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Ubiquitous Computing in Business Processes
Part II
Prof. Dr. Lutz HeuserUrban Software Institute
Prof. Dr. Zoltán NochtaSAP AG
DarmstadtNovember 13th, 2015
1. Recap
Outline
What kind of Business Processes are out there?
We can categorize typical enterprises’ business processes:
Management processes, incl. strategy and process management, etc.
Core business processes, incl. production, sales, marketing, purchasing, customer care, etc.
Supporting processes, incl. human capital management, accounting, facility management, IT management, etc.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 3Picture Source: SAP AG
Smart Items – Generic Definition
A smart item is …
Object of the Real world,
Basically every thing - buildings, vehicles, machines, tools, pallets, boxes, shopping carts, shelves, consumer products, etc.
Capable to store data about itself or its environment
e.g. identifier, temperature, location, etc.
Capable to exchange data via a communication interface
wired or wireless
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 4
Example HF RFID Tag
Source: Auto-ID Center
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 5
2. RFID in Business Processes: Asset Management
Outline
RFID supported Asset Maintenance Process
3.) Execution of
maintenance and repair
activities
RFID tag
on asset
1.) Technician reads
information stored on
RFID-tag
4.) Information update
on RFID tag after
maintenance has been
performed
2.) Maintenance and
repair planning based
on information on RFID
tag loaded
Source: SAP AGUbiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 7
Assets can be identified locally without access to backend system
Assets can be identified correctly (no manual data entry needed)
Technician can perform work efficiently because all important information can be found on the tag, such as
Manufacturer information
Technical specification
Production date
Safety instructions or
As-build configuration
RFID tag stores service history (the ‘item’s memory’): “Who did what by when?”
RFID tags can be read through non-metallic substances, paint, grease or other obscuring materials (rugged environmental conditions)
Always access to up-to-date technical object information
Benefits
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 8
Example: Fire shutter maintenance at FraPort (1)
Maintenance orders are downloaded by mobile device assigned to the
service technician
Service technician goes to fire locker
RFID tag on the fire locker is read and the equipment is identified
Maintenance order for this equipment is automatically found and
displayed. Service technician may enter a damage code.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 9Source: SAP AG
Example: Fire shutter maintenance at FraPort (2)
Service technician inspects and maintains the equipment
After finishing his work, technician updates information on the
RFID tag by adding inspection date and personal identification.
The time between start and end of the work is automatically
recorded as well.
Orders with damage codes and times are synchronized with the
enterprise backend system, later.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 10
Source: SAP AG
Project at FraPort: Costs and Monetary Benefits
Main cost elements
Hardware
Mobile Devices
Tags
Tagging
Software licenses
Implementation and consulting
Specific customer benefits
Time savings
Per day and technician
Per year
Avoidance of double orders (5% of orders before the project)
Increased asset safety and compliance thanks to proven maintenance records
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 11
3. RFID in Business Processes: Supply Chain Management
Outline
The Supply Chain - A complex puzzle!S
up
ply C
ha
in
Where is my product?How can my supply chain
improve?
How can I prove delivery to
customer?
Why is there a delay?
What is causing the
bottleneck?
Is the product genuine?
How will my partners gain
visibility?
How can I track my
assets?
When will my shipment
arrive?
Am I compliant to
regulations?
How can I manage recall
and returns?
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 13Source: SAP AG
ERP
RFID in Order Fulfillment Process
Retailer
WM
Vendor
Middleware
Delivery
Purchase Order
Adv. Ship
Notification
Cust.
Order
Post
Goods Issue
Create HU
Pickor
Produce
Scan IDs
Issue Goods
(Loading)Build
Handling
Unit (HU)
Associate
Boxes & Pallet
Tags
DeliveryDelivery
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 14Source: SAP AG
ERP
Let’s have a look into the Factory!
RFID in Discrete Manufacturing Process
Retailer
WM
Vendor
Middleware
Delivery
Purchase Order
Adv. Ship
Notification
Cust.
Order
Post
Goods Issue
Create HU
Pickor
Produce
Scan IDs
Issue Goods
(Loading)Build
Handling
Unit (HU)
Associate
Boxes & Pallet
Tags
DeliveryDelivery
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 15Source: SAP AG
Production Process Triggered by RFID
Production process
Supply area
Full Empty
Automatic replenishment order
Status to
EMPTY
External procurement In-house productionStock transfer
Supply source
Kanban(with RFID tag)
Material
RF gate
Automatic kanban status change,
goods receipt posting, and creation
of the material document
RF gate
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 16Source: SAP AG
RFID in Goods Receipt Process
RetailerVendor
ERP
Scan IDs
Check consistency
Check and
Receive Goods
Adv. Ship
NotificationWM
Delivery
Feedback
Post
Goods
Receipt
Register
EPCs
Delivery
Middleware
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 17
Source: SAP AG
4. RFID Information Exchange between Enterprises in Supply Chains
Outline
RFID in Supply Chains: The Need for Standardization
In order to ensure supply chain visibility, the exchange of data between companies along the entire supply chain is required
Inter-company business processes can profit from RFID as an automated
identification and data collection technology
In order to leverage the full potential of RFID, standardization at multiple
levels is required. Most importantly:
RFID tag data: syntax and semantics
Communication btw. tags and readers: hardware characteristics
RFID related data exchange: interfaces and data formats
GS1/EPCglobal is one out of many organizations that drive the standardization of RFID and the underlying data management infrastructure
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 19
The ‘Internet of Things’ - EPCglobal Network Architecture
Search and
Discovery
Event
Registries
Source: EPCglobal
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 20
EPCglobal Network & Standards Overview
Search and
Discovery
Event
Registries
Gen 2/Other APIs
ALE
Tag Data Standards
Tag Data Translation
Reader Management
Reader Protocols
Event Registry
Application Program
Interface (API)
Security Specifications
EPCIS protocolsSource: EPCglobal
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 21
EPCglobal Network Standards’ Scope
Tag Data StandardsEncoding EPC tags information based on various
numbering system standards
UHF Gen2 Air Interface Protocol Reader – Tag communication
Reader Protocol Reader – Middleware / applications communication
Reader Management Multiple EPC reader environment management
Tag Data TranslationConverting tag data standards to Internet
compatible formats (at reader level)
Application Level Eventing (ALE)Multiple EPC handling seen by multiple readers
based on filtering criteria/rules
Object Naming Service (ONS) Find information source to given EPC
EPCIS Protocols Storage and retrieval of information about EPC
Security Specification Secure EPC information handling and exchange
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 22
EPCglobal/GS1 Tag Data Standard
Main goal: Migration of existing serialized and non-serialized
numbering schemas for RFID-enabled applications
EAN.UCC standards define numbering schemas for different application cases EAN: European Article Number (a.k.a. International Article Number, IAN)
UCC: Uniform Code Council
Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) Identifier for any kind of products or services, incl. books (ISBN is a GTIN variant)
Item level enhancement: SGTIN
Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC) Identifier for packaging units, such as boxes or pallets, rather than contained products
Global Location Number (GLN) Identifier for functional and physical entities participating in processes
– Functional entity: company name, head quarters address, comp. division name, etc.
– Physical entity: warehouse loading dock, building, room, retail shop, etc.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 23
96 bit General Identifier (GID-96) without specific EAN.UCC semantics:
EPC Manager: Uniquely identifies the EPC issuing company, typically the manufacturer of the tagged product in question
Product/Object Class: Uniquely identifies the product type, a.k.a. “Stock Keeping Unit” (SKU)
Serial Number: Unique identifier of the given item of type Product Class
Electronic Product Code (EPC)
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 24
Electronic Product Code (EPC) Encoding SGTIN-96
96 bit EPC with SGTIN specific semantics:
Filter Value: Allows fast definition of, e.g.
Retail Consumer Trade Item
Standard Trade Item Grouping
Partition: Indicates length of both Company Prefix and Item Reference fields
In total 44 bits
Item Reference: Unique identifier of product type (SKU)
Serial Number: Unique identifier of the given item of type Item Reference
Header Filter Value Partition Company
Prefix
Item
Reference
Serial
Number
00110000 3 3 20 - 40 24 - 4 38
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 25
EPCglobal Network Architecture
Search and
Discovery
Event
Registries
Source: EPCglobalEPCIS protocols
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 26
EPC Information Services (EPCIS)
Goal: Provide data sharing between companies based on EPC
EPCIS standard specifies service interfaces to
capture and query EPC-related data in an interoperable way
it does not specify how to manage and use EPC data
EPCIS offers interfaces to a EPCIS Repository
EPCIS Repositories store
historical event data with business relevance, e.g.
“The pallet with EPC E containing the list L of EPC has left the warehouse W at location L on date D.”
Business applications generate, maintain and utilize EPCIS data, e.g.:
when sending a shipping notification or goods receipt
when items of a production batch have to be recalled
when a ‘drug pedigree’ has to be generated, etc.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 27
EPCglobal Network Architecture
Search and
Discovery
Event
Registries
Source: EPCglobal
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 30
Object Name Service (ONS) in Overview
ONS returns Unified Resource Identifiers (URI) to a requested EPC
ONS supports only GTIN based lookups
ONS standard does not support item-level information
URI points to product-level data rather than item-level data
ONS entirely relies on DNS architecture and protocols
conforms to existing Internet name services
utilizes Naming Authority PoinTeR (NAPTR) to return one or more URI on the same host
Each URI found points to a server containing product level information or services
product name, manufacturer name, advertisement, …
EPCIS Query Interface to find out more about the tagged product
ONS servers do not store product or item specific information
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 31
ONS – Distributed Resolution Example
Source: EPCglobal
Company Prefix: 0614141, Products by Item Reference: 000024, 000025, etc.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 32
ONS Query Processing Overview
Source: EPCglobal
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 33
5. RFID in Retail Processes
Outline
ERP
RFID in Retail Processes
Retailer
WM
Vendor
Middleware
Delivery
Purchase Order
Adv. Ship
Notification
Cust.
Order
Post
Goods Issue
Create HU
Pickor
Produce
Scan IDs
Issue Goods
(Loading)Build
Handling
Unit (HU)
Associate
Boxes & Pallet
Tags
DeliveryDelivery
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 35Source: SAP AG
Retail Management: Overview Pain Point Categories
Source: PWC Consulting
product lifecycle
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 36
Potential Retail Store Operations supported by RFID
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 37
RFID Smart Shelves in Retail Stores: Overview
Smart Shelf with RFID technology
Recognizes position of tagged products
Sends state of shelf to back-end system
Back-end System
Monitors state of shelf
Recognizes
Misplacement
Expiration date
Out-of-Stock situation
Plan-o-gram compliance
Triggers countermeasures
Sends orders to vendors
Sends alerts to store staffs’ mobile devices
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 38
Source: SAP AG
Example Smart Shelf – Hardware Architecture
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 39
Source: SAP AG
Example Smart Shelf – Interleaved Reading
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 40
Source: SAP AG
Example Smart Shelf – Some Technical Details
Items equipped with RFID transponders
125kHz EM Marin system
6x6 RFID antenna grid
12 antennas multiplexed in 1 reading unit – overall 3 units
3 antennas are read in parallel (130ms per successful read)
9 items can be detected
Read miss rate: 0.3 %
Average response: 1.5 s
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 41
6. Group Exercise
Outline
Goal: Develop a Smart City Service Business Case including PoC
Team of 4 -5
Exercise consists of two parts
Build a business case for a Smart City Service
Description of the Service
Deployment and operation of the Service
Business Plan using a business model canvas (see attached)
Build a PoC using UrbanPulse and [ui!] COCKPIT
Identify the smart data source and connect it via [ui!] CONNECTOR
Visualize the Service using [ui!] COCKPIT
(Build an App)
Kick-off on January 15th, 2016 with a tutorial on UrbanPulse and [ui!] COCKPIT
(Review / Feedback opportunity on January 22nd, 2016)
Jam Session on pitch on January 29th, 2016 – first two hours
Successful presentations will count for 50% of exam (TBC)
Content of January 15th is part of the lecture and exam
Group Exercise - Setting
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 43
Business Model Canvas
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 44
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 45
Smart City Dashboard – Shows the urban data of the city
Smart City Dashboard - Sample Urban Sensor Data
Example: Environmental Data
Identify thresholds of air quality
Stake holder: City Authorities
Technical Solution:
Multi-sensor nodes as smart items collect data and send
them to a sensor data platform for evaluation.
Team 1This could
be yourservice?
Smart City Dashboard – PoC – Build your own Tile
Team 2This could
be yourservice?
Team 3This could be your
service?
Team 4This could
be yourservice?
Team 5This could
be yourservice?
Team 6This could be your
service?