ucp17044 morphometric and hydrological ... - esri india

18th Esri India User Conference 2017

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Morphometric and Hydrological Analysis of Krishni River Watershed, Uttar Pradesh, India: using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Arnab Saha1, Sewata Tomar2, Ankur Rana3, Prafull Singh4

1, 3 Research Fellow, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, U.K., India 2 Student, Amity Institute of Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India

4 Asst. Professor, Amity Institute of Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India

Word Limit of the Paper should not be more than 3000 Words = 7/8 Pages)

Abstract:

The term morphometric analysis is used in several disciplines to mean the measurement and analysis in the form of characteristics. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques have been used for the identification of morphological characteristics and analyzing the properties of the Krishni River Watershed in Hindon river basin, which itself is part of the mega Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh, India. In this present study, the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is used for measurement of morphometric characteristics like areal, linear and relief aspects with the help of ArcGIS software which is an automatic extraction tool was developed by ArcGIS environment to delineate the basin morphometric components. Different thematic maps viz; drainage density, slope, relief, aspect etc and morphometric parameters viz; stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, stream frequency, form factor, circulatory ratio etc. have been prepared by using ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. Land use map of the watershed was generated from latest available Landsat satellite data and whole watershed covers under barren land, urban, dense vegetation, crop land and water body. The watershed possesses the dendritic drainage pattern with maximum 3rd order of stream which is mainly controlled by physiographic and lithological conditions of the area. The form factor ratio is 0.22 and the elongation ratio is 0.53 which reveals that basin shape is elongated. Present study may be useful to identify for rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge and watershed management using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Keywords: Morphometric Analysis, Krishni River Watershed, DEM, ArcGIS

About the Author:

Mr. Arnab Saha

Currently, JRF in Uttrakhand Technical University Dehradun in Snow and Glacier studies project. Completed M.Tech in Geo-informatics and Remote Sensing from Amity University. Post-Graduation Diploma in Remote Sensing and GIS from IIRS, ISRO Dehradun. Had done B.Tech in Civil Engineering. Area of interest lies in hydrology, climate change and hydrological modelling. E mail ID: [email protected] Contact: +91 9760038684

Ms. Sewata Tomar

Currently completed M.Sc. in Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing from Amity University Sec 125 Noida. I’ve done my graduation from University of Delhi in B.A.(Hons.) Geography. Area of interests lies in Forestry and LiDAR Remote Sensing.

Mr. Ankur Rana

Currently, JRF in Uttrakhand Technical University, Dehradun in Snow and Glacier studies project. Completed M.Tech in Geo-informatics and Remote Sensing from Amity University.

Dr. Prafull Singh Asst. Professor, Amity Institute of Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India


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Introduction

Morphometric analysis is a mathematical exemplification of earth’s surface (Clarke et al., 1996).

Morphometric study of a basin delivers information about different features and characterizes the drainage

system of basin in features (Strahler et al., 1964; Dubey et al., 2015). National Institute of Hydrology (1993)

has studied the morphometric analysis of various basins and it was based on linear, aerial and relief aspects

using different mathematical equations (Dubey et al., 2015). Quantitative morphometric analysis of basin can

deliver information about the hydrological nature of the rocks showing within the basin. A drainage map of

basin provides a reliable index of permeability of rocks and their relationship between rock type, structures

and their hydrological status (Singh et al., 2014). Remote sensing and GIS based drainage basin assessment

has been carried out by number of researchers, scholars and scientists for different landscapes and it is proved

to be a very systematic tool for generation of detailed and updated information for characterization of

drainage basin parameters (Grohmann et al., 2004; Korkalainen et al., 2007; Hlaing et al., 2008; Javed et al.,

2009; Singh et al., 2014; Pankaj and Kumar, 2009). The recent development in drainage morphometric

assessment concluded the utilization of space borne satellite images for extraction of streams and their

related features are one the important development in geospatial technology for drainage system mapping

and their periodic monitoring in GIS environment (Singh et al., 2013, 2014; Saha and Singh, 2017). Drainage

characteristics of many river basins and sub-basins in different portions of the earth have been studied using

conventional methods (Horton et al., 1945; Strahler et al., 1957, 1964; Krishnamurthy et al., 1996). GIS-based

assessment using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data has given a detailed, fast, and an low-cost

way for analyzing hydrological structures (Smith and Sandwell, 2003; Grohmann et al., 2004). The processed

DEM was used successfully for generating the stream network and other supporting layers (Mesa et al., 2006;

Magesh et al. 2011). The digital elevation model (DEM) of the area was produced to assume the

morphometric parameters like drainage basin area, drainage density, drainage order, relief, aspect, length and

network diameter in GIS environment. The geographic and geomorphic features of a drainage basin are

significant for hydrological research including the assessment of groundwater potential, etc. (Rai et al., 2014).

Geology, relief and climate are the main factors of running water systems working at the basin scale (Rastogi

and Sharma, 1976). Geographical Information System (GIS) methods are now-a-days in usage for evaluating

several terrain and morphometric parameters of the drainage basins and watersheds, as it provide a flexible

atmosphere and a significant tool for the manipulation and study of spatial information (Hajam et al., 2013).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the linear, areal and relief morphometric characteristics of

Krishni drainage basin. This study is endeavored to use the morphometric technique vis-a-vis GIS to give a

vision of the different geo-hydrological features of the drainage basin to help in the identification of ground

water potential zones and overall supervision of the basin with focus on groundwater.


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Study Area

Hindon river basin originates in the lower Himalaya in Saharanpur district and flowing through the important

cities of Uttar Pradesh and Hindon river that flow in the upper part of the basin, namely Krishni, Paondhoi and

Dhamola rivers. The Krishni drainage basin covering an area of 1043.37 km2 (approx. 20 % of Hindon river

basin) occupies the south eastern part of the Shamli district of Uttar Pradesh as depicted in Figure 1 and is

situated between 29°46′ to 29°01′ N latitude and 77°13′ to 77°30′ E longitudes from 208 m to 270 m average

from mean sea level (AMSL). The Krishni river basin which is important tributary of Hindon river and also a

most important tributary of large Yumana river of Indo-Gangetic plain and contributes significant source of

water resource of the area for surface and ground water resources (Saha and Singh, 2017). The weather of the

Krishni watershed is categorized by hot summer and well-distributed rainfall during the monsoon season.

Average temperature is 32 °C while total annual rainfall is 700 mm in the study area.

Figure 1: Study area map of Surajpur Wetland

Data and Materials used

The extraction of drainage network has been done from the SRTM-DEM with 90 m spatial resolution. The

generation of depression less DEM is always the introductory step for morphometric analysis of drainage

basin. Hydrology tool under Spatial Analyst Tools in ArcGIS-10.4.1 software was used to extract drainage

channels, and other parameters. The Landsat 8 OLI & TIRS satellite data was used for the year of 2014 in the

present study and the supervised classification was done for the year of 2014 for generation of land use/land


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cover map. The automated technique for delineating streams followed a sequence of steps, i.e. DEM, fill, flow

direction, flow accumulation, watershed, and stream order. Thereafter, morphometric parameters have been

computed for the entire Krishni river basin.

Table 1: Data Used in the present work

Types of data/software Details of data/software Sources

SRTM DEM 90 m, Year 2004 http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/

Landsat 8 satellite imagery Path/row: 146/39 and 146/40, Dated 30/01/2016 and

02/03/2016

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

ArcGIS software ArcMap 10.4.1 http://desktop.arcgis.com/

Methodology

(Source: http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/printBooks_topics.cfm?pid=6050 and Saha et al., 2017)

Figure 2: Methodology adopted for Drainage Morphometric Analysis

Physical extraction of drainage network and assigning the stream order from a published Survey of India (SOI)

topographic map and from georeferenced satellite data for a large area is a time taking and boring exercise. To

overcome this difficult, automatic extraction methods have been used for assessing the morphometric

parameters of a basin, i.e., extraction of river basin or watershed boundary and extraction of drainage or

stream network from the Krishni river basin using SRTM DEM in combination with geocoded standard false

color composite remote sensing satellite data (Landsat ETM of 2013) using ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. All the

extracted parameters from satellite images and SRTM DEM such as the number and lengths of streams of each

http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

http://desktop.arcgis.com/

http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/printBooks_topics.cfm?pid=6050


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different order; basin perimeter, drainage area and total basin length, and width were calculated using ArcGIS

software, drainage frequency, drainage density, form factor, shape, circulatory ratio, and elongation ratio,

etc., were calculated from these parameters.

Figure 3: Elevation and Flow accumulation of Krishni river watershed

Figure 4: Flow direction of Krishni river watershed


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Results and Discussion

Quantitative morphometric analysis provides very consistent information to assess and understand the

hydrological behavior of the rocks and their hydraulic characteristics (Saha and Singh, 2017). The SRTM DEM

has been obtained with a pixel size of 90 m and also, it has been used to calculate slope and aspect maps of

the watershed. Several important linear, areal and relief aspect of Krishni river watershed and their

hydrological inferences were discussed in detail in the table 2,3,4 & 5, aspect and slope map shown figure 6

and drainage map with stream order shown figure 5. Morphometric parameters such as basin relief, basin

shape and stream length also affect basin discharge shape strongly through their variable effects on lag time.

The normal runoff is one of the most effective geomorphic activities in shaping the landscape of an area.

Sl. No. Morphometric Parameters Formula Reference

A Drainage Network

1. Stream Order Hierarchical Rank Strahler (1952)

2. Total Stream order Sum of Stream order

3. Stream number (Nu) Nu = N1+N2+ …….+Nn Horton (1945)

4. Stream length (Lu) (km) Length of the stream Strahler (1964)

5. Stream length ratio (Lur) Lur =Lu/(Lu-1) Strahler (1964)

6. Bifurcation ratio (Rb) Rb= Nu/Nu+1 Strahler (1964)

B Basin Geometry

7. Basin Perimeter (P) GIS software analysis Schumm (1956)

8. Basin Length (Lb) (km) GIS software analysis Schumm (1956)

9. Basin Area (km2) (A) GIS software analysis Schumm (1956)

10. Form factor Ratio (Rf) Ff = A / Lb2 Horton (1932)

11. Elongation Ratio (Re) Re= 2√(A/π)/L Schumm(1956)

12. Shape Factor Ratio (Sf) Sf=Lb2/A Horton (1945)

13. Circularity Ration (Rcn) Rcn = A / P Strahler (1964)

14. Relative Perimeter (Pr) Pr = A / P Schumm (1956)

C Drainage Texture Analysis

15. Drainage Density (Dd) Dd = Lu / A Horton (1932)

16. Stream Frequency (Fs) Fs = Nu / A Horton (1932)

17. Drainage Intensity (Di) Di = Fs / Dd Faniran (1968)

18. Length of overland flow (Lo) Lo= 1/Dd×2 Horton (1945)

D Relief Characterization

19. Maximum Basin Height (Z) (m) GIS software analysis

20. Minimum Basin Height (z) (m) GIS software analysis

21. Total Basin relief (H) (m) H = Z - z Strahler (1952)

22. Relief Ratio (Rhl) Rhl = H / Lb Schumm (1956)

23. Relative Relief Ratio (Rhp) Rhp = H * 100 / P Melton (1957)

24. Ruggedness Number (Rn) Rn = Dd * (H / 1000) Patton & Baker (1976)

25. Melton Ruggedness Number (MRn) MRn = H / A^0.5 Melton (1965)


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Table 2: Linear aspect of Krishni river watershed

Stream Order

Stream number

(Nu)

Total Stream

Numbers

Stream length (Lu) (km)

Total Stream length (km)

Mean stream length (km)

(Lsm)

Stream length ratio (Lur)

Bifurcation ratio

(Rb)

Mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm)

Rho Coefficient

(ρ)

I 62 286.122171 4.614874

II 12 75 77.757571 447.41 6.479798 0.27 5.16 8.58 0.052

III 1 83.530258 83.530258 1.07 12 0.089

Table 3: Aerial aspect of Krishni river watershed

Basin Perimeter (km) (P)

Basin Length (Lb) (km)

Basin Area (km2) (A)

Form factor Ratio (Rf)

Elongation Ratio (Re)

Texture Ratio (T)

Circulatory Ratio (Rc)

Drainage Texture (Dt)

271.07 67.98 1043.37 0.22 0.53 0.28 0.18 0.28

Compactness coefficient (Cc)

Shape Factor Ratio (Sf)

Fitness Ratio (F) Length Area Relation (Lar)

Lemniscate’s (k) Circularity Ration (Rcn)

Relative Perimeter (Pr)

2.38 4.43 0.25 90.61 4.43 3.85 3.85

Table 4: Drainage texture analysis of Krishni river watershed

Drainage Density (Dd)

Stream Frequency (Fs)

Constant of Channel

Maintenance (C)

Drainage Intensity (Di)

Infiltration Number (If)

Length of overland flow (Lo)

0.43 0.07 2.33 0.16 0.030 1.16

Table 5: Relief aspect of Krishni river watershed

The technique of stream ordering proposed by Strahler in 1952. Stream order increases when streams of the

same order are intersect. So, the intersection of a first order and second order link will remain a second order

link, rather than create a third order link. Krishni river basin has 3rd order of stream (Figure 5) and has total

length of all order of streams is 447.41 Km. The ratio between the two orders of stream sections; lower to the

next higher order, called Bifurcation ratio. If the bifurcation ratio of any drainage is low, chances of flooding

increases, the flow of water will accumulate in particular streams rather than spreading (Lodhi et al., 2017).

The basin boundary delineated from SRTM DEM with the help of ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. Stream frequency is

calculated of segments of streams as per unit area of a basin. Drainage density is the ratio of total stream

length of the basin to basin area. The drainage density of Krishni is 0.43 Km2. Relief ratio is the ratio between

the basin relief and basin length. It analyse the terrain gradient of a drainage basin and it also specifies the

intensity of erosional processes operating on slopes.

Max. Basin

Height (Z) (m)

Min. Basin Height (z)

(m)

Basin Relief (H) (m)

Relief ratio (Rh)

Relative Relief ratio

(Rhp)

Gradient Ratio (Rg)

Watershed Slope (Sw)

Ruggedness Number

(Rn)

Melton Ruggedness

Number (MRn)

270 208 62 0.912 22.87 0.0009 0.0009 0.026 1.2


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Figure 5: Stream order and LULC map of Krishni river watershed

Figure 6: Aspect and Slope map of Krishni river watershed


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Conclusion

Remote sensing and GIS method is the effective technique in drainage extraction through DEM data. The

hydrological investigation carried out for the krishni watershed confirms that the watershed is having low

relief and elongated shape. Drainage network of the watershed displays as mainly dendritic type which

specifies the homogeneity in texture and lack of physical control and helps comprehend various terrain

parameters such as nature of the runoff, infiltration capacity, bedrock, etc. High resolution satellite data also

helps in different geological and climatic conditions for better understanding the status of landforms and

other parameters like urban planning, transportation planning, ecological economic zoning, environmental

issues, water resources management etc. The results observed in the present work can be used for site

suitability analysis of soil and water conservation structures and rain water harvesting in the area.

Subsequently, these parameters were assimilated with other hydrological information. Morphometric analysis

of Krishni watershed in India offers not only a well-designed description of the basin landforms and also

protects the pollution of the river.

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