UNIT 7 & 8 REVIEW

Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt and

Woodrow Wilson Q#1

Thesis

• While the foreign policies of Roosevelt and Wilson were both heavily involved internationally in their political relations, Roosevelt’s policy created a more aggressive approach than Wilson’s diplomatic policies, which were more concerned with spreading American values.

Theodore Roosevelt• Big Stick Policy: Roosevelt focused on correcting other nations

– Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine• Panama Canal

– Gave money so the Panamians would rebel against Colombia so that the U.S could get the land to build the canal

– Hay Buanu- Varilla Treaty: Assured long term control over canal zone for U.S.

– Hay Pauncefote Treaty: U.S does not share Panama Canal with Britain

– Root-Takahara Agreement: Open door policy between U.S and Japan that defined boundaries in the Pacific.

– Platt Amendment: U.S interferes in Cuban affairs• Ignored the Teller Amendment

Woodrow Wilson• Moral Diplomacy: Spread Democracy– 14 Points

• League of Nations (“Peace without victory”)• Recommendations for adjusting post war boundaries• International Principles to govern future conduct

– Restriction on Submarine Warfare• Though Germany sunk the Lusitania, Arabic and Sussex the U.S

still did not go to war• Not until Germany declared “unrestricted sub activity”

– “Make the world safe for democracy”

Similarities

• Both interested in economic expansion– Virgin Islands (Wilson) and Panama Canal

(Roosevelt)

• Both intervenists– Both had relations with foreign countries– Both moved away from previous isolationist

values• Ignored the G.W- Farewell Address

• Prompt #2Describe and account for the rise in nativism in

American society from 1900-1930

Thesis Q#2• During the time period of 1900 through 1930

nativism was on the rise because of social factors that linked immigration with radicalism and economic issues from an overpopulation of immigrants flooding the workforce that were taking jobs that were to be deemed for “native” Americans. The fears of communism led to a sharp reaction of prejudice and hate for immigrants, political actions decreasing the amount of immigrants allowed in the U.S, and the exclusion of foreign ideals. .

Social• KKK -1920’s: harassed immigrants• Eugenics -Produce new breeds/races -Remove bad characteristics • 100% Americanism -Anti-immigrant sentiment• Federal Commission of “experts” -Said immigrants are less likely to assimilate in society• Anti-Catholicism -Catholics were thought of as incapable of detaching

from traditional views aka no independent thought

Political • 18th amendment prohibition -Limited alcohol use -Ex: Affected immigrants such as Irish • Officials used Stanford-Binet Test given to army recruits (validate

inferiority) • Congress passed an Emergency Immigration Act only allowing 3% of

immigrants to enter America based on the 1910 census– The law cut immigration from 800,000 to 300,000

• Political injustice towards different ideals of anarchism and communism

-Ex: Sacco & Vanzetti convicted b/c of their ideology • Antiradicalism -Foreigners were prone to political revolution

Economic• Immigrants excluded from the unions• High tariffs against other countries• Competition with immigrants for work -Ex: too many Chinese in labor force = Chinese Exclusion

Act of 1902• National Origins Act (limited immigration) -No more East Asians allowed -Lowered 1921 quota of 3% to 2% (1924) • Great Depression -Nativists eagerly sought scapegoats to blame for the hard

times

Prompt #3

Analyze the role that women played in Progressive reforms from the 1880s through 1920. Focus your essay on TWO of the following:

Politics, Social Conditions, Working and labor conditions

Thesis During the Progressive Era (1880-1920), women

took big roles in progressive era reforms as they created many different organizations to help a wide range of people, including immigrants, the poor and African Americans. They helped change the social structure for women and by doing so, enabled them to receive major support, in government regarding to women’s rights. This ultimately led to significant political changes to the treatment and rights of women in American society.

Politics• National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA):

demanded for suffrage in “safer” and less threatening ways.• 19th amendment: gave political rights to women (voting).• Alice Paul: head of National Women’s Party, argued that the

19th amendment wouldn’t be sufficient to protect women’s rights.

• Equal Rights Amendment: constitutional amendment that would provide clear, legal protection for women’s rights and prohibit all discrimination on the basis of sex.

• Populist Party: women helped fight for farmer’s rights like Mary Lease.

• Suffrage Pageant: more than 5,000 women staged a parade in Washington.

• 1911 State-Level Reforms: successfully created pensions for widows with dependent children.

• Jeanette Rankin: first female elected to the U.S house of representatives.

Social Conditions• Women’s Women and Temperance Union: advocated

abstinence from harmful substances (alcohol, drugs) of the wage system. 18th Amendment

• Divorce rate increased: going from 1/20 marriages to 1/9, by 1960; women initiated the majority of them.

• Ida Wells Barnett: most effective women crusader; tried to discredit lynching and challenged segregation.

• Jane Adams’ creation of the Hull House: sought to help immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of their new countries.

• Birth Control• General Federation of Women’s Clubs (GFWC): coordinated

activities of local organizations. • National Association of Colored Women: took positions on

issues of particular concern to African Americans (lynching/segregation).

• Social Gospel Movement: often guided by women.

Prompt 4:Progressivism VS The New Deal

Compare and contrast the programs and policies of reformers of the

Progressive Era to those designed by reformers of the New Deal period. Confine your answer to programs

and policies that addressed the needs of those living in poverty.

Thesis

The progressive policies were similar, but different, to those designed by New Deal reformers. Progressive programs aimed at enforcing the “social gospel” and equalizing society, while the policies of New-Dealism aimed at maintaining the disconsolate, falling economy afloat and improving the financial conditions of those hurt the hardest. Both worked towards helping the poor and yet excluded Africans Americans. Ultimately though the New Deal had stronger policies overall, and was more effective at helping the poor.

Similarities• Aimed At Helping Poor And Improve Working Conditions

– Child Labor Laws • Progressives had Keating-Ownes Act of 1916 – 1st child labor law, but stuck down

by the Courts • ND had the NRA strike down child labor and Fair Labor Standard(Claimed it would

increase purchasing power, not just done for children.)– AFL and Unions

• Progressives-• ND- Section 7(a) of NRA allowed workers to unionize and encouraged many to join

unions. – Reforms in The Workplace – Directly impacted needy and abused workers

• Progressives- Triangle Shirtwaist Fire led to fire regulation being set in place to prevent loss of future lives

• “Square Deal” - • ND - NRA- Set minimum wage

– Wanted to Control Big Business and Banks• Progressives- Trustbusters and Antimonopoly worked at controlling and avoiding

the monopolization of economy• ND- Glass-Steagall Act- Curbed speculation and loans• Banking Holiday• SEC• Many polices aimed at restoring economy, and no one was safe.

• Excluded minorities– Progressivism- Ignored African Americans

• Niagara Movement, WEB Dubois, NAACP had a few successful court cases • Ida B Wells couldn’t stop lynching

– ND- – First in, first out.

– “No blacks have a job til every white man”– No overturning of Jim Crow– Eleanor Roosevelt was the conscience of the New Deal– WPA was the only agency that gave blacks jobs

Differences• New Deal more effective and sweeping-

USA in economic turmoil -Progressives in pursuit of “social gospel”– AAA, CWA,CCC… New Deal’s “Alphabet Soup”

• Helped unemployed and farmers • CCC- Employment for young men who no longer had jobs• FERA Grants- Money to unemployed• Invested in public works directly• AAA- Helped regulate and improve the agricultural industry • Helped the failing poor more than Progressivism.

– Reforms extended beyond any established by progressives

• AAA finally helped the farmers more, but very poorly managed– Shooting cows and covering them up.– Rotting crops and spilled milk

• More involved than in Progressivism– Progressives failed to pass as many sweeping reforms as FDR in

such a short time. Hard times call foe desperate measures.

• Welfare State Created by New Deal - Directly to source; No longer just trickling down– Social Security Act (1935)- Provided pensions, unemployment

insurance, and aid to blind, deaf, disabled, and dependent children.– Federal Emergency Act (FERA 1933) distributed millions of dollars

of directdirect aid to unemployed workers. • Progressivism

– Social Justice– Social Gospel– Hull House- Jane Adams. – Salvation Army

• Prompt # 5 Historians have argued that Progressive reforms

lost momentum in the 1920s. Evaluate this statement with respect to TWO of the following:

Regulation of BusinessLabor Immigration

THESIS Q#5

The statement: “Progressivism reforms lost momentum in the 1920’s” is mostly accurate in that businesses were gaining more power and progressive policies regarding the regulation of business were failing; however, in regards to immigration there were people during Progressivism that wanted to restrict immigration but the 1920’s actually saw the manifestation of heavy immigration restriction and a general dislike of immigrants.

Business

Pre 1920sMuckrakersAntimonopolySherman Anti TrustClayton Anti TrustHepburn ActMeat Inspection ActNew NationalismNew FreedomUnderwood TariffFederal Reserve Act

1920s Teapot Scandal

Anti-Union TacticsVeto of McNacy-Haugen BillAndrew Mellon

High tariffsReduce taxes for the wealthy

"American Plan" resulted in large drop of union memberships. Failure of the AFL seen as communisticHoover only required businesses o voluntary work with the U. govtBut there was some regulation

Film industry regulations (NPAA)Prohibition

Immigration• Pre 1920s• Tried to help immigrants

– Settlement Houses; Hull House; Jane Addams

• Didn’t want– Eugenics– Immigration Restriction League

unsuccessful– Gentleman’s Agreement was

successful in limiting Japanese– Congress tried literacy test for

immigrants but failed to get– 100% Americanism (dislike

Germans)

1920s

National Origins Act

Quota Act

Immigration Act

Red Scare

1921-1926 immigration declined by half

New Klan

How did TWO of the following help shape American national

culture in the 1920?Advertising, Entertainment,

Mass production

Thesis Q#6

The 1920’s, considered the “roaring twenties” by historians, truly lived up to its name. People

lived a fast paced, overly-indulgent, exaggerated lifestyle, due to advertisement leading to high

demands and lavish spending, and the evolution of freedom of expression in the arts and

entertainment.

Outside information

Advertisement• First advertising and public relation

firms (N.W. Ayer and J. Walter Thompson)

• Pioneered by wartime propaganda • Advertised that by purchasing

items could be a personally fulfilling and enriching experience.

• The Man nobody knows advertising Bruce Barton

• Mass circulation of magazines meant more advertisement

• Women wearing makeup to enrich their beauty was advertised (changed image)

• U.S becomes a consumer economy• Buy on credit

Entertainment• Flappers modern women liberated lifestyle

(changed lifestyle)• Hollywood• Radio

• 500 stations• First commercial radio in America KDKA• National broadcasting company first national

radio network • Radio Game show

• Jazz singer motion picture• Families would get together and listen

together• Harlem Renaissance allowed for African

American expression• More leisure time to hang out• Youth make out• Some opposed to the wildness like the “Lost

Generation”

Analyze the extent to which the Spanish-American war was a

turning point in American foreign policy Q#7

The Thesis

American foreign policy had changed after the Spanish-American War due to the change from an isolationist state to an imperialist state; moderately through land acquisition, since the U.S had already begun to expand before the war and some Americans opposed it. Mostly, the U.S intervened economically through the establishment of oversea revenue.

Points of Information:Pre-war Isolationism

Economic:• American Industry flourished within the

country with limited dependence on other nations.

• Railroads were popular to circulate raw materials from state to state within the nation.

Land:• Reconstruction of the United States

happened mostly independently after the Civil War. Focus on home

_____________________________________

• Manifest Destiny belief held by the United States encouraged expansion throughout the continent.

• Annex Hawaii• Gained Alaska

Points of Information:Post-war Imperialism

Economic:• Part of the Treaty of Paris gave the US

Cuba for the 20 million dollars.• United Sates took control of Panama

Canal to have more power over markets and gain more income.

• Puerto Rico’s sugar economy flourished under American rule.

• Dollar Diplomacy under Taft• Open Door Notes

• Boxer Rebellion

Political:• Cuban-American Treaty gave United

States permission to build in parts of Cuba.

• Teller Amendment left control of Cuba to its own people.

• Platt Amendment took troops out of America after the war.

• Treaty of Relations had Cuba agree to many conditions such as reducing infectious diseases and allowing US political involvement.

• Annexation of Puerto Rico from the Spanish.• Monroe Doctrine which restricted Europe

from intervening in Latin America.• Annexation of Philippine Islands in Asia.____________________________________

_• Anti-Imperialist League consisted of very

powerful men against land acquisition.