Unmanned Aircraft Systems

EUROCAE Activities

The European Organisation for Civil Aviation EquipmentL’Organisation Européenne pour l’Equipement de l’Aviation Civile

Daniel Hawkes Chairman WG-73Gérard Mardiné Operations Sub-Group

Michael Allouche Airworthiness Sub-Group

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This presentation provides a report on the work of EUROCAE WG-73.

EUROCAE WG-73 meeting #3, January 2007 at Palm Coast, Florida in cooperation with FAA, NATO and RTCA SC-203

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The EUROCAE Organisation

Established in 1963 as a European technical forum for administrations, airlines and industry.

Prepares minimum performance specifications for airborne electronic equipment as a basis for EASA Technical Standard Orders (ETSO).

Activities now extended to include complex CNS/ATM systems including their ground segment.

EUROCAE is: recognised by the European Commission as the unique

body competent for the standardisation and interoperability required for the Single European Sky concept; and

acknowledged by ICAO which references its documents.

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EUROCAE Working Group 73

EUROCAE WG-73 was launched in April 2006 following earlier work by EUROCONTROL, NATO, and JAA.

As the European UAS expert group, WG-73 will work with EASA in the development of airworthiness criteria and Special Conditions to supplement EASA A-NPA-16 Policy for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Certification.

WG-73 cooperates with other bodies dealing with UAS.European Aviation Safety Agency

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WG-73 Membership

Regulators

Constructors

Education

Institutions

Avionics

Military

ATM

Research

Consultancy

EUROCONTROL provides the Chairman together with experts from its ATM, safety, security, human factors, military, legal, communications, radio spectrum, navigation, and research & development domains

130+ members

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WG-73 Task Leaders

Subgroup #1:

UAS Operations

& Sense and

Avoid

Subgroup #2:

Airworthiness &

Continued Airworthiness

Subgroup #3:

Command and Control,

Communications and Spectrum,

& Security

Gérard Mardiné Michael Allouche

Norbert Tränapp

Chairman - Daniel Hawkes

Secretary - Dewar Donnithorne-Tait

Vice Chairman - Gérard Mardiné (Industry)

Vice Chairman - Doug Davis (FAA)

Terminology - Gilbert Amato

RTCA SC-203 Focal Point - Ken Geiselhart

EUROCONTROL – ICAO Focal Point - Holger Matthiesen

Subgroup #4:

Small UAS Focus Group

< 150kg

Joseph Barnard

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The Objectives

A requirements framework that will support civilian UAS airworthiness certification and operational approvals.

Safe operation within non-segregated airspace in a manner compatible with other airspace users.

Compatibility with the existing ATM regulatory framework, existing ATM infrastructures, existing procedures, and without degrading ATM efficiency.

Six deliverables with a total of 31 work packages have been defined to address the objectives.

Work Packages

January 2008

0WG73 General

0.3 Integration of Deliverable 3

Concept

0.1 Terminology

0.2 Deliverable 2 Work Plan

0.4 Integration of Deliverable 4 CC & C Systems

0.5 Integration of Deliverable 5 Sense & Avoid

0.6 Integration of Deliverable 6

ATM Issues

0.7 Small UAS < 150kg

1Operations

1.2 UAS Operations Risk assessment

1.3 Identify separation provision

requirements

1.4 Identify avoidance of mid-air

collisions related requirements

1.8 UAS ATM Issues

1.1 Classes of UAS Operations

1.6 Propose Complementary Regulations &

Standards based on Gap Analysis

1.5 Identify other required functions & related requirements

1.7 Management Synthesis

3Command, Control, Communications,

Spectrum & Security (C3SS)

3.1 Data Aspects of Command & Control

3.2 UAS Radio Spectrum

Requirements

3.3 UAS Physical Security

3.4 UAS ATM Issues

3.5 UAS Data Link Security

2.1 UAS Overall Safety Objective & Airworthiness

Categories

2.3 EASA Certification Specification Tailoring

Guidelines

2.4 UAS Safety Objectives and criteria (“1309”)

2.5 Sense & Avoid Airworthiness Aspects

2.8 Continued Airworthiness, Maintenance

2.6 Command & Control Airworthiness Aspects

2.7 Emergency Recovery

2.10 Control Station & HMI

2.9 Security Features

2.11 Launch & Recovery

2.12 Automatic Take off & Landing

2Airworthiness

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Deliverables requested from WG-73

Deliverable 1. UAS related elements regarding the Operational Concept. A preliminary inventory of airworthiness certification

and operational approval items to be addressed.

Deliverable 2. Work Plan. Identifies work packages and timescales to guide

the future activities of WG-73.

Completed January 2007

Issued May 2007

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Deliverable 3. A Concept for UAS Airworthiness Certification and Operational Approval in the Context of Non-segregated Airspace.

A document in four volumes intended to assist development of recommendations and a requirements framework for civilian UAS.

Deliverables (2)

Volume 1

GeneralRadio SpectrumCommunications

Security

In production Preliminary Draft: 1st quarter 2008Issue 1: 4th quarter of 2008.

Volume 2

OperationsSense & Avoid

Volume 3

AirworthinessCommand & Control

Volume 4

Small UAS < 150kg

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Deliverables (3)

Deliverable 4. UAS Communication, Command & Control Systems. Requirements for communication, command & control

systems including autonomous operation.

Deliverable 5. UAS Sense and Avoid Systems. Functional requirements for sense and avoid systems.

Deliverable 6. ATM Compatibility Issues. Aspects of UAS normal and abnormal operations

requiring special ATM consideration. Potential solutions to assist ATM compatibility

development.

Initial studies started.

Now discussing with RTCA.

Ongoing activity.

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UAS Operations

Gérard Mardiné WG-73 Sub-Group #1

UAS Operations

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Operational Approval

Several different types of UAS operation can be expected for which related conditions for operating approval can be published.

The group is considering definitions for up to six classes of operation: Each related to ATM (airspace classification, flight rules,

rules of the air) and UAS modes of operation; and To offer adapted operating approval standards.

Scope will address all operational aspects, including: Flight in non-segregated airspace, UAS crew qualification

and training, UAS operator’s organisation. Where required, UAS operating certificates can be

granted to operators that demonstrate ability to comply with the operating conditions.

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Safety of UAS Operations, including safety of the other airspace users, is considered paramount: A safety approach is being progressively defined. Safety objectives must be proposed for safety critical

functions. The present manned aviation system, including ATM, is

considered as the frame for UAS introduction: recognising that adaptations may be needed and

justified; and that ongoing developments have to be monitored (e.g.

SES / SESAR).

Operational Fundamentals

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A phased development of the standards is promoted consistent with the expected phased introduction of non-segregated UAS operations; In order not to restrict or delay initial UAS operational

capability because of some complex issues, for example;

Standards for UAS flight in non-segregated airspace are expected before those for UAS non-segregated aerodrome operations.

Operational Fundamentals (2)

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The issue is how to define the functional perimeter of a UAS physical system equivalent to the manned aircraft ‘see & avoid’ principle and its rules for the purposes of traffic separation and mid-air collision avoidance.

Recognising that different notions are involved (principles, rules, functions, physical systems), the initial intent is to remain as far as possible at the functional level and to issue functional requirements or recommendations. Compatibility with a safety approach. Independence from technological solutions.

A reliable solution could also benefit manned aviation. WG-73 is discussing with RTCA SC-203 how the required

functionality, safety, performance, and interoperability requirements could be developed jointly with the objective of achieving a common technical standard.

Sense and Avoid

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UAS Airworthiness

Michael Allouche WG-73 Sub-Group #2

UAS Airworthiness

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Airworthiness Certification

Many types of UAS could be available with a large variation in weight, size, performance, and means of control, and kinds of operation.

UAS Type Certification categories and appropriate safety objectives need to be defined with related certification requirements.

Generic Special Conditions & Interpretive materials to be proposed for specific issues: e.g. UAS Safety Assessment, Sense and Avoid, Command and Control, Control Station, Automatic Take-off & Landing.

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EASA A-NPA 16/2005UAS Type Certification Basis Definition : :

(1) Select & Tailor Manned CS(1) Select & Tailor Manned CS(2) System Safety Objectives & Criteria(2) System Safety Objectives & Criteria

(3) Special Conditions (Control Station, C3 etc…)(3) Special Conditions (Control Station, C3 etc…)

Eurocae WG-73 SG2 Work PackagesGeneric Airworthiness Criteria & Recommendations

Relating to (1) & (2) & (3)

INPUTS / INTERFACES / COORDINATION: SG1 & SG3 & SG4

JAA-EUROCONTROL TF report / EASA A-NPA 16/2005 / CRDFAA Policies

USAR/STANAG 4671 RTCA SC 203 DO-304 & WG1

Airworthiness Certification / Work Plan Approach

EASA CRD Topics WG73 Support

specifically

requested

Related SG2

Work Package

Role of EASA and development of a comprehensive framework for UAV regulations

  2.3

UAV below 150 Kg   See SG4

UAV or UAS?    

Coordination with military working group on UAV & USAR

  2.1, 2.3, 2.4 & others

Conventional versus safety target approach for certification

  2.1,2.3

Total system approach as proposed by Sweden

   

The two alternatives for selecting the manned CS.

+ 2.1

Sense and Avoid + 2.5

UAV system safety analysis + 2.1, 2.4

Security   See SG3

Need for DOA    

Certificate of airworthiness and control stations

  2.10

Environment    

Additional Special Conditions (C3, Control Station, Autonomy, Emergency)

+ 2.10, 2.6, 2.7

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Communications & Security

Daniel HawkesChairman WG-73

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Command and Control There can be a trade-off between the capacity of the flight

control data link and the autonomous capability of the UA. Security of the Command and Control link is considered

mandatory (equivalent to locked cockpit door). Means of communication and phraseology will need to be

compatible with the applicable ATC environment. Issues include:

The degree of autonomy of the UA; Compatibility with the evolving ATM; The capacity, integrity, redundancy and security of flight control

data links; Control station: human-machine interface, security measures; Data synchronisation at control station handover; (normal and

abnormal conditions); Support tools for mission planning; and Personnel training and qualification.

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Radio Spectrum

An ITU allocation of radio spectrum is needed for a secure Command and Control link that will support safe civilian UAS operation in non-segregated airspace.

WG-73 is supporting EUROCONTROL, ICAO, FAA and RTCA in a team effort to develop a technical case to bid for UAS spectrum allocation at the 2011 World Radio Conference.

For this purpose, information is being obtained about UAS communication characteristics that involve command, control, UA flight and system monitoring, and relay of air traffic communications.

The operational robustness of dedicated security measures for the link, and the impact on required frequency bandwidth, are under investigation to provide a consolidated input at WRC 2011.

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World Radio Conference 2007

Resolution 421, adopted at ITU WRC 2007, states: Necessary studies leading to technical, regulatory,

and operational recommendations to the Conference, enabling that Conference to decide on appropriate allocations for the operation of UAS need to be conducted in time for WRC 2011.

And for the preliminary agenda for WRC-2015: to consider spectrum requirements and possible

allocations in the radio determination service to support the operation of UAS in non-segregated airspace.

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WG-73 is addressing UAS security in three work packages: Airworthiness of Security Features; Physical Security; Communications Security and Electronic Security.

Cooperation has been established with WG-72 Aeronautical Systems Security.

WG-73 is applying the WG-72 security management methodology to ensure consistency between the two groups.

Security

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Wherever appropriate, existing security standards for manned aircraft are being adopted. The WG-73 security work is focused on those aspects particular to UAS.

National strategies for security of UA less than 150kg and for model aircraft are being reviewed also to provide additional context to the WG-73 work.

The intent is to propose policy, guidance, and requirements, as appropriate, to ensure an adequate level of security so that unmanned aircraft might be safely operated only by authorised personnel with a minimal risk of accidental or deliberate intrusion and disturbance.

Security (2)

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The information in this presentation references draft material for use by EUROCAE WG-73 and should not

be regarded as statements of EUROCAE policy unless approved by the Council.

The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment

102, rue Etienne Dolet, 92240-Malakoff, FranceTel.: +33 1 40 92 79 30 www.EUROCAE.eu

280108

Thank you for your attention

Next meeting:

WG-73 Meeting #6. February 12th – 14th 2008 in Brussels. Main agenda items:

• EASA A-NPA 16/2005 / CRD• Progress Deliverable 3: Concept Document.