u03 interaction

ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 3

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Interaction and coordination



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CONTENTS

Interaction in animals

Elements of interaction

Plants

StimuliTropismNastic movementHormones in plants

Receptors

Receptors and the 5 sensesTypes

Coordination in animals

The coordination systems

Interaction in unicellular organisms

Characteristics

Motor system

InvertebratesVertebrates

INTERACTION AND COORDINATION

Stimuli

Types detected by animals

The nervous system

InvertebratesVertebratesHow it works

The endocrine system

Endocrine glands

Responsive organs

How they work



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Types of stimuli detected by animals

Types of receptors in animals

Receptors and the five senses

The nervous system in invertebrates

The nervous system in vertebrates

How the nervous system works


Motor responses in vertebrates

Types of stimuli detected by plants

Tropism Nastic movements

Hormones in plants

Interaction in unicellular organisms


How the responsive organs work

Motor responses in invertebrates

Links

Nervous system



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1. Stimuli

• physical• chemical• biotic

• internal• external

2. Receptors sense organs

3. Coordination systems

• nervous system• endocrine system

4. Responsive organs (effectors)

• muscles• glands

1. CLICK HERE

2. CLICK HERE

3. CLICK HERE

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hunger



1. Stimuli• internal hunger

• external insect

2. Receptor eyes: the sense of sight

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insect

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responsive organs

nervous centres

information


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nervous centres

4. Responsive organs (effectors)

• muscles• glands

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hunger satiation



• nervous system• endocrine system

3


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Types of stimuli detected by animals

temperature

pressure

light

sound

other organisms

Physical Biotic

salts

pollutants

water

Chemical



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Receptors and the five senses in mammals

STIMULUS RECEPTOR SENSE

light eyes sight

sound ears hearing

smell nose smell

taste tongue (taste buds) taste

touch skin touch



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Types of receptors in animals classified by stimulus

Mechanoreceptors

• touch

• pressure

• sound

• movement

Thermoreceptors

• temperature change

Chemoreceptors• chemical substances in the environment

Photoreceptors

• light

taste buds in the mouth

olfactory cells in the nose

compound eyes

lateral line

facial pitsskin

eyes

ocellus

feathered antennae



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Endocrine system

Nervous system


SEE COMPARISIONOF SYSTEMS

IN ANIMALS IN PLANTSneurons

endocrine glands

Production of chemical substances



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Characteristics Nervous system Endocrine system

Mode of transport nerves blood

Means of transmission nerve impulses hormones

Speed of response rapid slow

Duration of reponse rapid long

Functions which it regulates and coordinates

Functions which require rapid responses, such as locomotion

Functions which require maintained responses such as growth, development, metabolism

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Nervous system in invertebrates

Nerve nets

nerve net

jellyfishpolyps

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Nervous system in invertebrates

Ganglia system

grasshopper

brain

nerve cord

ganglia



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Nervous system in vertebrates

brain

nerves

spinal cord



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How the nervous system works

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brain

information

response

responsive organs (effectors)

stimulus

nerve impulses



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Endocrine glands

pituitary glandadrenal gland

testespancreas

thyroid and parathyroid

gland

thyroid and parathyroid

glands pituitary gland

pancreasadrenal glandovaries



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Motor response: movement muscles

Motor system

Endocrine response:release of hormones

glands

Endocrine system

stimulus

How the responsive organs work



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Motor responses in vertebrates

Muscular system: Muscles cover the skeleton and produce movement by contracting.

skull

ribs spinal column

limbs or legsSkeletal system: Bones support the body and act as levers during movement.



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fast moving animals

Motor responses in invertebrates

Animals fixed to a

surface and slow moving animals have hard shells.

hard shells

moult

light, flexible exoskeletons at

the joints



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Types of stimuli detected by plants

light gravity mechanical (touch, wind...)

chemical temperature moisture



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Tropism

Phototropism Geotropism

Thigmotropism

Hydrotropism

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permanent responses



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Tropisms

Phototropism Geotropism

Thigmotropism

Hydrotropism

permanent responses

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Nastic movements

These flowers open at dusk and close during the day.

Carnivorous plants close their leaves when an insect lands on them.

Tulips open and close according to the temperature.

Mimosa leaves retract when touched.

Temporary responses



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Hormones in plants

hormone production

flowering plant growth

ripening of fruit falling leaves

Hormones control growth and development.



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Interaction in unicelluar organisms

Types of stimuli

physical stimuli

chemical stimuli

lighttemperature

pressure

chemical substances

Types of responses

static dynamic

CAUSES• lack of nutrients• dry conditions• extreme temperatures

encystment (formation of cysts)

ameboid movement

vibratile movement

contractile movement



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Links

The effect of stimuli on the behaviour of an organismhttp://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0068.html

Nervous systemhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.html

Tropism and tropism quizhttp://virtualastronaut.tietronix.com/textonly/act25/text-plants.html

Invertebrate nervous systemhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/invert.html

Plant growth and hormoneshttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPLANTHORM.html

Plant responseshttp://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/u3aos23.html

u03 interaction

Health & Medicine

muscular system

plants interaction

animals types of stimuli

vertebrates skeletal

animals receptors

animals motor responses

animals types of receptors

hunger interaction