understanding and monitoring harmful algal blooms in freshwaters
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Understanding and Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms in Freshwaters. Elena Litchman Michigan State University and Kellogg Biological Station. Fresh Water is a Limited Resource. Only 2.5% of water on Earth is fresh 2/3 is locked in glaciers and polar ice caps. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Understanding and Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms in
Freshwaters
Elena LitchmanMichigan State University and
Kellogg Biological Station
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Fresh Water is a Limited Resource•Only 2.5% of water on Earth is fresh•2/3 is locked in glaciers and polar ice caps
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/water_litho.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/themes/Freshwater/Related_Links/index.asp
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Fresh Water is a Limited ResourceUSA Today, October 19, 2007
Not only water quantity, but water quality!
Water quality problem: Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
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Talk Outline
•General Information on HABs
•The role of global change in HAB proliferation
•Current research on global change and HABs in my lab
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HAB Phytoplankton Cyanobacteria (freshwater and marine)
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/ALGAL_IMAGES/cyanobacteria/
http://www.ab.lst.se/
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation
http://www.botan.su.se/Fysiologi/CYANO/SUB-2.HTM
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Cyanobacteria in Temperate Lakes Main Players
Anabaena
Aphanizomenon
Microcystis
Planktothrix
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Cyanobacterial Toxins
Microcystins - produced by Microcystis, Planktothrix (Oscillatoria), Anabaena
Babica et al. J. Phycol. 2006sigmaaldrich.com
•Hepatotoxins
•Neurotoxins
Differ in toxicity
LR YR
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Global Change and HABs
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Global Change Effects on Cyanobacteria
•Increased air and water temperature Directly stimulates growth
•Longer ice-free periodStimulates growth
•Increased stratification (stability of the water column)Increases competitive advantage (buoyancy)
•Decreased mixingIncreases competitive advantage (buoyancy)
•Increased nutrient limitationMay increase competitive advantage (N-fixers)
•Increased oxygen depletion (at the bottom)
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Interaction of Multiple Global Change Stressors
•Invasive Species
HAB-forming cyanobacteria
Zebra mussels
•Increased Nutrient Inputs
•Increased Pesticide Inputs
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Cyanobacteria in Temperate Lakes Invasive Newcomer
Cylindrospermopsisraciborskii
•Invasive•Fixes N•Produces toxins•Forms deep chlorophyll maxima
cylindrospermopsin
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Global Change and HABs
Frequency and severity of HABs will likely increase in the future!
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Current Work on HABsin my Lab
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Lab members participating in HAB research
Mary Anne EvansKohei YoshiyamaJarad MellardAlly MorganPam WoodruffKelly AmrheinPaula Tezanos
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Current HAB Work in my Lab
• Field sampling of diverse lakes in MI
• Lab experiments (physiology, competitive interactions)
• Modeling interactions between HAB species and the rest of the plankton
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Field Sampling
– Monitor and sample diverse lakes in West Michigan
– Characterize physical structure of the water column (temperature, light, turbulence)
– Measure chemical parameters (nutrients) – Determine phytoplankton community
structure (HAB species)– Measure toxins (microcystin)
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Field Sampling and Monitoring Sites
Current sampling
Proposed sampling
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Detailed Physical Structureof Diverse Lakes
•SCAMP (Self-Contained Autonomous Microprofiler)#46•Moored thermistor chains
•Temperature•Light•Chl fluorescence•Turbulence•Stratification/mixing
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Seasonal Chl Distribution
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Depth and Seasonal Variation in Turbulence
Gull Lake. MI051015202510-810-610-410-2100102
a) June 28, 2006
Depth (m)
Kz (cm2 s-1)
ML depthMedian Kz = 3.5 cm2 s-1KPAR=0.24 m-1
051015202510-810-610-410-2100102
b) August 10, 2006
Kz (cm2 s-1)
ML depth
Median Kz = 0.13 cm2 s-1KPAR=0.36 m-1
051015202510-210-1100101102103104
c) November 1, 2006
Kz (cm2 s-1)
Median Kz = 161 cm2 s-1KPAR=0.25 m-1
Lowest turbulenceHighest Microcystis abundance
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Monitoring Cyanobacteria •Abundance•Toxin concentration
survey lakes, MI
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
TP (ug/L)
microcystin conc. (ug/L)
no ZMZM
Presence of Invasive Species Gull Lake, MI
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
29-Jun-07 19-Jul-07 8-Aug-07 28-Aug-07 17-Sep-07 7-Oct-07 27-Oct-07
date
microcystin conc. (ug/L)
Physical processes
Evans et al. in prep.
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Lake Monitoring Networks
• GLEON (Global Lake Ecological • Observatory Network)• WATERS Network( Water and Environmental Research System)• CUAHSI (Consortium of Universities for the
Advancement of Hydrologic Science)
Parameters to measure:Physical, chemical and biological