university of saskatchewan - confederation of indian...

Department of Chemical Engineering, U of SDepartment of Chemical Engineering, U of S

University of SaskatchewanUniversity of Saskatchewan


Canada’s Renewable Fuels Production in the International Context

2004(litres)

2007(litres)

2010(litres)

Canada 250 million 1.4 billion 3.1 billion(5% blend)

Brazil 15.4 billion 17 billion l of ethanol and 143 million l of biodiesel in 2005)

26.0 billion

United States 12.9 billion 15.1 billion 28.4 billion (by 2012)

European Union

526 million l of ethanol and 2.2 billion l of biodiesel(2% blend)

- 1.5 billion l of ethanol and 6.3 billion l of biodiesel (5.75 % blend)

India 1.7 billion - 2.5 billion Chi 1 5 b ll 2 5 b ll


Strategic Areas of Research in the College of Engineering, U. of S.

(www.engr.usask.ca/research)

• Energy and Natural Resources• Environmental Technology• Advanced Materials• Complex Engineering Systems including

Infrastructure and Transportation Technologies

• Information and CommunicationTechnologies and Intellectual Systems

• Emerging Area: Biomedical Engineering


Research Capabilities (Biofuels and Biochemicals) of the College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan

Saskatoon, SK Canada www.engr.usask.ca

Research Capabilities (Biofuels and Biochemicals) of the College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan

Saskatoon, SK Canada www.engr.usask.ca

Continuous Biodiesel Production Process (Patent Filed)Glycerol Conversion Technologies for Fuels and Chemicals (Patent Filed)Hydrogen/Syngas Production from Biomass (Process is being piloteCarbon Nanotubes (CNTs): Production and Industrial ApplicationsNanocatalyst Development for Hydroprocessing of Gas OilsActivated Carbon: Production and Applications for H2S and Mercury Capture

UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. www.usask.ca


Other Important Biofuel Research at the University of Saskatchewan

Supercritical Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals (Leader: Dr. Janusz A. Kozinski)

Ethanol Production Technologies (Leader: Drs. Gordon A. Hill and Mike Ingledew)

Gas to Liquid Technologies (Leader: Dr. Ajay Dalai)

Development of Gasification Technologies (Leaders: Drs. Todd Pugsley, Ajay Dalai and Terry Fonstad)

(REF: CA2381394)


BiodieselBiodiesel Production and Glycerol Production and Glycerol Utilization TechnologiesUtilization Technologies

Vegetable oilsTransesterificationTransesterification

BiodieselBiodiesel

GlycerolGlycerol♦ Pyrolysis♦ Steam gasification ♦ Catalytic treatment

(low temperature)


Govt. of Canada’s Initiatives for Implementation of Biodiesel

Biodiesel(million litres)

Ethanol (million litres)

20062007 2010 (2% target)2012 (5% target)

121755001,250

4001,2001,4002,100

Canadian Govt. provided a tax relief of $0.20/l in 2007 to biodiesel producers.


Canadian Funding for R&D on Biodiesel

Funding Org. Program Amount (Can $ in millians (M))

Year

AAFC ABIP 145 M 2007

NRCan Biodiesel Initiative 11.9 M 2007

NRCan EcoEnergyTechnology Initiative

250 M 2007-2011

NRCan EcoEnergy for Biofuels

1500 M 2007-2016

SaskBio - 90 M 2007EcoTrust - 48 M 2007


Canadian Biodiesel Industries(CURRENT STATUS)

Industry Feedstock Capacity (Million liters)

Ocean Nutrition (Nova Scotia) Fish oil 7.0

Rothsay (Quebec) Used oil/fat 35.0

Topia (Ontario) Used oil 15.0

Biox (Ontario) Poultry fat 60.0Milligan Bio-Tech (Saskatchewan)

Canola oil/Green canola oil 4.5

Agrigreen Biodiesel (British Columbia)

Canola/used oil 2.0

Kyoto Fuels (Alberta) Canola oil/used oil/fat 33.0

Calgary Biodiesel (Alberta) Used oil/tallow 20.0

Total 176.5


Canadian Feedstock for Biodiesel (for 2007-2010)

Feedstock Potential (million liters)

Projected cost of feedstock (cents/liter)

Projected cost of biodiesel(cents/liter)

Canola oil 220 67 80

Soybean oil 40 67 80

Yellow grease

80 33 48

Tallow 160 28 44


Feedstock availability for biodiesel production in Canada

Feedstock Production [tones/yr] Feedstock Production

[tones/yr]Canola oil

Soya oil

Marine oils

Karanja oil*

Tall oil 112,6002,668,000

453,600

15,500

Yellow grease 127,100

200,000

Animal fat 251,600

Ref.: S&T Consultants Inc. and Meyers Norris Penny LLP. EconomicRef.: S&T Consultants Inc. and Meyers Norris Penny LLP. Economic, Financial, Social Analysis and Public , Financial, Social Analysis and Public Policies for Biodiesel: A Report. (2004).Policies for Biodiesel: A Report. (2004).

* Available in India* Available in India


Sample Average Wear Scar Area(mm2)

Coefficient of Friction

Lubricity Number (LN)

MEE (3:3) 0.244 ±0.018 0.115 ± 0.002 0.979 ± 0.070

MEE (4.5:1.5) 0.242 ± 0.023 0.114 ± 0.002 0.998 ± 0.084

Base Fuel 0.292± 0.016 0.120 ± 0.001 0.781 ± 0.041

% Improvement 16.8 5.0 26.5

Wear Scar Area, Coefficient of Friction, and Lubricity Number daWear Scar Area, Coefficient of Friction, and Lubricity Number data ta for addition of 1% canola ester in base fuel from average of sifor addition of 1% canola ester in base fuel from average of six Mx M--ROCLE replicate evaluationsROCLE replicate evaluations


Products of Pyrolysis of GlycerolComponents

mol%Temp650oC

Temp700oC

Temp750oC

Temp800oC

H2 17.0 22.1 27.7 48.6

CO 54.0 50.0 45.7 44.9

CO2 0.2 0.0 1.1 1.0

CH4 14.2 14.5 14.1 3.3

C2H4 10.1 9.6 9.1 2.0

C2H6 2.2 2.0 1.5 0.1

C3H6 2.4 1.7 0.8 0.1

H2+CO 71.0 72.1 73.4 93.5

Reaction condition: gas flow rate 50mL/min with quartz particle diameter of 3-4mm

Status: Yet to be scaled-up and commercially exploited.


Liquid product composition from glycerol conversion Liquid product composition from glycerol conversion in a typical run.in a typical run.

Component Wt%Acetaldehyde 15-26.5Acetol 1.3-14.3

Acetone 0.3-1.5

Acrolein 11-26Formaldehyde 3-8.6

IPA 0.1-2.6Allyl Alcohol 0.1-2.8Acetic Acid 0.1-1.2Propionic Acid 0.1-1.1Glycerol Formal 0.1-0.9Phenol 0.1-2.9Water 15-40Unknowns 7-12


Usefulness of the four Targeted Chemicals

Acetol: main constituent of skin tannin cream.Acrolein (Global demand: 1 million ton/y): as an aquatic algaecide, precursor for manufacture of acrylic acid.Acetaldehyde (Global demand: 0.36 million ton/y): precursor for synthesis of acetic acid, n-butyl alcohol, perfumes and solvent in rubber synthesis.Formaldehyde (Global demand: 15 million tons/y): precursor for synthesis of bakelite, ink and wrinkle free clothes.


Economics of Economics of biodieselbiodiesel production production and value added utilization of and value added utilization of byby--product glycerolproduct glycerol

Production of 44 million liters of biodiesel per year (117,000 liter/day) from greenseed canola oil and waste cooking oil

Utilization of the glycerol for production of value added chemicals


Cash Flow Analysis of selling Cash Flow Analysis of selling BiodieselBiodiesel and Pure Glyceroland Pure Glycerol

BEP: Break event pointBEP: Break event point

i: interest ratei: interest rate

DBEP10: Discounted BEP DBEP10: Discounted BEP (interest rate 10%)(interest rate 10%)

DCFRR: Discounted cash DCFRR: Discounted cash flow return rateflow return rate


Total fixed capital cost: $4,899,000Annual expenses: $ 32,292,000Annual sales of biodiesel: $42,991,000 and glycerol: $ 4,200,000Internal rate of return: 24.2%Pay back period: 5.8 years

Cash Flow Analysis of Selling Cash Flow Analysis of Selling BiodieselBiodiesel and pure glyceroland pure glycerol


Cash Flow Analysis of Selling Cash Flow Analysis of Selling BiodieselBiodiesel and Liquid Valueand Liquid Value--Added Added ChemicalsChemicals


CostCost--benefit analysis for selling benefit analysis for selling biodieselbiodiesel and value added chemicalsand value added chemicals

Total fixed capital cost: $6,199,000Annual expenses: $36,492,000Annual sales of biodiesel: $42,991,000 and green chemicals: $5,500,000Internal rate of return (with glycerol converted to chemicals): 17.4%Internal return rate is less since more money is invested for glycerol utilizationPay back period: 7.5 years


Glycerol to Propylene GlycolWhy Propylene Glycol ?

Environment friendly de-icing/antifreeze agent.Used as solvent for food colour and flavours, precursor for synthesis of polymers and food additive.Selling price $1.56-2.2/kg with 4% annual market growth in US alone.


Reaction ConditionSl. No.

Catalyst [ref] Feedstock

(AqueousGlycerol)

Temp(oC)

H2 pressure

Time (h)

1 Catalyst G 80% glycerol

200 14 bar 24 58 40 85.3

2 Catalyst H 80% glycerol

200 14 bar 24 48 37 93.8

2 CuO.Cr2O3 [Appl Cat A 281 225 2005 ]

80% glycerol 200 14 bar 24 55 47 83

3 CuO-ZnO[Green Chem 5 3592004]

18.75% glycerol

180 80 bar 90 19 19 100

4 Ru/C + ion exchange resin [J Cat. 240 213 2006]

20% glycerol

120 80 bar 10 3.5 0.91 26.4

5 Raney Nickel [IECR 44 8535 2005 ]

Pure glycerol

190 10 bar 20 44

6397

48.568.9

7771

6 Ru/activated carbon [US 5276181]

30% glycerol 270 130 bar 24 100 30-75

7 Cu/Zn catalyst (and NaOH) [US 2414219]

30-40% glycerol

270 150 bar 24 99.4 83.9 84.4

Glycerol conversion(mole %)

Yield of 1,2-propanediol(mole %)

1,2-propanediolSelectivity

(%)

Production of 1,2-propanediol with our technology


Concluding remarksProvided current biodiesel production/R&D status in Canada.The University of Saskatchewan has developed new solid acids for efficient simultaneous esterification of low quality feedstocks for biodiesel production.Can handle high FFA feedstock.Continuous process for biodiesel production in fixed bed reaction system.The catalyst is stable up to 250h.


Concluding remarks (cont.)

Glycerol conversion is 100% with the maximum liquid products more than 81% using new solid catalysts.The main byproducts from glycerol are acetaldehyde (24.5 wt.%), acrolein (25.3 wt.%), formaldehyde (9 wt.%) and acetol (14.7 wt.%) under optimized reaction conditions.


Concluding remarks (cont.)

Can obtain high yields (49.8 mol% ~ 42 wt.%) and selectivity (85.3%) of 1,2-propanediol from glycerol hydrogenation at mild reaction condition.

These catalysts are environment-friendly for glycerol hydrogenation to propylene glycol.


Recommendations-IGovernment needs to facilitate the formation of biodiesel standard in Canada.Bioethanol production with current technologies will not be able to meet GHG emission reduction goals in Canada. Other cellulose based ethanol production process should be examined. Forest and agricultural residues should be exploited for gasification for heat and power and gas-to-liquid technologies for ethanol and biodiesel fuels production.Effect of future biofuel market expansions on agriculture and society should be monitored.


Recommendations-IIThough Government of Canada has invested huge amounts of money in biofuels, Canadian Institutes/Universities need additional funding from NSERC, other federal agencies such as NRCan and STDC and provincial agencies for biofuels research and highly qualified personnel (HQP) training for basic and applied research on biofuels. Provinces and federal Government need to work together more and with other Countries (such as Brazil) to fulfil Canada’s biofuel vision.


Thank youThank you

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