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INTRODUCTION

• Listening is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.

• Types of Listening• Appreciative • Discriminative• Comprehensive • Empathetic • Critical

• Why is listening important?

APPRECIATIVE LISTENING

• Appreciative listening is enjoyment of messages for their own sake.

• Includes listening to music or the audio from a tv show, performance, etc.

APPRECIATIVE LISTENING

• Focus is on how the message is delivered, not necessarily what is said.

• For example, vocal tone, speaker style, and general approach are paramount.

DISCRIMINATIVE LISTENING

• Requires paying attention to not only the words people speak but also the nonverbal cues such as rate, pitch, inflection, volume, quality and gestures.

• Example: Doctor

DISCRIMINATIVE LISTENING

• The goal is to accurately understand the speaker’s meaning • This can involve listening “between the lines” for meaning

conveyed in other ways than the words themselves

DISCRIMINATIVE LISTENING

• It is listening to distinguish the aural stimuli and involves the basic skill of noticing the aspects or details of the message itself (both verbal and nonverbal)

• If a speaker’s message is tough but his or her voice is cracking slightly, this could tell us that the speaker may have a subtext or hidden motive not being expressed

• Example: President Nixon

COMPREHENSIVE LISTENING

• High presentation rates = low comprehension rates

• More time = more comprehension

• Higher rates of presentation force listeners to sift through information

EMPATHETIC LISTENING

• Definition: Listening to understand the speaker’s feelings about the message

• When: situation calls for us to try to understand how someone else is feeling about what they have experience or are talking about

• Who Therapists Counselors Psychologists Psychiatrists People that use telephone

hotlines

STAGES OF EMPATHIC LISTENING

Sensing A listener indicates that he is taking in all the explicit and implicit

information which his accomplished through being actively involved while the other is speaking and by paying close attention not only to what is said but also how it is said

Processing includes synthesizing conversational information and

remembering conversational fragments to enable the construction of a narrative whole

Responding includes asking questions for clarification and using verbal and

nonverbal means to indicate attention

HOW TO IMPROVE EMPATHIC LISTENING

• Allow the other person to talk more

• Keep asking questions

• Reflect on what is being said

CRITICAL LISTENING

• The most intellectually demanding type of listening

• Often used when an individual is making a decision

• A way to keep hold of freedom of speech?

CRITICAL LISTENING

• Is not• Skeptical or close minded• Does not come from performed judgment

CRITICAL LISTENING

• Can be practiced and improved

• Four suggested steps:• Examining • Comparing• Concluding• Acting

VIDEO

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uwY3sjqYX0

CONCLUSION

• Of the five major categories we discussed which were represented in the video?

• Appreciative• Discriminative• Comprehensive• Empathetic • Critical

REFERENCESBodie, G. D. (2011). The Active-Empathic Listening Scale (AELS): Conceptualization and Evidence

of Validity Within the Interpersonal Domain. Communication Quarterly, 59(3), 277-295.

Borisoff, D., & Purdy, M. (1997). Listening in everyday life: A personal and professional approach. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc.

Duker, S. (1962). Basics in critical listening. The English Journal, 51(8), 565-567.

King, P. E., & Behnke, R. R. (2000). Effects of communication load, affect, and anxiety on the performance of information processing task. Communication Quarterly, 48(1), 74-84. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com

Lundsteen, S. W. (1966). Critical listening: An experiment.The Elementary School Journal, 66(6), 311-315.

McLaughlin, R. (Videographer), & Neal, L. (Performer) (2009). Fast food folk song (at the taco bell drive-thru) [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uwY3sjqYX0

Misra, P., & Tyagi, K. (2011). Basic technical communication. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Purdy, Michael. Borisoff, Deborah. (1997). Listening in everyday life . Lanham, MD: University press of America.

Story, M. L. (1955). The need for critical listening. The High School Journal, 38(8), 297-299.

Zaineb, A. (2011, April 21). Steps to Develop Empathetic Listening Skills. CommLab India for effective learning. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://blog.commlabindia.com/elearning/empathetic-listening