... . .- .. .. .. . .. .......: :.. .: .:.":. .. .:....... ;. . . . . . . .:. . .:'..:.".:.". ..-..:..:, ,.:: .; ::. :,::, .:.: .: .:,.:m::: .:. :.:..: .: :. .. .. ... .. :-, ..... ...... .......:::%:.. .:. :...:. .: .:. . :. - .. .. ...::-' -'.-'...:,.' ;-::-:::.: .?': ::: : ..i::. '. : :.- :. ::: : .. :... .:::..::.......: : .-: :- .. :.. :. : -... ..-.:", .:. ..: . .. .:.::.::.... ... ... .. .. ...:. .. . . . ....:.: .:: .. .:. :.: '....:.....:.:: - .. .:, ,::- -- --..:.... .. - .. :. .. .... ...-.. - .-.%...:: . : ....---" .. ....... .....:--:--:-...".. :;: : :.:. .. .:.'.. ..:, ,.:.:....:.... ... ...... . ..:. .......: ..:....-...:: .. ..:.,.: , ":: ..,:,::.:. . . . .. .. . . . ... .. ..%-. . ..:.,::..:. %.. .. . . .. :- . . . ... .:.. .. .. .... .. ... ....% . ..... ... ..... .: -.......V: ::.... ..::.....: .... ... . .... .. ...:,: .:..%r.: ...... .. ......... ... . . . . . . .. ....:- - -... .. ... .. ...:.. .. ..II. .. .%... ..-. . . . . . ... ..::.. -.... - .........:.--. .....:.:. :. ...........:.: .1... ..:. . . . . .. . . . . . .....::. ..:.:... .... ....:.. . .. ........... ... ... . ..",... . .::,:,..... . - . . .:.. .. .. - %-.-.....".. . ......-- .. .-V.:-.. : .. .: :. , ', -:. '.-- - ... - .. .:::::-.--- ... :. .. .. :. .... ..V.. .....:X ,::.... -. -..... :..:. ..... .. '::':d"'. '':'..:.... :..::: .....1.... .... .: :..,:.:""".-.....:.... ........: ......-.. ".:...... :... . ....... .................. '' .::-.:.%. '' ;.:.:....... .::.:.%:::,:.......1. .: ..., ::........... .... ,::::-.:. ......::"': . .. . .. ..-.%:.:....................... . :.:..:..... . ... : ..- .. . .. .:::. --........:.,.,.:..... ... :::l-----,:--l-,....................,......:..:..........%.............."".,,.....:..:.......'"'- ... ,"","'',",:,:"''',, : .....%......%........:. ...,""""""'.:.:.................-.::-, ... ....... .:...:.......%...:::..:.:..::::,:.. -........ .:: ".".................................:...%.... ... . .......:... ....- ............:..':":-%':-%--:,-..:.,:'' .......... ...,:......::. . .. ....................... .... .... . ...: - .........:.. ............ ..:.....:. ..... .............. .-...-.-...,%i:: ,:%::,,:.:..%...........:,.:........ ...:.:................:..,..:.......:..::.............:,..... .......:,.............:.:.,:,.,.:.,.:.. .:%...............:... . ......:,:".",Ie".''''.,%"....:::.:::,:,---:-:::::..::,:....::%::........... . . .. -'. - ...: . . . - - - :,,.., .. . . . . ." - - : .. . . . ..:.::.: . . . . . .. . . . . .- .. . . ., , .. ...::.. ..%.-. .. ..:.: - ': ..:. . . . ... . .. ... ......... -.%.-.. . ... .. ... . . . .. . .: .:..:.,.. ..::,.:. ': .: . ...- :...... . . .::.. . .. . ..... ..:.:....":- . ... ,.: ......... ... .: .: .: .:: ..:.:... . . . . . . . .--,:.:::,. ':-. -, 0% - -.. ..... . .:... .. . ........... ..... ................... . . .... .. .. .. ..: - .. .. . . . . .. . . ....... . .:. ::.. :: :%.: ............ .. ...... .......... ......, ,:.....:...:. .-.-.:.-.-..::.. ::.:..::::..:.:..::: .....::." ..:.::. -, .: - .: . .. .......... ... ... - ":.:.,:. - --:,::.::.:..;... .:.f-:...'.'-'-' .''.. ... .:: ":::'': -::,: .,.:::.....:....... ............ .. .:..... . .......... .. .. . .:....: .............:.:.:.: , """"".':' "'.,,."::,:: ": .....::.:..: .::,.,--..... . :, -'.... ... .: .:.:' .. ..:- ...:.. ,:. .:: ::..::,:".:, .: ..-.-.. .. .............. . .:::: . . . . . . . . . . ...... ..: ......,.,:,. ......... .. ........ %..: - - .. ...:........ .. . ... . ... . . . . : . ..........:..........:.... ...:. '' '',..... ... ..: .:..-..,::;i.-,: :::'...::: :.:.::..-.-: ...:...:...:..:,j: ::- -. .. . . ...:... ....:..:::'' ..:..:.:.:.:-.-....:: - - - -.....::::.:::.:"::::::.......:.....:".::.".:...,.:.-.- -,,- . . ... ::..:.:. .. ... ..,:. -::--:-::.:.::j.: :.-:... ....-.%-:.::.. .. .::..: : ::.:.

FiG.5. Artifacts romTarapaca 2. This assemblages typicalof Group2 habitation ites.


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TRUE AND OTHERS ] PROJECTTARAPACA 179found on these sites. Faunal remains in therefuse include numerous bone fragments be-lieved to be guanaco (Lama huanacus [Mo-lina]). Fish-bone and mollusk remains are com-mon, and dried fish remains were recovered inone refuse pocket. Vegetable materialwas pres-ent in the sample but has not yet been identified.Group 4 (Tarapaca 24, Tarapaca 25, Tarapaca26, Tarapaca 29, Tarapaca 31, and Tarapaca32)

Sites here aremarkedby heavy concentrationsof artifacts and chipping waste, sometimes overextensive areas (site Tarapaca 29 covers not lessthan one acre). A wide range of artifact formsare present in the sample, and these includetriangular,concave-basedpoints (see Fig. 6 h-o),bifaciallyflaked knives, numerous flake scrapers,drills or gravers,and several kinds of choppers,hammers, and planes not unlike those describedfor sites in Group 1 above. In most cases, thissimilarity is not marked, however, because thetools from this group of sites tend to be smallerin size and somewhat more refined in appear-ance. Milling-stoneelements are common on siteTarapaca 29 as are some rock features that maybe remains of house circles. Simple rock align-ments and design elements were found adja-cent to the site proper. A thin sheet and occa-sional pockets of refuse were found under thesurface artifacts and were intermixed with aveneer of windblown sand. Hearths or burnedareaswere definitely associatedwith this refuse.Some faunal and vegetable materials were re-covered.Group 5 (Tarapaca 14A; house-pit zone Tara-paca 35)

These two areas represent small groups ofshallow house pits. The artifacts seem to berelated to material found on the Group 3 sitesabove, but with several significant differences.Excavations from the house-pit sector of Tara-paca 14A reveal oval floor surfaces, 16-18 in.below the present surface. Each living area orhouse unit has a central hearth and evidencethat suggests the roofs were formed by settingsmall diameter poles around the edges of the pitand pulling them together in the center in someway. This is not definite, however, and ramada-type roofs, typical of the area at the presenttime,may have been constructed in some instances.The upper portion of the fill in these houses con-tained numerous heavy lithic tools similar tothose from Tarapaca 18. Milling-stone elements

were common both on the surface and in thehouse pits themselves. The most diagnosticarti-fact so far examined from this site is a small leaf-shaped or oval projectile point (?). This formwas not recoveredfrom any of the sites describedabove. Some maize was recovered from thehouse fill, and it is suggestedthat this is a transi-tion phase in the local sequence - part of thesettling-down processassociated with the acqui-sition of agriculture. Not much more can be saiduntil the refuse has been studied in detail anduntil radiocarbon dates are obtained.The small oval projectile points recoveredfrom the house refuse here are nearly identicalto those recovered at Conanoxa, near the Que-brada Camarones to the north (Niemeyer andSchiappacasse1963, lamina IV). A singleradio-carbon date from Conanoxa suggests a timeplacement of some 3,500 to 4,000 years beforethe present (1790 B.C.+-130,IVIC-175) for thismaterial (L. Nufiez 1965b: 107-09). However,it is not stated from which portion of the Cona-noxa site the dating sample was taken, andConanoxa may represent more than one cul-tural pattern through some significanttimespan.

DISCUSSIONThe brief description of a series of preceramicsites described above is not intended to be-

nor to provide the basis for -a detailed com-parative study. The intent of this preliminaryreport is nothing more than to indicate thatthese kinds of cultural remains have been re-covered in this region, and to suggest the basisfor a possible local sequence. Without detailedartifactdescriptions, artifactfrequencies,and thestudy of accompanying faunal and floral associ-ations, no seriousreconstructionsare possible,ofcourse.Some of the artifactsrecoveredfrom the work-shop sites seem to fall into what has been termedthe Andean Biface tradition (Lanning 1966:134). The larger of the bifaces- those foundon the isolated stations here in Tarapaca areprobably earlier in time than the Puripica orAyampitin types found on the workshop sitesproper. But this has not been established strati-graphically or with any independent datingmethods. No satisfactory function or use forthese heavy tools has been demonstrated, andso far there is insufficient evidence here to sug-gest any specific cultural affiliation. What wecan say is that they are most often found onthe margins of dry lake beds (salares) where,



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180 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL. 5, No. 2, 1970in times past, standing water or a forest coverof Phreatophytic vegetation existed, at least onan occasional basis. This cover had a significantsubsistence potential both as food for animalswhich might be hunted, or as food for thehunters themselves. Similar artifacts (see Fig.3a-e), be they blanks, finished tools, or someof each, have not been reported from the adja-cent littoral. They have been reportedfrom sev-eral inland sites along the Pampa Tamarugal(Salar de Soranal, reported by L. Nun'iezandVarela 1964: 189-204; Puquio de Nunfiez,re-ported by Lautaro Nunfiez,personal communica-tion, 1967), and from the higher basins in theadjacent subcordillera (Salar de Huasco, re-ported by L. Nuniez and Varela 1966: 9-25;Salar de Talabre, reported by L. Nuiez 1967:5-11).All of the cited reports are preliminary, andno attempt has yet been made to study thesetools in detail. Work by Lanning in the Talabreregionprobably ncludes artifactssimilar to thosefrom Tarapaca, but the details on these investi-gations are not yet available (Lanning and Pat-terson 1967: 44-50).For Tarapaca, it is suggested that this class ofimplement represents the earliest evidence foroccupation so far discovered, but it is also likelythat the use of similar forms persisted for someconsiderable time. An early age cannot be at-tributed to such tools strictly on the basis offormal attributes or typological considerations.The material from the workshop sites (Tara-paca 9, 10, 11, and 28) is somewhat betterknown, and some tentative comparisonswithinthe larger area can be made. Most implementsrecovered from the workshop sites are clearlywithin the Ayampitin, Lauricocha,and Puripicatraditions.It is generally assumed that this class of ma-terial representsprojectilepoints and knives andthat these tools were the by-product of somehunting peoples or culture (see Fig. 4a-o). Theanimal most often cited as the object of theseactivities is the guanaco (Lama huanacus).There is so far, however, no direct associationbetween the tools recovered from the workshopsites and any faunal material. The leaf-shapedpoint/guanaco-hunting relationship for Tara-paca must be considered logical but not yetdemonstrated.We agree, however, that these implementswere made by hunting-and-gathering peoplesand that the sites along the salares were temr

porary camps. We see these camps as part ofa seasonal round extending from the higherAndean regions to the coastal foothills. Sitesin the Tarapaca sequence that best fit this pat-tern seem to be limited to workshop situations.No milling-stone elements or refuse depositionsare associated with the tools. However, it ispossible, if not likely, that most of the actualcamps were made on the Pampa proper wherethere was cover,water, and firewood,as opposedto exposed dry camps on the terracesthemselves.So far no exploration of the Pampa has beenmade with the discoveryof such camps in mind.The nature of the Pampa - with seasonal flood-ing and alluviation, shifting wind-borne sanddeposits, and considerable cultivation in recenttimes - makes the discovery of such evidencein situ highly unlikely. The possibility that themilling stone may have been part of this pattemmust be considered, even without direct evi-dence locally. Milling-stone elements are re-ported as part of the Ayampitin assemblage(Gonzales 1960a), and it is likely that algarroba(Prosopis) was an important food source alongwith whatever animals might have been hunted.With possible cyclic shifts in the Humboldtcurrent and a postulated general increase inprecipitationas we move back in time, it is possi-ble to suggest that portions of the coastal rangewere at times much more suited to seasonal graz-ing than they have been in recent centuries.Thus some subsistence for grazinganimals mayhave been available, at least on occasion, withinthe coastal-rangeprovince. The fruit pods andseeds of the algarroba and tamarugal couldeasily have provided another important foodsource for such animals, as well as for humangatherers. With extensive stands of this vegeta-tion spread over a substantial portion of thePampa Tamarugal and with occasional standsof annual vegetation along the coastal range,some considerablefood resourceswere availablefor grazinganimals such as the guanaco, in spiteof the seeming lack of such a potential at thepresent time. Differential maturation of theseresourcesin different regionswould provide thebasis for a seasonal round oriented toward bothhunting and collecting activities. Utilization ofmaritime resources may have been part of thisround, although there is little to suggest this forthat particularcultural pattern or periodof time.What we are sayingis that, in spite of the factthat the largerregionis and has been for severalthousand years a barren desert environment,



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........... . E ................... .......... . .... .. } M I

: - ' " b ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.;. .... ..-S--'m

*;............~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... ;.. ... ..... . ... ...... ..... ... ... .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... . .. . . ........... ..*: : . :: .: . ... .. :. ....:~~~~~~~~~~~~ i;:. ::...... :.:.

*:: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. . :.:...::.: .... . . .

::.;....:;..............:::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.i

.. .. .. .. .

FIG. 6. Artifacts a-g typical of Group 3 habitation sites. These are also representative of the short-term stopoversites. Artifacts h-o are typical of Group 4 habitation sites and representative (along with artifacts on


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182 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL.35, No. 2, 1970there have been from time to time importantsubsistence resourcesavailable, at least on a sea-sonal basis. The most reliable of these resourcesdepended upon runoff from the higher Andeanregionsand were, to a greatdegree, independentof the local lowland climatic situation which inits own right does not normally produce suffi-cient moisture to support any significantamountof life in the area.The prehistory of the region must be inter-preted in terms of this subsistencebase, with therecognition that it was subject to considerablefluctuation with respect to both its existenceand relative productivity.The idea that resources such as this are bestexploited as partof a seasonalround is, of course,widely recognized. Such a seasonal round ex-tending from the coast to the upland Punas inthe Andean region has been suggested for partsof Peru (Lynch 1967). Lanning (1966: 133-8)agrees that transhumance was a highly likelymode of exploitation for this part of the Andeanregion.Relationships between the workshop sites andthe temporary campsites within the Quebradaarea are not clear. Leaf-shaped bifacially flakedtools occur in nearly all the campsite situations.Frequencies vary from site to site, and the fav-ored lithic material (rhyolite) on the workshopsites is replaced by basalt on most of the camps.We can say that we have a number of single-component sites, each of which seems to have aslightly different and distinctive artifact inven-tory. There is some sharingof elements betweenthe assemblages,suggestingpossiblerelationshipsof one sort or another.Impressionistically, t is possibleto suggestthattwo separable cultural patterns are involved.These patterns may be sequent in time, onefollowing the other, or they may be more or lesscontemporary. The differentiation s based upontwo lines of projectile-point development andupon the nature of the complete assemblagesforeach groupingor pattern.The firstpattern is characterizedby tiny camp-ing locations and distinctively shaped projectilepoints or knives marked by finely serratededges(see Fig. 6a-e). Sites in the second pattern in-clude largenumbers of heavy lithic tools, severalcategoriesof scrapers,drills, gravers,and millingstones. Bifacially flaked knives are common inthese assemblages, as are triangular-shapedpro-jectile points with concave bases (Fig. 5a-o; Fig.

6h-o). Sites included here are much largerthanthe first category.Although it is in partspeculation without firmempirical support, we suggest that the sites inthe first pattern were the by-products of smallgroups camping for short periods of time, thenmoving on. These may or may not be seasonaloccupations for the purpose of exploiting somelocal resources. They seem more like overnightstopover stations or short-term resting camps,with little concern for local resources as such.The small size of the sites -only a few yardsin diameter - indicate one-time occupanciesand do not suggestannual encampments. Theymight representthe activitiesof some specializedsegment of some larger group working out of amore permanent camp elsewhere. The refuseat both Tarapaca 2A and 14A indicates strongties with the sea. Much of the faunal materialis fish bone, dried fish remains, and shellfish ofat least two kinds. Larger mammal bone, be-lieved to be guanaco, was also present in sig-nificant quantities.The sites in pattern 2 look like the kind ofaccumulations that would result if small familygroups of hunters-and-gatherers returned yearafter year to the same general locations. Millingstones and the more complete tool inventorysuggest longer stays and a concern with localvegetable resources.No attempt has been made to fit all of themapped nonceramic sites into this twofold divi-sion. Some sites are clearly mixed, and otherswere contaminated by the activities of later agri-cultural groups living over much of the sameterritory.Time placement for both patterns must awaitradiocarbondeterminations. A single radiocar-bon date from the refuse in Tarapaca 12 pro-vides the basis for an estimate for the age of onecomponent of the second pattern (2740 B.C.?80 years, UCLA 1293, Berger, personal com-munication, 1967). It is not possibleto say muchmore on the basis of local data. Comparison ofthe assemblageshere with similar artifacts fromsites in adjacentareassuggeststhat all of the sitesin both pattern 1 and pattern 2 postdate theworkshop sites described previously. In otherlocales, some stratigraphicrelationships providea general suggestionof time placement that maybe valid in the Tarapaca sequence as well.Ravines (1967: 39-56) describes material fromseveral sites located in southern Peru not farfrom the Chilean boundary. His sites were



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TRUE AND OTHERS ] PROJECTTARAPACA 183found at an elevation of some 3,000 m. abovesea level. Most of the diagnostic artifacts in hisassemblagesareduplicated in the Tarapaca sites.Several sites in the Atacama have also producedsimilarartifacts (Orellana and Kaltwasser 1964:37-76; Kaltwasser 1963: 55-71; Orellana 1965:81-115). Many of the point types recovered byBird from the site at Quiani and Punto Pichaloare similar to points from several of our sites(Bird 1943: 232-77). The relationshipsbetweenthese coastal finds and the Tarapaca artifactswill be examined in greaterdetail as soon as theanalysis of the inland artifacts has been com-pleted.Ravines'materialfrom Toquepala and AbrigoCaru is of particularinterest for several reasons.The altitude at which the material occurredindicates a highland seasonalcamp; also, Ravineshas a stratigraphicsequence, and he has severalradiocarbondates (Ravines 1967: 39-56). If thechronological placement suggestedby Ravines isaccepted, elements similar to those from thesecond campsite pattern in Tarapaca would belater in time than those in the first. Triangularpoints with concave bases, then, fall later intime than the leaf-shaped forms with serratedmargins. Ravines (1967, Lamina XXXIII) putsthe serrated leaf-shaped form and a triangularform with a contracting base or stem as earlyas 6000 B.C. The triangular form with a con-tracting stem is identical or nearly so to thoseclassified as Arenal by Lanning (1965: 75) andto the type called Tetragonal by L. Nu'-nez(Nu'-nez nd Varela 1966: 14). We suggest thatthe relationships are essentially correct, but thatthe date is a bit on the early side. L. Nu'nez andVarela (1966) suggest a sequence for their findsat Salar de Huasco that does not disagree withRavines' relative time placement, but they donot attempt to place their sequence in absolutetime other than to follow Gonzales (1960b).A seasonal round similar to that suggestedforthe earlier workshop sites probably applies tomost of the sites in the pattern 2 campsites.Pattern 1 sites may have been way-stations be-tween more or less permanent coastal locationsand seasonal upland camps.Hopefully, complete analysis of the recoveredartifact samples, radiocarbondates from a num-ber of key locations, and detailed study of thefaunal and floral remains from the site refusewill place these sites more precisely in time andwill provide the basis for some significant con-tribution to the prehistory of the region.

Acknowledgments. Appreciation is expressed to theFord Foundation for its generous support of this project.Many other individuals and institutions contributed to thesuccess of this work. Acknowledgments of this assistancewill be made on an individual basis as the various seg-ments of the project are completed.BARFIELD, LAWRENCE1961 Recent Discoveries in the Atacama Desert andthe Bolivian Altiplano. American Antiquity,Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 93-100. Salt Lake City.BIRD,JUNIUSB.

1943 Excavations in Northern Chile. Anthropologi-cal Papers of the American Museum of NaturalHistory, Vol. 38, Pt. 4. New York.BOWMAN, ISAIAH

1924 Desert Trails of Atacama. American Geo-graphical Society Special Publication, No. 5.New York.DINGMAN, ROBERT J. AND CARLOs GALLI 0.1965 Geology and Groundwater Resources of thePica Area Tarapaca Province Chile. GeologicalSurvey Bulletin 1189. Washington.CARDICH, AUGUSTO

1964 Lauricocha, fundamentos para una prehistoriade los Andes centrales. Centro Argentino deEstudios Prehistoricos, Studia Praehistorica III.Buenos Aires.GONZALES,. R.1952 Antiguo horizonte preceramico en las SierrasCentrales de la Argentina. Runa Archivo paralas Ciencias del Hombre, Vol. 5, pp. 110-33.Buenos Aires.

1960a Nuevas fechas de la cronologia arqueologicaargentina obtenidas por el metodo de radiocarbon(IV). Resumem y perspectivas. Revista del It-stituto de Antropologia, Universidad Nacionalde Cordoba, Tomo I, pp. 303-31. Cordoba.1960b La estratigrafiade la gruta de Intihuasi (prov-ince de San Luis R. Argentina) y sus relacionescon otros sitios preceramicos de Sud America.Revista Instituto Antropologia, Universidad Na-cional de Cordoba. Cordoba.

KAL-TWASSER, JORGE1963 Artefactos liticos de Tambillo. Revista delcentro de Estudios Antropolgicos Universidad deChile, No. 1, pp. 55-71. Santiago.

KRIEGER, ALEX D.1964 Early Man in the New World. In PrehistoricMan in the New World, edited by Jesse D. Jen-nings and Edward Norbeck, pp. 23-81. Univer-sity of Chicago Press, Chicago.

LANNING, E. P.1965 Early Man in Peru. Scientific American, Vol.213, No. 4, pp. 68-76. New York.1966 Preceramic Archaeology of the Andes. Quater-naria, Vol. 8, pp. 133-8. Roma.LANNING, EDWARD P. AND EUGENE A. HAMMEL1961 Early Lithic Industries of Western SouthAmerica. American Antiquity, Vol. 27, No. 2,

pp. 139-54. Salt Lake City.



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184 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL.35, No. 2, 1970LANNING, EDWARDP. AND THOMAS C. PATTERSON

1967 Early Man in South America. Scientific Amer-ican, Vol. 217, No. 5, pp. 44-50. New York.LE PAIGE,GUSTAVO

1963 Discussion on the Paleolithic Industries of theAtacama. In "Reports on the Congreso inter-nacional de arqueologia de San Pedro de Ata-cama." Anales de la Universidad del NorteAntofagasta, No. 2, pp. 188-94. Antofagasta.LYNCH, THOMASF.

1967 The Nature of the Andean Preceramic. Occa-sional Papers of the Idaho State Museum, No. 21.Pocatello.NIEMEYER,HANS AND VIRGILIO CHIAPPACASSE.

1963 Investigaciones arqueologicas en las Terrazasde Conanoxa, Valle de Camarones (Provincia deTarapaca). Revista Universitaria Anales la Acad-emia Chilena de Ciencias Naturales No. 26, pp.101-66. Santiago.

NUNREZA., LAUTARO1965a Prospeccion arqueologica en el norte de Chile.Estudios Arqueologicos No. 1, Universidad deChile. Antofagasta.1965b Desarrollo cultural prehispanico del norte deChile. Estudios Arqueologicos No. 1, Universi-dad de Chile, pp. 37-114. Antofagasto.1966 Caserones-I una aldea prehispanica del nortede Chile, nota preliminar. Estudios Arqueologi-cos No. 2, Universidad de Chile, pp. 25-30. Anto-fagasta.1967 Descubrimiento arqueologico en el Salar deTalabre, norte de Chile. Boletin de la Universi-dad de Chile, No. Julio-Agosto, 1967, pp. 5-12.Santiago.

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