tundra desert woodland shrubland grassland boreal forest temperate forest tropical seasonal forest...
TRANSCRIPT
tundradesert
woodlandshrubland
grassland
boreal forest
temperateforest
tropicalseasonal
forest
tropicalrain forest
thorn scrubsavanna
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -150
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
An
nu
al P
reci
pita
tion
(m
m)
Annual Mean Temperature (C)
temperaterain forest
Figure 24.1Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Ann
ual N
et R
adia
tion,
Rn
(W m
-2)
Radiative Dryness Index (Rn/P)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.00.00
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Tropical
Wet savanna
Desert
Savanna
Subtropical
Forest
Mid-latitudedeciduous
Needleleaf
Tund
raSteppe
Steppe, prairie Semidesert
Figure 24.2Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
125
62.5
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Annual Precipitation (mm
)
32.00 16.00 8.00 4.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.25 0.125superarid perarid arid semiarid subhumid humid perhumid superhumid
Pot
entia
l Eva
potra
nspi
ratio
n R
atio
0.25
0.50
1.00
2.00
4.00
8.00
16.00
32.00
0.125
Ann
ual M
ean
Bio
tem
pera
ture
(o C
)
1.5
3
6
12
24
polar
subpolar
boreal
cooltemperate
warm temperateor subtropical
tropical
LatitudinalRegions
1.5
3
6
12
24
nival
alpine
subalpine
montane
lowermontane
AltitudinalRegions
drytundra
moisttundra
wettundra
raintundra
desertdry
scrubmoistforest
wetforest
rainforest
desert desertscrub
steppe moistforest
wetforest
rainforest
desert desertscrub
thornwoodland
dryforest
moistforest
wetforest
rainforest
desert desertscrub
thornwoodland
very dryforest
dryforest
moistforest
wetforest
rainforest
Figure 24.3Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Annual Mean Temperature (C)
NP
P (
g m
-2 y
r-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Annual Precipitation (mm)
NP
P (
g m
-2 y
r-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Annual Evapotranspiration (mm)
NP
P (
g m
-2 y
r-1)
(1.315 0.119 )
3000
1TNPP
e
0.0006643000 1 PNPP e
101.66 1.66log10
AETNPP
Figure 24.4Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 24.5Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 24.6Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
1 2
Desert Grass Shrub Savanna
3 5 9
Temperate Forest Tropical Forest
0
200
400
800
1600
Min
imu
m P
reci
pita
tion
(m
m y
r-1)
Ve
ge
tatio
n H
eig
ht
Leaf Area Index (m2 m-2)
Figure 24.7Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Tundra30 cm: 93%
Deepest: 0.5 mRoot-to-Shoot: 6.6
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Temperate Grassland30 cm: 83%
Deepest: 2.6 mRoot-to-Shoot: 3.7
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Boreal Forest30 cm: 83%
Deepest: 2.0 mRoot-to-Shoot: 0.32
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Tropical Decid. Forest30 cm: 70%
Deepest: 3.7 mRoot-to-Shoot: 0.34
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Tropical Ever. Forest30 cm: 69%
Deepest: 7.3 mRoot-to-Shoot: 0.19
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Temp. Decid. Forest30 cm: 65%
Deepest: 2.9 mRoot-to-Shoot: 0.23
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Tropical Savanna30 cm: 57%
Deepest: 15.0 mRoot-to-Shoot: 0.7
Cumulative Root Fraction
So
il D
ep
th (
cm)
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Temp. Conif. Forest30 cm: 52%
Deepest: 3.9 mRoot-to-Shoot: 0.18
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Desert30 cm: 53%
Deepest: 9.5 mRoot-to-Shoot: 0.7, 4.5
Figure 24.8Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Annual Mean Temperature (C)
Litt
erf
all
(g m
-2 y
r-1)
Broadleaf deciduous
Broadleaf evergreen
Needleleaf deciduous
Needleleaf evergreen
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Annual Precipitation (mm)
Litt
erf
all
(g m
-2 y
r-1)
Broadleaf deciduous
Broadleaf evergreen
Needleleaf deciduous
Needleleaf evergreen
Figure 24.9Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
50
60
70
80
90
100
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Annual Mean Temperature (C)
Mas
s R
emai
ning
(%
)
Desert
Grassland
Agriculture
Marsh
Tundra
Broadleaf forest
Conifer forest
Tropical forest50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Annual Precipitation (mm)
Mas
s R
emai
ning
(%
)
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Annual Evapotranspiration (mm)
Mas
s R
emai
ning
(%
)
Figure 24.10Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Fir
Sp
ruce
Pin
e
Oa
k
Ash
Hic
kory
Ho
rnb
ea
m
Boreal Forest Deciduous Forest
0 25 50 75 100
Pollen (%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Th
ou
san
ds
Of Y
ea
rs B
efo
re P
rese
nt
Figure 24.11Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 24.12Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 24.13Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Ice
Forest Tundra
Tundra
Boreal Forest
Mixed Forest
Deciduous Forest
Aspen Parkland
Prairie
Southeast Forest
No Analog
No Data
18000 12000
9000 6000
3000 Modern
Figure 24.14Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Mean January Temperature (C)
Mean July Temperature (C)
Annual Precipitation (mm)
0-6
-18
-12
16
16
-18-12 -6
0
-12 -18-12
-60
66
24
20
-12
-60
-12
-12-18
-12
-6
06
-24-30 -18
-18-12
-60 6
-24-30
-18-12
-606
-24
1212
812
16
24
20
812
16
24
20
28
1281216
24
20
28
1216
24
20
20
16
1620
24
28
16
24 20
28
600
1000
400
800
2424
-12 -6-12
600
12001000800
600
1200
1400
1000
800
800
600
12001000800
800
800
600800
800
600
1200
1400
1000
400
800
600
1200
1400
1000
400
800600 1200
14001000
400
800
800
1000
600
1000
1000
600
1000
800
600
18 000 15 000 12 000 9000 6000 3000 Present
Figure 24.15Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 24.16Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
400 km 400 km
Spruce Migration Oak MigrationThousand Years BP Thousand Years BP
12
1010
14
14
13
15
15
14
11
15
13
14
12
1011
11
12
98
8
7
Contour From 7 To 15 By 1Contour From 10 To 15 By 1
14
15
13
109
12
13
11
12
Figure 24.17Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0
0.3
-10 25 60Temperature (C)
g C
O2 g
-1 s
-1
Root
HeterotrophicRespiration
Growth Respiration
g C
O2 g
-1 s
-1
0 1 2
Foliage Nitrogen (%)
0 15 30
Temperature (C)
g C
O2 g
-1 s
-1
0 500 1000
Ambient CO2 (ppm)
Photosynthesis
0 -1 -2
Foliage Water Potential (MPa)
g C
O2 g
-1 s
-1
0 1500 3000
Vapor Pressure Deficit (Pa)
46
20
0 500 1000
PPFD (mol m-2 s-1)
46
20
46
20
Sapwood
0
0.01
-10 25 60Temperature (C)
g C
O2 g
-1 s
-1
Foliage
0
0.5
-10 25 60Temperature (C)
g C
O2 g
-1 s
-1
0 15 30Temperature
(C)
Re
lativ
e R
ate
1
8
Soil Water (% saturation)
Re
lativ
e R
ate
0 1000
1
AutotrophicRespiration
Litterfall
NutrientUptake
Foliage
Stem
Root
Soil CarbonMineralization
Figure 24.18Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Duke Forest, NCNiwot Ridge, CO Metolius, OR
ET
(m
m m
onth
-1)
GP
P (
g C
m-2 m
onth
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 120 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 120 2 4 6 8 10 12
Month MonthMonth
Month Month Month
Figure 24.19Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
Net
Eco
syst
em P
rodu
ctio
n (g
C m
-2 y
r-1)
Bio
me
tric
Edd
yco
vari
an
ce
BG
C+
+
BIO
ME
-BG
C
CA
NO
AK
EA
LC
O
eco
sys
INT
RA
STA
ND
La
RS
Lo
TE
C
PnE
T-I
I
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Eva
potr
ansp
iratio
n (m
m y
r-1)
Wa
ters
he
d
Edd
yco
vari
an
ce
BG
C+
+
BIO
ME
-BG
C
CA
NO
AK
EA
LC
O
eco
sys
INT
RA
STA
ND
La
RS
Lo
TE
C
PnE
T-I
I
Figure 24.20Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 24.21Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 24.22
100
80
60
40
20
0
Per
cent
Cov
er (
%)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Years
Arctic grass
Boreal deciduous tree
Boreal needleleaf evergreen tree
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan