(TSINGHUA － GAMMON ）CONSTRUCTION SAFETY RESEARCH CENTER

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SAFETY AND

APPLICATION OF BAMBOO AND METAL

SCAFFOLDINGS IN HONG KONG

Fang Dongping,Wu Shenghou,Hua Bin and John Wong Tsinghua University and Gammon Construction Co Ltd

BACKGROUNDMarket

Bamboo Scaffolding: More than 90% Market Share

Metal Scaffolding: Less than 10% Market Share

Safety Performance

Attitude of the public – safer

Attitude of Contractors – cheaper

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Bamboo Scaffolding related Accidents

Yearly distribution of fatal accidents

02468

101214

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

year

No.

of w

orke

rs d

ied

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Bamboo Scaffolding related Accidents

Category of accident

92%

4% 3%1% f al l f rom hei ght , over 2m

st ruck by f al l i ng obj ect

f al l f rom hei ght , not over2mst ruck by movi ng obj ect

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Bamboo Scaffolding related Accidents

Types of work being carried outTypes of work being carried out No. of No. of workers diedworkers died

percentagespercentages

Non-scaffolding workers on Non-scaffolding workers on scaffolding, no working scaffolding, no working platformplatform

4646 36%36%

Erection of scaffoldingErection of scaffolding 3131 25%25%

Dismantling of scaffoldingDismantling of scaffolding 2727 22%22%

Non-scaffolding workers on Non-scaffolding workers on working platform of scaffoldingworking platform of scaffolding

1717 14%14%

Repair of scaffoldingRepair of scaffolding 22 2%2%

Alteration of scaffoldingAlteration of scaffolding 11 1%1%

OBJECTIVES

For Government – Policy making For Contractors – Decision making

RESEARCH FRAME

workers Scaffold-ing

Contrac-tors

Suppliers

Market System

Human-Environment

Supply and Demand

Collaboration

Safety Assessment

Economic Assessment

Policies and Legislations

Environment

Economy Construction Industry

SyntheticalAssessment

RESEARCH CONTENT

SAFETY PERFORMANCESAFETY PERFORMANCE Hazard Analysis Hazard Analysis － － safety officers, scaffolders and workers (194)safety officers, scaffolders and workers (194)

AHP – professionals in scaffolding (engineers, ASD and CITA) (20)AHP – professionals in scaffolding (engineers, ASD and CITA) (20)

Experimental Psychology – un-experienced students as examinantsExperimental Psychology – un-experienced students as examinants

ECONOMICAL EFFECTIVENESECONOMICAL EFFECTIVENES Contractors, suppliers (14) and projects (6)Contractors, suppliers (14) and projects (6)

SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENTSYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT Project Managers(23/30)Project Managers(23/30)

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Safety Performance Assessment

Hazard AnalysisHazard Analysis Theory foundationTheory foundation H=F×P×CH=F×P×C wherewhere ： ： F—frequency of being brokenF—frequency of being broken P—probability of being brokenP—probability of being broken C—consequenciesC—consequencies Information sourcesInformation sources Survey—Workers (scaffolders and non-Survey—Workers (scaffolders and non-

scaffolders), Safety officersscaffolders), Safety officers

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Safety Performance Assessment

AHPAHPTheoretical foundationTheoretical foundation

Information sourcesInformation sources Survey—Engineers in Scaffolding, safety professionals, Survey—Engineers in Scaffolding, safety professionals, Instructors from CITAInstructors from CITA

Complex problem

judgment

feeling

logic structure of AHP

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Safety Performance Assessment

ConclusionsConclusions Hazard analysisHazard analysis

Risk Risk －－ Metal 0.32; Bamboo 0.68Metal 0.32; Bamboo 0.68 AHPAHP

Risk Risk － － Metal 0.39; Bamboo 0.61Metal 0.39; Bamboo 0.61

SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT— Objective

The study takes the two major aspects and other factors such as The study takes the two major aspects and other factors such as construction quality and company’s images into consideration to construction quality and company’s images into consideration to assess these two kinds of scaffolding synthetically, so as to provide assess these two kinds of scaffolding synthetically, so as to provide foundational information for the government to enact relevant foundational information for the government to enact relevant policies and for contractors to choose scaffolding.policies and for contractors to choose scaffolding.

Safety PerformanceSafety Performance Economic EffectivenessEconomic Effectiveness Construction quality and company’s Construction quality and company’s

images, etc.images, etc.

SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT— Methodology

Assesment

Benefi tCost

Ri sk CostReal Cost Soci al Benefi tEffi ci ency

I ni t i alPayment

Mont hl yPayment

CostChange

Acci dentCost

Speed ofer ect i on

anddemol et i on

Non-scaff f ol der

Wor ker s'effi ci ency

Compani es'I mageQual i t y

BambooScaff ol di ng

Met alScaff ol di ng

A

B

C

D

E

SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT— Conclusions

Risk ratingRisk rating

Metal scaffolding 0.842Metal scaffolding 0.842

Bamboo scaffolding 0.783 Bamboo scaffolding 0.783

CONCLUSIONS

Metal scaffolding should be encouraged for Metal scaffolding should be encouraged for safety concern.safety concern.

The erection and use of bamboo scaffolding The erection and use of bamboo scaffolding should be better supervised due to its poor should be better supervised due to its poor safety performance.safety performance.

Contractors may make their own decisions Contractors may make their own decisions by following the proposed procedure.by following the proposed procedure.

COLLAPSE

NEXT

DESTROIED BY WIND

NEXT

DESTROIED BY GARBAGE

NEXT

PUTLOG BEING DISMANTLED

NEXT

STANDARD BEING DISMANTLED

BACK

Workplace Safety Evaluation Based on Experimental Psychology

Dr. FANG DongpingDr. FANG DongpingDepartment of Construction Management, Department of Construction Management,

School of Civil EngineeringSchool of Civil Engineering

Tsinghua University, BeijingTsinghua University, Beijing

OBJECTIVES

Comparing human’s physiological and Comparing human’s physiological and psychological reactions in different working psychological reactions in different working conditions.conditions.

Bamboo and Metal Scaffoldings as a case.Bamboo and Metal Scaffoldings as a case.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT

MeasurementMeasurement Four indexesFour indexes

PulsePulsePectoral BreathePectoral BreatheVentral BreatheVentral BreatheElectrodermal ResponseElectrodermal Response

EquipmentsEquipmentsPolygraphPolygraphComputerComputer

P re lim ina ry re m a rk s

B a m booG roup

M e ta lG roup

B e nc hm a rkG roup

O n the G rou nd , thephysio log ica l indexes o f theexa m ina tes w ere reco rded

W en t U psta irs a nd T ook a restW a lk th rou gh the test a rea

O n th e S ca ffo ld ing s , th eind ex es w ere reco rd ed ag a in

Benchmark GroupBenchmark Group

Bamboo Scaffolding GroupBamboo Scaffolding Group

Metal Scaffolding GroupMetal Scaffolding Group

ANALYSIS

PulsePulse 80-Order AR Model80-Order AR Model Burg Method – Power SpectrumBurg Method – Power Spectrum

ANALYSIS

Pectoral breathe and ventral breathePectoral breathe and ventral breathe 20-Order AR Model20-Order AR Model Yule-Walker Method - Power SpectrumYule-Walker Method - Power Spectrum

Electrodermal ResponseElectrodermal Response

LIMITATIONS

The equipments used in this experiment The equipments used in this experiment couldn't record the absolute value of the couldn't record the absolute value of the signals.signals.

CONCLUSIONS

The change of the pulse frequency*The change of the pulse frequency*

GroupGroup The Change of the PulseThe Change of the Pulse

(Beats per minute)(Beats per minute)

Bamboo GroupBamboo Group 7.97.9

Metal GroupMetal Group 4.34.3

Benchmark GroupBenchmark Group 2.8 2.8

*3 beats per minute is the critical value (TIAN Xiuliang, 1996)

*Pulse frequency would rise under tension (YANG Zhiliang, 1990 )

CONCLUSIONS

The change in pulse rate in the bamboo The change in pulse rate in the bamboo group is significant, suggesting a group is significant, suggesting a fluctuation of emotionfluctuation of emotion

The change of the metal group is not The change of the metal group is not significant at the same level, indicating less significant at the same level, indicating less fluctuation of emotionfluctuation of emotion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Works Bureau of Hong KongWorks Bureau of Hong Kong Gammon Construction Ltd.Gammon Construction Ltd.

Wei Loong Scaffolding Works Co. Ltd.Wei Loong Scaffolding Works Co. Ltd.AES Scaffolding Engineering Ltd. AES Scaffolding Engineering Ltd.

Tsinghua Tongfang Electronic Co. Ltd.Tsinghua Tongfang Electronic Co. Ltd. Professor Francis Wong, Professor Albert Kwok, Professor Professor Francis Wong, Professor Albert Kwok, Professor

S.W. Poon S.W. Poon National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant

number 70172005)number 70172005) Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant number Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant number

8002013).8002013).

Workplace Safety Evaluation Based on Experimental Psychology

ThanksThanks

谢谢谢谢