unit two/ch. 16 ap european history ms. tully - uhs
TRANSCRIPT
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Unit Two/Ch. 16AP European HistoryMs. Tully - UHS
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II. Advances in Medicine & Chemistry
Focus Question
What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine?
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Dominance of Galen
2nd C Greek physician
Theory of two different blood systems
Doctrine of four bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile
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Paracelsus (1493-1541)
Swiss scientists – lone ranger in medicine
Rejected work of Aristotle & Galen
Macrocosm-Microcosm theory
Disease caused by chemical imbalances in specific organs
Disease treatment – “like cures like”
Father of modern medicine
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Vesalius (1514-1564)
MD from University of Padua 1536 Professor of surgery
Emphasis on practical research to understand human body
On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543
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William Harvey (1578-1657)
MD from University of Padua in 1602
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, 1628
Heart starting point for circulation, blood flows in veins & arteries
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Chemistry
Robert Boyle (1626-1691) – matter is composed of atoms
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – system for naming chemical elements
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III. Women in the Origins of Modern Science
Focus Question:
What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution?
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Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) Prominent female
scientist of 17th C Excluded from
Royal Society Active & critical
participant Example of French
or English woman in science
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Maria Merian (1647-1717)
Tradition of female craft production scientific participation
Reputation as important entomologist in 18th C
1699 Merian went to South America to study bugs
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Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720) Famous German
female astronomer Married Gottfried
Kirch leading astronomer
Faced typical obstacles in career
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Debate on the Nature of Women Querelles des femmes – arguments about
women Medieval males opinions Early modern female arguments women
were rational, education beneficial Science used to support old stereotypical
views Labor & birth transferred from midwives to
men Distribution of misogynistic/scientific literature
perpetuated attitudes against women
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IV. Descartes & Rationalism Read Toward a New Earth: Descartes,
Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind on p. 504-505 What is Cartesian dualism, and what were its
social implications? Why is Descartes considered the “founder of
modern rationalism”? Read The Father of Modern Rationalism on
p. 505 & answer the prompt at the end. This will go directly into Section #3:
Classwork/Homework !!
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V. The Scientific Method & the Spread of Scientific Knowledge
Focus Question:
How were the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread, and what impact did they have on society and religion?
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Scientific method built on inductive principles
Organized experiments, systematic observations Empiricism
Wanted to contribute to “mechanical arts”
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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Emphasize deduction and mathematical logic Discourse on Method
Newton synthesized Bacon’s empiricism & Descartes’ rationalism into one method
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Scientific Societies
English Royal Society – 1640s French Academy of Sciences – 1650s Both societies practical value of
scientific research primary focus on mechanics & astronomy
German princes & cities sponsored small scale societies
Spread of scientific journals
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Science and Society
How did science become such an integral part of Western culture in the 17th & 18th centuries?
Merchants & gentry attracted to science b/c it could exploit resources for profit
Political interests in scientific conception of natural world to create social stability
Leaders supported scientific revolution for military advancement
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Science and Religion
Theology the final measure
Dichotomy between science & religion growing secularization
Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677)
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)