Update to “Planetary Protection and Human Exploration to Interplanetary

Destinations Enabled by Lunar Swingbys and Libration-Point Orbits”

David W. Dunham

KinetX, Inc. and

Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics of the National Research University, Higher School

of Economics

2013, 23 May in Sudak, update in Tarusa, 9 July

Appropriate Sayings• Don’t wait until problems accumulate and cause a lot of

trouble before trying to solve them - - from “Contract on a Seasonal Basis”

• In this world, things are complicated and decided by many factors. We should look at problems from different aspects, not from just one. - - from “On the Negotiations”

• The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the Sun at 8 or 9 in the morning. Our hope is placed on you. - - - form a talk at a meeting with students and trainees in Moscow

Appropriate Sayings• Don’t wait until problems accumulate and cause a lot of

trouble before trying to solve them - - from “Contract on a Seasonal Basis”

• In this world, things are complicated and decided by many factors. We should look at problems from different aspects, not from just one. - - from “On the Chunking Negotiations”

• The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the Sun at 8 or 9 in the morning. Our hope is placed on you. - - - from a talk at a meeting with Chinese students and trainees in Moscow

• Quotations from Chairman Mao Tsetung• We are going to present our work at IAC2013 in Beijing

Overview• Lunar grazing occultation of Piscium observed south of Voronezh June 2

• Important papers on Planetary Defense, the idea of a NEO warning satellite in a Sun-Earth L1 halo orbit, are in final stages and will appear soon

• An important paper on extending human exploration beyond the Moon has been accepted for publication in JAS; we are responding to referee suggestions for minor modifications.

• ISEE-3/ICE meeting July 25th at Goddard Space Flight Center to try to solve the financial and technical problems

• New project to study forests from space starting in September; initial funds from KinetX, but will involve the Canadian Space Agency, which is very interested in this work

• A possible new study, to send several nano- and micro-satellites to Comet Wirtanen in December 2018, collaborating with the Japanese NESTRA group and/or others who may be interested

2013 June 2nd Grazing Occultation of Piscium = ZC 3494

Near Mozhayskoye, about 50 km s.e. of Voronezh, s.w. Russia

At 4:13am Moscow time, the 4.5-mag. star grazed 1 from the north cusp of 37% sunlit waxing Moon 19 above e.

horizon, Sun alt. -7

David W. Dunham

and Vladimir Belousov

Lunar Profile for the Graze

SkippySky Weather Forecast

Map, Moscow to Mozhayskoye

M2

M4

M4

P141

Yefremov

Mozhayskoye

From Kurskaya Station in Moscow, I rode in a train to Tula,Where Vladimir met me. He drove us south on the M2highway about 30km to the 2-lane P141 highway that we drove on for 100 km to join theM4 highway (Interstate quality)just southeast of Yefremov. Thenwe drove south on M4 throughVoronezh to the graze site nearthe exit to Mozhayskoye, adistance of a little more than400 km from Tula.

Leaving Tula

2013 June 2 Graze Path

M4

M4

Mozhayskoye

Trees along P141 highway

Open spaces along P141 hwy

Church at Yefremov

Thunderstorm from M4 highway

2013 June 2 Graze Path

Mozhayskoye

Google Map Graze Zone Detail

Northern midi about 60m north

Moon after the graze

After the graze

After the graze (then show video)

Lunar Grazing Occultation of Spicawestern Russia, 2013 Dec. 27, 6am, Moon 34% sunlit, alt. 14

Lunar Grazing Occultation of Spicanortheast of Moscow, 2013 Dec. 27, 6am, Moon 34% sunlit, alt. 14

Predicted Kaguya Profile for the Dec. 27th Spica Graze

Sun-Earth L1 Space Telescope as a Tool to Provide Warning of

Hazardous AsteroidsFrom a talk given

5 April 2013, IKI

David W. DunhamLead Scientist,

Laboratory of Space Research, Technologies, Systems and Processes

Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics of National Research University “Higher School of Economics”

Sentinel Mission• Bob Arentz from Ball Aerospace gave a good seminar about

this mission at MIEM and at the Institute for Astronomy last month

• 50-cm (20-inch) Infrared Telescope in an orbit around the Sun at the distance of Venus

• Launch in 2018, nominal 6.5 year mission lifetime• Continuously scan the sky opposite the Sun• Sensitive to Near Earth Asteroids as small as 30-meter

diameter• Determine their positions and orbits to map their future locations

to look for possible threats• Will also enable a new era in characterization and exploration of

the NEO population through discovery of NEAs that are easy to visit and return to Earth

• NASA collaboration through Space Act Agreement

SEntineL1 for “Bolts out of the Blue”• NASA has put out a special call for ideas for

planetary defense; I will submit this to them by their July 18th deadline

• Chelyabinsk showed that even asteroids as small as 15m can cause extensive damage

• There are several million NEA’s larger than 15m• The surveys are finding less than 1% of these objects• They are too small to observe at large distances, so• They can only be seen when they pass near the

Earth• Since many have Earth-like orbits with periods near a

year, it will be centuries before a large fraction of them could be found with current technology

Approaching NEO Coverage from All Sources

Publications for Extending Human Exploration beyond the Moon’s Orbit

• Article should appear in J. of Astronautical Sciences by year’s end

• Farquhar will give a presentation to William Gerstenmaier, NASA Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, in August, showing some of YOUR work

• Further information about our work will be presented at IAC in Beijing in September, and we will submit publications based on that work; the conference papers are due September 4

Ideas for Extending Human Exploration beyond the Moon’s Orbit

• Servicing Space Observatories near Sun-Earth L2 was the original first suggested effort

• Now first missions will likely be to Earth-Moon L2 orbits, like we have been calculating

• Double Lunar Swingby Orbits, for transfers and for moving the line of apsides

• Phasing Orbit Rendezvous

• Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle

• Rendezvous with a Near-Earth Asteroid

• Ideas developed under International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) exploration working group

• International collaboration will be essential for the success of such a large effort

Work for Extending Human Exploration beyond the Moon’s Orbit

• Our team has computed many good trajectories from the Earth to a 10,000 x 10,000 km Lissajous orbit, with return to the Earth at different optimized times from this orbit using a powered (S2) lunar swingby

• The next important step is to repeat the above for a periodic halo orbit about the Earth-Moon L2 point.

• Computing a quasi-periodic orbit about the Earth-Moon L2 point is not easy; we want to return to the same rotating frame X at the Y=0 plane crossing, with both Xdot and Zdot = 0, after two revolutions in the orbit.

• University of Arizona colleagues are trying to program Farquhar and Kamal’s 3rd-order theory in order to obtain better initial conditions for the task above.

• The next tasks will be to transfer from the Earth-Moon L2 orbits to a double-lunar swingby trajectory, or to a Sun-Earth L2 orbit, to allow reusable vehicles to line up departure asymptotes to go to near-Earth asteroids and to Mars.

• Others have publications on transferring between the different libration-point orbits that we need to study.

17-day Trajectory to Earth-Moon L2 RegionRotating lunar orbit-plane view with fixed horizontal Earth-Moon line

Earth

LaunchJune 23, 2021C3 -2.00 km2/s2

ReturnJuly 10, 2021

Moon L2

S1 June 27h 49 km, V 191 m/sS2 July 6h 50 km, V 171 m/s

Orbit normalV 24 m/s

July 4

Total post-launchV 386 m/s

35

Interplanetary Transfer VehicleMission Scenario

Sun-Earth L2

Halo Orbit

Phasing trajectories usinglunar gravity-assist maneuvers.

• Crew arrival via DSS “taxi

• Perigee ∆V for Earth escape

• Near-Earth Asteroids• Phobos/Deimos• Mars

• Crew Earth return via Apollo-style capsule

• Perigee ∆V for Earth capture

Phasing trajectories usinglunar gravity-assist maneuvers.

Destinations

36

Five-Month Mission to Near-Earth Asteroid

ISEE-3 Spacecraft

Meeting at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland July 25, to seehow funds for a small control center can be found, and how the spacecraft commands can be generated from available information.

From 2012 May

Earth(lunar swingby,Aug. 10, 2014)

To Sun

Rotating Ecliptic Plane Viewrelative to fixed horizontalSun-Earth line

Perihelion,May 1, 2012

June 13, 2012Out-of-plane V 2.82 m/s

In-plane V 1.25 m/s

ISEE-3/ICE return in 2014 with no maneuver

Icenomnl.jpg

Perigee2014 Aug. 9, 11:43 UTDist. 63 Re

After this Earth swingby,The heliocentric period will be 391.44 days; ISEE-3/ICE would then return to the Earth’s vicinity after 14 revolutions in 15 years, in August 2029.

Capture S6 Lunar Swingby,2014 August 10

Periselene, 20:06.0 UT, h = 97 km,Start of eclipse,20:06.7 U.T.

View lookingtowardsthe Sun

EndEclipse20:35.6 UT

V only 0.01 m/s1 day after eclipse end

ISEE-3/ICE to “halo” orbit in 2014

icetrg9n

S6 Aug. 10, 20:47 UTh 117 km, Z +205 km

Mathematical V0.1604 m/s1 day after S6

Apogee Sept. 16Dist. 230.49 Re

Perigee Oct. 26Dist. 24.55 Re

Far x-axis crossings2014 Dec. 31, Dist. 255 Re2015 July 1, Dist. 269 Re2015 Dec. 28, Dist. 267 Re

End2016Jan. 17

Near x-axis crossings2015 Mar. 30, Dist. 178 Re2015 Sept. 29, Dist. 188 Re

Perigee Aug. 9,4:57 UT, 27 Re

2013 Nov. 4, 17:00 UTV 4.69 m/s-2.94 m/s in V direction-3.65 m/s normal to the heliocentric orbit

V needed to reach the S6 lunar swingby

Forestry from Space

• This is a new project for the laboratory that will begin in September

• It will start as a small project, funded by KinetX

• There is strong interest in this project in Canada

• Canada and Russia have the largest northern forests in the world

• Therefore, this is a good project for international collaboration between the two countries

• In addition, Alfred McEwen at the University of Arizona is an expert on space sensors that could be used on this project

• This would strengthen MIEM/HSE’s collaboration with U. of AZ

• Perhaps Prof. McEwen could travel to Moscow with Roberto Furfaro in early September?

World Map of Forests

Minutes of 2013 July 4 Meeting at our Laboratory

By July 25, 2013, prepare and agree to the terms of reference for the project “Forestry from Space”.

By 15 August 2013, prepare proposals on the participation of the scientific team at the Laboratory Project “Forestry from Space”.

By August 27, 2013, agree with the company KinetX (USA) draft contract to conduct applied research in the field of sensor or set of sensors mounted on the spacecraft to save the forests, fires and prevent the threat of pollution and other uses of forest protection

Statement of Work: Forestry from Space (1)

Description: We are interested in what services could be provided by a sensor or set of sensors in space for forestry industries. This would include (but not necessarily limited to) services in the following areas: Forest health State of combustibles and fire risk Identification of start time and location, and status, of forest fires Identification of insect infestation Identification of illegal logging operations (cutting down trees) Keep in mind the later possible use of the data for agricultureAssumptions:Satellites will be in a low-Earth orbit; 700 km to 1100 km. Circular orbits are preferred, but elliptical orbits might be considered. The orbital inclination should be high enough to cover all forested areas of interest [could be, but not necessarily, polar (incl. 90) or sun-synchronous (incl. 97).Sensor types to consider: Infra-Red, Multi-Spectral, Hyperspectral. Start with existing sensors with high TRL. If products could be vastly improved by modifications to existing sensors, include that in your work. What resolution (spatial, temporal, and wavelength) are needed to accomplish the goals above? The orbital and sensor requirements would derive from these goals.Perform analyses for a) one satellite b) multiple satellites c) constellation of satellites. Perform trade studies to optimize the distribution of satellites.Do not worry about how to get the data to the ground, but make some reasonable calculations of the amount of data that would be generated.

Statement of Work: Forestry from Space (2)

Deliverables:A document containing the following: A description of the analyses done A list of specific products that could be provided for forestry in general. Include: Sensor type and specification used to generate data for product Required work to generate the necessary information from the raw data The satellite, or satellite configurations, needed to gather the data The orbital characteristics required to gather the data Any suggested improvements to sensors that would allow developing additional products or enhance existing ones List of potential customers for the data in Russia Recommendations for further analysis and for steps forward for discussions with customers.Weekly status (can be conference call; does not need to be written)

Schedule: (2013)Project kick-off: 27 August (Tuesday) – [more likely 30 August (Friday)]Status Meeting 1: 15 October (Tuesday)Status Meeting 2: 20 November (Wednesday)Final Delivery and Review: 20 December (Friday)

This project, generating products of use to a wide range of companies in Canada, Russia, and elsewhere, should put our Laboratory on a stronger financial basis than can be expected from planetary defense or human exploration. The potential is huge.

Interplanetary Ideas for Microsatellites• NESTRA is interested in ideas for how their microsatellites might be used in

an interplanetary mission that would generate worldwide interest; they are willing to fund research to develop such missions.

• The active comet Wirtanen will pass only 0.08 AU from Earth in December 2018; we are suggesting to NESTRA that we could design a mission to that comet with several of their small spacecraft, to study for the first time the 3-dimensional structure and composition of the coma of this comet. The next two slides show the low-energy orbit that can reach the comet, and return to the Earth.

• Another idea would be to land 3 or more microsatellites, with seismometers, on the surface of an easily accessible near-Earth asteroid. Another microsatellite would crash into the asteroid; the seismometers would then measure the shock wave arrival times and structure at each site, from which the asteroid’s internal structure could be determined.

• If NESTRA isn’t interested in these ideas, other microsat manufactures, in France, Russia, and perhaps elsewhere, might be.

Trajectory to Wirtanen

2month_loops_to_wirtanen_2.jpg

Wirtanen flyby 2018 Dec. 16, 11h UT phase angle 96.3, Vrel 11.15 km/s MAnE case 323Comet

Wirtanen

2-month orbit to Wirtanen, near Earth

2month_loops_to_wirtanen_1.jpg

To Sun

Perigee-1 2017 Dec. 3, r = 4.43 RePerigee-2 2018 Jan. 31, r = 2.16 RePerigee-3 2018 April 5, r = 3.26 RePeriselene 2018 April 8, h = 50 km