• Location management• UE procedures from “power on” to IDLE• UE procedures in IDLE and Active• Handover• Protocol stack• RRC state• 3GPP terminology

Mobility management

• Area– Location Area (LA), GSM (CS domain)– Routing Area (RA), GPRS (PS domain)– Tracking Area (TA), LTE (PS domain)

• LAC– Location Area Code

• MM related procedures– LA/RA/TA update– Paging, (paging channel)

cell 1

cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Cell 6

Cell 5

LA1

LA2

UE procedures from Power on• Generic Procedures

– Search Camped Attached(Registered) Standby• Time slot sync. Frame sync. system information received (camped on cell)

Attach to network UE go to Stand by

• Detail procedures for LTE cell camping– Frequency acquisition – Primary Sync Signal acquisition Time slot sync.– Secondary Sync Signal acquisition Frame sync.– With PSS and SSS, Cell ID can be calculated– If reference signal Location is properly decoded, PBCH(MIB) can be detected– From MIB, SFN(system frame number) and system BW can be detected– Decode PCFICH and detect how many symbols are allocated for PDCCH– Decode DCI for SIB1 from PDCCH– Decode SIB1 and get the scheduling information for the SIBs– Decode SIBs (other that SIB1)

Frame Structure of LTE

MIB, SIB type 1• Master Information Block (MIB)

– DL-bandwidth– PHICH config– System frame numberNote: CRC of MIB contains information of tx. antenna number of eNodeB

• System Information Block (SIB) type 1– PLMN identity, TA code, Cell identity & Cell status– Cell selection information– Scheduling information of other type of SIB

UE procedures in Idle and Active

• Idle– Cell reselection / location update– Listen to paging channel– Receive system information

• Active– Measurement– Handover

Cell type• acceptable cell:

– An "acceptable cell" is a cell on which the UE may camp to obtain limited service (originate emergency calls and receive ETWS and CMAS notifications).

• suitable cell:– A "suitable cell" is a cell on which the UE may camp on to obtain normal service

• Barred cell:– A cell is barred if it is so indicated in the system information

• reserved cell:– A cell is reserved if it is so indicated in system information

Type of handover

• Frequency– Intra / Inter frequency handover

• RAT (Radio Access Technology)– Intra / Inter system (RAT) handover

• Hard/Soft/Softer– Hard handover (2G/3G/4G)– Soft handover (3G)– Softer handover (3G)

• Backward / Forward– Backward handover (source cell target cell )– Forward handover (target cell source cell ), Rel. 9

Handover (1), Soft handover, WCDMA

Handover (2)1. UE in RRC connected state2. Network sends reconfiguration message with neighbor cell information3. UE measures the neighbors as per the neighbor list and RAT priorities. No

measurement gaps are required to measure intra-frequency cells. Measurement gaps are required to measure inter-frequency and inter-RAT cells.

4. UE reports the cells which meet the measurement reporting criteria in measurement reports.

5. Network validates the same and sends RRC connection reconfiguration with mobility control info (Handover message). This message includes target cell ID, target cell RACH parameters and an optional dedicated preamble (for contention free random access)

6. UE slams the timing and triggers PBCH and random access in parallel on the destination cell

7. Upon receiving message 2 (random access response with UL grant), UE sends RRC reconfiguration complete message. 8.After RACH completion, UE attempts to decode SIBs on the new cell

SRNC reallocation (Network)

Protocol Stack, LTE (control plane)

Protocol stack, UMTS (user plane)

RRC State

• WCDMA– IDLE/ Cell FACH/Cell DCH /Cell PCH (cell level) / URA

PCH(RA level)

• LTE– IDLE/ CONNECTED

Note:– RRC link setup always initialized from UE– RRC link release always initialize from Network

Registration, RRC stat and CPU state

search

Registered / attached

idle

connected

sleep

connected

Registration

RRC

CPUactive DRX DRX

3GPP Terminology

• PLMN = MCC + MNC– HPLMN, EPLMN, RPLMN, …

• IMSI = MCC + MNC + sequence no.• IMEI• CAMP on cell, ATTACH to network ( or Registration )• ICC / SIM, UICC/USIM• Roaming• R99(WCDMA) /R5(HSDPA) /R6(HSUPA) /R7(HSPA+) / R8(DC-

HSPA), LTE

END …

Cell select / re-select in RRC Idle (1)

Cell select / re-select in RRC Idle (2)

Cell selection criteria• Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0

where:Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) – PcompensationSqual = Qqualmeas – (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)

broadcast in system information

Reference Signal Receive Quality, RSRQ

• The RSRQ measurement provides additional information when RSRP is not sufficient to make a reliable handover or cell reselection decision– RSRP is the average of the power of all resource elements (one symbol) which carry cell-specific

reference signals over the entire bandwidth– RSSI is the total received wideband power including all interference and thermal noise– Assume that only reference signals are transmitted in a resource block, and that data and noise and

interference are not considered. In this case RSRQ is equal to -3 dB – If reference signals and subcarriers carrying data are equally powered, the ratio corresponds to 1/12

or -10.79 dB

Cell Ranking criteria

• The cell-ranking criterion Rs for serving cell and Rn for neighbouring cells is defined by:Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhyst Rn = Qmeas,n – Qoffset

• The UE shall perform ranking of all cells that fulfil the cell selection criterion S• If a cell is ranked as the best cell the UE shall perform cell reselection to that cell.• In all cases, the UE shall reselect the new cell, only if the following conditions are

met: the new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time interval TreselectionRAT; more than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving cell.

broadcast in system information

Cell Re-selection example

Cell Re-selection example• Figure 19 shows one possible scenario in a real network.

• Assume that – the UE belongs to network operator 1 (green). – There are two other carriers also operating an LTE network but of course at different frequencies.

• The terminal receives all base stations but at different power levels. • Based on the above definition the UE will select the strong cell for each carrier .

– Using this the UE will start with network operator 3 (blue) and figure out after decoding the SIB Type 1 that the PLMN saved on the USIM does not match to the transmitted one.

– From this information it will stop with its attempt and proceed to the next strongest signal, which is operator 2 ( red). Now the PLMN does not correspond

• so the UE will continue with signal 3 (green) – and the PLMN will match. – The UE continues to use the information in SIB Type 1 and Type 2 to compute the cell selection criteria. In this

example, – the parameters transferred and belonging to eNB1 do not fulfill S > 0 where the UE will move along with

demodulating and decoding the information provided by eNB2. S > 0 is fulfilled and the UE starts camping on this cell.

END …