Unit Study Guide

Period 7: 1890-1945

Key Concepts

7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to

new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.

7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the

growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal

and international migration patterns.

7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the

United States into a position of international power while renewing

domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.

Key Terms & Themes

Becoming a World Power

William Seward

Monroe Doctrine

French in Mexico

Alaska Purchase

(1867)

Pan-American

Conference (1889)

James Blaine

Venezuela Boundary

Dispute

Cleveland and Olney

Hawaii

Pearl Harbor

Queen Liliuokalani

Cleveland blocks

Annexation

International

Darwinism

Business and

Imperialist

Competitors

Spreading Religion

and Science

Josiah Strong

Expansionist

Politicians

Steel and Steam

Navy

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Nationalist Media

Cuban Revolt

Valeriano Weyler

“Jingoism”

“Yellow Journalism”

De Lome Letter,

sinking of the

Maine.

Teller Amendment

“A splendid little

war”

Invade the

Philippines

George Dewey

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt

Treaty of Paris:

Puerto Rico

Guam and

Philippines

Annexation Dispute

Emilio Aguinaldo

Anti-Imperialist

League

Insular Cases

Platt Amendment

(1901)

Spheres of

Influence

John Hay

Open Door Policy

Boxer Rebellion

U.S. joined

international force

Second Hay Note

“Big-Stick Policy”

TR supports Panama

Revolt

Hay-Bunau-Varilla

Treaty (1903)

Building the Panama

Canal

George Goethals

William Gorgas

Roosevelt Corollary

Santo Domingo

Russo-Japanese War

Treaty of

Portsmouth (1905)

Noble Peace Prize

(1906)

Segregation in San

Francisco Schools

Gentlemen’s

Agreement

Algerciras

Conference (1906)

Hague Conference

(1907)

Root-Takahira

Agreement (1908)

William Howard Taft

Role of American

Money

Railroads in China

Manchurian problem

intervention in

Nicaragua

Henry Cabot Lodge

Lodge Corollary

Woodrow Wilson

Anti-Imperialism

William Jennings

Bryan

Jones Act (1916)

Puerto Rico

Citizenship

Conciliation

Treaties

Military

Intervention

Mexican Civil War

General Huerta

Tampico Incident

ABC Powers

Pancho Villa

Expeditionary Force

John J. Pershing

The Progressive Era

Urban Middle Class

Male and Female

White, Old Stock

Protestants

Professional

Associations

Pragmatism

William James

John Dewey

Frederick W. Taylor

Scientific

Management

Henry Demarest

Lloyd

Standard Oil

Company

Lincoln Steffans

Ida Tarbell

Jacob Riis

Theodore Dreiser

Australian ballot

Direct Primary

Robert La Follett

Seventeenth

Amendment

Direct Election of

Senators

Initiative,

Referendum, and

Recall

Municipal Reform

Samuel M. Jones

Tom L. Johnson

Commission Plan

City Manager Plan

Charles Evans

Hughes Hiram

Johnson

“Wisconsin Idea”

Regulatory

Commissions

State Prohibition

Laws

State Regulation of

Education and

Safety

National Child

Labor Committee

Compulsory School

Attendance

Florence Kelley

National Consumers

League

Lochner v. New York

Muller v. Oregon

Triangle Shirtwaist

Fire

Square Deal

Anthracite Coal

Miner’s Strike

(1902)

Trust-Busting

Bad vs. Good Trusts

Elkins Act (1903)

Hepburn Act (1906)

Upton Sinclair

The Jungle; Pure

Food and Drug Act

(1906)

Meat Inspection Act

(1906)

Conservation of

Public Lands

Newlands

Reclamation Act

(1902)

White House

Conference

Gifford Pinchot

Socialist Party of

America

Eugene v. Debs

Bull Moose Party

New Nationalism New

Freedom

Mann-Elkins Act

(1910)

Sixteenth

Amendment, Federal

Income Tax

Payne-Aldrich

Tariff (1909)

Firing of Pinchot

Underwood Tariff

(1913)

Federal Reserve Act

(1914)

Federal Reserve

Board

Clayton Antitrust

Act (1914)

Federal Trade

Commission

Federal Farm Loan

Act (1916)

Racial Segregation

Laws

Increased Lynching

Booker T.

Washington

W.E.B. Du Bois

National

Association for the

Advancement of

Colored People

National Urban

League

Carrie Chapman Catt

National American

Woman Suffrage

Association

Alice Paul

National Woman’s

Party

Nineteenth

Amendment

League of Women

Voters

Margaret Sanger

World War I and its Aftermath

Allied Power

Central Powers

Neutrality

Submarine Warfare

Lusitania

Sussex Pledge

Propaganda

Ethnic Support

Preparedness

Election of 1916

Robert LaFollette

Jeannette Rankin

Edward House

Zimmermann Telegram

Russian Revolution

Declaration of War

War Industry Boards

Food Administration

Railroad

Administration

National War Labor

Board

Taxes and Bonds

Selective Service

Act

Service of African

Americans

Committee on Public

Information

George Creel

Anti-German

Hysteria

Espionage Act

(1917)

Sedition Act (1918)

Eugene Debs

Schenck v. United

States

Wartime Jobs for

Women

Attitudes toward

Suffrage

Migration of Blacks

and Hispanics

Bolsheviks Withdraw

American

Expeditionary Force

John J. Pershing

Western Front

November 11, 1918

“Peace without

Victory”

Fourteen Points

Wilson in Paris

Big Four

Treaty of

Versailles

Self-Determination

League of Nations

Article X

Election of 1918

Henry Cabot Lodge

Irreconcilables

Reservationists

Wilson’s Stroke

Rejection of Treaty

Recession, Loss of

Jobs

Falling Farm Prices

Red Scare

Anti-Radical

Hysteria

Palmer Raids

Xenophobia

Strikes of 1919

Boston Police

Strike

Race Riots

The Modern Era of the 1920s

Warren Harding

Charles Evans

Hughes

Andrew Mellon

Harry Daugherty

Albert Fall

Teapot Dome

Fordney-McCumber

Tariff Act

Bureau of the

Budget

Calvin Coolidge

Herbert Hoover

Alfred E. Smith

Business Prosperity

Standard of Living

Scientific

Management

Henry Ford

Assembly Line

Open Shop

Welfare Capitalism

Consumerism

Electric Appliances

Impact of the

Automobile

Jazz Age

Radio, Phonographs

National Networks

Hollywood

Movie Stars

Movie Palaces

Popular Heroes

Role of Women

Sigmund Freud

Morals and Fashions

Margaret Sanger

High School

Education

Consumer Culture

Frederick Lewis

Allen

Only Yesterday

Gertrude Stein

Lost Generation

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Ernest Hemingway

Sinclair Lewis

Ezra Pound

T.S. Eliot

Eugene O’Neill

Industrial Design

Art Deco

Edward Hopper

Regional Artists

Grant Wood

George Gershwin

Northern Migration

Harlem Renaissance

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes

James Weldon

Johnson

Claude McKay

Duke Ellington

Louis Armstrong

Bessie Smith

Paul Robeson

Back to Africa

Movement

Marcus Garvey

Black Pride

Modernism

Fundamentalism

Revivalists: Billy

Sunday, Aimee

Semple McPherson

Scopes Trial

Clarence Darrow

Volstead Act (1919)

Rural vs. Urban

Organized Crime

Al Capone

21st Amendment

Quota Laws of 1921

and 1924

Sacco and Vanzetti

Case

Ku Klux Klan

Birth of a Nation

Blacks, Catholics

and Jews

Foreigners and

Communists

Disarmament

Washington

Conference (1921)

Five-Power Naval

Treaty

Nine-Power China

Treaty

Kellogg-Briand

Treaty (1928)

Latin America

Policy War Debts

Reparations

Dawes Plan (1924)

The Great Depression and the New Deal

Stock Market Crash

Black Tuesday

Dow Jones Index

Buying on Margin

Uneven Income

Distribution

Excessive Debt

Overproduction

Federal Reserve

Postwar Europe

Debts and High

Tariffs

Gross National

Product

Unemployment

Bank Failures

Poverty and

Homeless

Herbert Hoover

Self-Reliance

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

(1930)

Debt Moratorium

Farm Board

Reconstruction

Finance Corporation

Bonus March (1932)

20th Amendment

(“Lame-Duck”)

Franklin D.

Roosevelt

Eleanor Roosevelt

New Deal

Relief, Recovery,

Reform

Brain Trust

Francs Perkins

Hundred Days

Bank Holiday

Repeal of

Prohibition

Fireside Chats

Federal Deposit

Insurance

Corporation

Public Works

Administration

Harold Ickes

Civilian

Conservation Corps

Tennessee Valley

Authority

National Recovery

Administration

Schechter v. U.S.

Securities and

Exchange Commission

Federal Housing

Administration

Works Progress

Administration

Harry Hopkins

National Labor

Relations (Wagner)

Act (1935)

Social Security Act

(1935)

Election of 1936

New Deal Coalition

John Maynard Keynes

Recession of 1937

Father Charles

Coughlin

Francis Townsend

Huey Long

Supreme Court

Reorganization Plan

Conservative

Coalition

Congress of

Industrial

Organizations

John J. Lewis

Sit-Down Strike

Fair Labor

Standards Act

Minimum Wage

Depression

Mentality

Drought; Dust Bowl;

Okies

John Steinbeck, The

Grapes of Wrath

Marian Anderson

Mary McLeod Bethune

Fair Employment

Practices Committee

A. Phillip Randolph

Indian

Reorganization

(Wheeler-Howard)

Act (1934)

Mexican Deportation

Diplomacy and World War II

Good Neighbor

Policy

Pan-American

Conferences

Soviet Union

Recognized

Independence for

Philippines

Reciprocal Trade

Agreements

Japan takes

Manchuria

Stimson Doctrine

Fascism

Italian Fascist

Party

Benito Mussolini

Ethiopia

German Nazi Party

Adolf Hitler

Axis Powers

Spanish Civil War

Francisco Franco

Rhineland

Sudetenland

Munich

Appeasement

Poland; Blitzkrieg

Isolationism

Nye Committee

Neutrality Acts

America First

Committee

Charles Lindbergh

Quarantine Speech

Cash and Carry

Selective Training

and Service Act

(1940)

Destroyers-for-

Bases Deal

FDR, Third Term

Wendell Willkie

Four Freedoms

Speech

Lend-Lease Act

(1941)

Atlantic Charter

Escort Convoys

Oil and Steel

Embargo

Pearl Harbor

War Production

Board

Office of Price

Administration

Government

Spending, Debt

Role of Large

Corporations

Research and

Development

Manhattan Project

Office of War

Information

“The Good War”

Wartime Migration

Civil Rights,

“Double V”

Executive Order on

Jobs

Smith v. Allwright

Braceros Program

Japanese Internment

Korematsu v. U.S.

“Rosie the Riveter”

Wartime Solidartity

Election of 1944

Harry S. Truman

Battle of the

Atlantic

Strategic Bombing

Dwight Eisenhower

D-Day

Holocaust

Island-Hopping

Battle of Midway

Douglas MacArthur

Kamikaze Attacks

J. Robert

Oppenheimer

Atomic Bomb

Hiroshima; Nagasaki

Big Three

Casablanca

Conference

Unconditional

Surrender

Tehran, Yalta,

Potsdam

United Nations

Stimuli (A)

Stimuli (B)

• “Most [Progressive Era reformers] lived and worked in the midst

of modern society and accepting its major thrust drew both their

inspiration and their programs from its specific traits. ... They

prized their organizations ... as sources of everyday strength,

and generally they also accepted the organizations that were

multiplying about them. ... The heart of progressivism was the

ambition of the new middle class to fulfill its destiny through

bureaucratic means.”

• — Robert H. Wiebe, historian, The Search for Order, 1877–1920,

published in 1967

• “Women’s collective action in the Progressive era certainly

expressed a maternalist ideology [a set of ideas that women’s

roles as mothers gave them a responsibility to care for society

as well]. ... But it was also sparked by a moral vision of a more

equitable distribution of the benefits of industrialization. ...

Within the political culture of middleclass women, gender

consciousness combined with an awareness of class-based

injustices, and talented leaders combined with grassroots

activism to produce an impressive force for social, political,

and economic change.”

• — Kathryn Kish Sklar, historian, “The Historical Foundations of

Women’s Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State,”

Mothers of a New World, 1993

Stimuli (C)

Stimuli (D)

Stimuli (E)

Stimuli (F)

• “The central task of the New Deal . . . might be either social

reform in a restored economy, or political stabilization in a

disintegrating society, or, most likely and most urgently,

economic recovery itself. …In fact, these three purposes—social

reform, political realignment, and economic recovery—flowed and

counterflowed throughout the entire history of the New Deal.

…Perhaps precisely because the economic crisis of the Great

Depression was so severe and so durable, Roosevelt would have an

unmatched opportunity to effect major social reforms and to

change the very landscape of American politics.”

• — David M. Kennedy, historian, Freedom from Fear: The American

People in Depression and War, 1929–1945, published in 1999.

Stimuli (G)

Stimuli (H)

Stimuli (I)

Stimuli (J)

“We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty

and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory

to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of

Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or

color, are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…

“We earnestly condemn the policy of the present national

administration in the Philippines. It seeks to extinguish the spirit

of 1776 in those islands… We denounce the slaughter of the Filipinos

as a needless horror. We protest against the extension of American

sovereignty by Spanish methods. We demand the immediate cessation of

the war against liberty, begun by Spain and continued by us. We urge

that Congress be promptly convened to announce to the Filipinos our

purpose to concede to them the independence for which they have so

long fought and which of right is theirs.”

—Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, October 17, 1899

Stimuli (K)

“Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general

loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as

elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation,

and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to

the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly,

in flagrant cases of such wrong doing or impotence, to the exercise of

international police power…

“We would interfere with them only in the last resort, and then only

if it became evident that their inability or unwillingness to do

justice at home and abroad had violated the rights of the United

States or has invited foreign aggression to the detriment of the

entire body of American nations.”

—Theodore Roosevelt, Speech to Congress, Dec. 6, 1904

Stimuli (L)

Stimuli (M)

Stimuli (N)

“On the first of February, we intend to begin submarine warfare

unrestricted. In spite of this it is our intention to keep neutral

the United States of America.

“If this attempt is not successful we propose an alliance on the

following basis with Mexico: that we shall make war together and

together make peace. We shall give financial support, and it is

understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New

Mexico, Texas and Arizona. The details are left in your settlement.”

—Arthur Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister, January 19, 1917

Stimuli (O)

“It has been said, times without number, that if Hitler cannot cross

the English Channel he cannot cross three thousand miles of sea. But

there is only one reason why he has not crossed the English Channel.

That is because forty-five million determined Britons, in a heroic

resistance, have converted their island into a armed base, from which

proceeds a steady stream of sea and air power. As Secretary Hull has

said: ”It is not the water that bars the way. It is the resolute

determination of British arms. Were the control of the seas by

Britain lost, the Atlantic would no longer be an obstacle—rather, it

would become a broad highway for a conqueror moving westward.”

—The New York Times, April 30, 1941

Stimuli (P)

“Rationing is a vital part of your country’s war effort. Any attempt

to violate the rules is an effort to deny someone his share and will

create hardship and help the enemy. This book is our Government’s

assurance of your right to buy your fair share of certain goods made

scarce by war. Price ceilings have also been established for your

protection. Dealers must post these prices conspicuously. Don’t pay

more. Give your whole support to rationing and thereby conserve our

vital goods. Be guided by the rule: “If you don’t need it, DON’T BUY

IT.”

“IMPORTANT: When you used your ration, salvage the TIN CANS and WASTE

FATS. They are needed to make munitions for our fighting men.

Cooperate with your local Salvage Committee.”

—War Ration Books 3 and 4, Office of Price Administration, 1943

Stimuli (Q)