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ABSTRACT

KEY WORDS

1 INTRODUCTIONPsychology has showed that the punishments and rewards influence the

way the ego perceives its environment as well as what Freudian theorists havecalled the ldquoreality principlerdquo Accordingly the evolution of ego depends not only onhow frustration is channelled but also how gratification is conceived (Freud 1988Bowlby 1989 Spitz 1969 Winnicott 1989 1996 Fairbairn 1962 Reich y Schmitt1998 Skinner 1984 Mead 1999 Eriksson 2000) Home represents a secure baseeven in adulthood It is not surprising to see how those who have faced seriousproblems in socialization developed a more intense attachment to home comparedto others whose care-takers supported their needs from infancy Today our modernsociety prioritizes travel as a sign of status and social recognition Although every-body knows that mobility is rising every year many people are immobilized or onlytravel to find new and better working conditions The world of leisure in our capi-talist industrial societies is contrasted to the logic of under-developed work MKarlegger suggests that modern travellers are limited in the understanding of otherssimply because they often trivialize the changes suffered by the presence of out-

20 IJHPD VOL 3 NO 1 JAN - JUNE 2014

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BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION The Roots of Paradise

-Korstanje Maximiliano E-Geoffrey R Skoll

The concept of secure base has been introduced by experimental psy-chologists to make empirical studies on the Freudian thesis that the self isdetermined by its attachment to mother They not only had success to proof therelationship of children with their mother modifies the behaviour in adult-hood but also contributed to a much conceptual framework in social sci-ences This is the point of departure of the present review which is based onan examination of the discourse of the movie The Island starred by ScarlettJohansson and Ewan McGregor The Island seems to be more than a movie itexhibits the problems of postmodernism to understand ethics and the perva-sive nature of mobility and industrial tourism The emulation of paradise thelack of suffering and an inevitable death to serve others are the most pungentpoints of discussion we place in this paper

RISK DEATH SUFFERING PARADISE PROSPERITY THE IS-LAND

landers (Karlegger 2007)The present research is based on an examination of the film The Island

starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson (2005) This movie is the story ofa couple of clones who try to escape from the quarter where they were confinedThis work not only focuses on the ethical dilemma of cloning but in the conceptualdissociation between the escape and tourist travel In this context the desired travel(touristic) corresponds with a disciplinary instrument to control the clones and re-duce the degree of conflict to the extent they serve as providers of fresh humanorgans to other citizens Clones it is important to note are not considered humansor full citizens Clones only are feed to provide organs to those who are real citi-zens We examine not only the roots of rules and behaviour but also the notion ofsecure base theory (Bowlby 1989) in the hermeneutical sense of safety Method-ologically this discourse analysis turns its attention to the contents of movies be-cause they offer a fertile ground to understand how social behaviour is formed inthe social imaginary Anthropology has adapted the method to create and re-createa conceptual framework to study the complexity of cultural values (Ardeacutevol 1996Brisset 1999)

Unfortunately in the study of tourism and hospitality the discipline has notadopted these types of techniques as a valid scientific method K Palmer in hermanuscript Moving with the times (2009) suggests that we have to open our scopeof research The visual object may be employed not only as evidence but as anarchive of the past The need to create a new epistemological paradigm leadstourism-related researchers to seek new methods Images movies pictures andliterary fictional stories are more important for recreating those imaginaries thathave disappeared (Palmer 2009) Therefore the status quo of scientific investiga-tion should reconsider the fact that visual research not only helps reduce the costsof field work but also yields evidence that otherwise would remain inaccessible

2 THE ISLANDThe Island was released by Warner Brothers 2005 based on a story by

Caspian Tredwell-Owen who also collaborated on the screenplay It was directedby Michael Bay Ewan McGregor stars as Lincoln Six Echo a clone produced fromthe Scottish automotive designer Tom Lincoln who needs a liver after sufferingviral hepatitis Scarlett Johansson is Jordan Two Delta the clone of Sarah Jordanwho is a supermodel for an important brand They and the rest of the inhabitants ofthe compound are all clones ostensibly for persons who are rich and famous likeTom Lincoln and Sarah Jordan Residents of the compound are told that they mustbe restricted there because the rest of the world is too contaminated by radioactiv-ity Some residents get to leave the compound to go to The Island a utopian para-dise Those who get to go are selected through a lottery In fact they are sent fororgan harvesting surrogate motherhood or other biological uses

BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION The Roots of Paradise 21


This project is managed by Dr Merrick who combines the most efficienttechniques of psychiatry to keep conflicts under control and the residents in igno-rance Clones who gain the draw not only are special but emulate the dichotomybetween hospitality versus hostility Although clones do not have problems fulfillingtheir basic needs there is a strong and rigid circle of control of the way peopleinteract each other Being selected to travel the Island is equalled to the state ofexception people experience when surviving a traumatic experience Merrickacutescompound alternates the most bloody authoritarian policy rooted in biotechnologywith a hospitable atmosphere of friendship where people do not scramble for theenvironmental resources

The radioactive contamination functions as a taboo and as an efficientinstrument of indoctrination and total control on clones Since they the clones neveremerge from the compound there is no way to test the validity of Merrickacutes dis-course The taboo-as-object is strong enough to mould the cloneacutes expectationsinside the compound It functions as a truth regime as it determines the horizons ofwhat can be done or not

The Island represents not only a far away prize which only can be reachedonce in a life time but also exhibits the mythical archetype of lost paradise Theisland may be equalled to our sense of heavenmdashthe last ticket we are able to buybefore we were dead Selected winners to the island are given the sense of beingspecial This exclusivity depends upon the power the island exerts on the behaviourof clones It parallels in our world the belief in divine will (wish) which disciplineshuman hopes and veils curiosity

In the real world outside this movie suicide is prohibited both by religionand secular controls One of the most troubling aspects of religions and their reluc-tance to accept suicide is to forbid the exploration between death and life Laypeople may not explore beyond the secure base simply because the taboo-as-objectexerts the necessary influence to keep travellers under control If radioactivityplays a crucial role in deterring the escape by clones so also the religious taboo onsuicide keeps control on human beings in life Death seems to be the last travel

Clones are educated to think they are free human beings They are led onby their desire to travel to a paradisiacal island where all their hopes and needs arefulfilled This symbolic new baptism or rebirth in the Island exhibits a rite of pas-sage which is negotiated by each clone according to their original needs Of coursewhen clones think they would a travel to a new home really they are terminated toextract those organs solicited by the original Although the candidate to go to theIsland is previously determined administrators of the compound make a simulacrumso that clones believe they are selected by random lot To some extent the Islandplays a double function it keeps the control over the clones while at the same timere-channels their desires and hopes by a lottery draw The physical displacement

22 IJHPD VOL 3 NO 1 JAN - JUNE 2A014


emulates an award which resembles the founding mythical order of life A type ofheaven in a future moulds our practices and acts Every draw is a lie a simulacrumthat dissuades the clones from resisting their destiny The original citizens paid forthe organs they need Clones are excluded from the protection of the law and theyare legally regulated to be systematically killed The message seems to be clear thedeath of one serves as the factor to give life to others Every clone plays the role ofbeing an organ supplier in this imaginary society

Lincoln discovers the truth and escapes with Jordan who had been chosento go to the Island They return to lead a rebellion that will reveal the problems of asociety which manipulates human cloning The movie emphasizes that in the clonesrsquoworld access to stable citizenship is subject to the way death is administered Anyclone is created to cover the healthy needs of their original Clones lack not onlyautonomy but also citizenship and rights Clones are grown based on a false beliefConflict is controlled by means of a tale which is narrated during all their lives aspart of their basic socialization

What lies beyond the compound seems dangerous what is inside is perfectdeath In this discussion the Merrick compound can by likened to motherrsquos wombthe secure base that gives all resources and security to the self Although thissetting is not real experiences and hopes are moulded following the archetype ofheaven Travels here tourist travels not only play a pivotal role by reducing thesocial conflicts to tolerable levels but configures the social imaginary between thecruel reality where human beings consume clones The story ends with Jordan andLincoln starting a diaspora a real travel to nowhere a setting fraught of hazardsand problems Once Dr Merrick is killed thousand of clones escape from thecomplex emulating the archetype of Plato cavern

Although Michael Bay seems not to be a director with a profound socialsensibility this movie is based on a solid argument that questions the world of clon-ing and an ethical message where travel as a social construct plays a crucial roleThe message of this film is structured in keeping witha way of thinking inherent inmodern society The expansion of life the quest for zero risk and the conception ofdeath as the last travel to achieve are important factors in the discourse Beingspecial being is not only determined by random as in the lottery to go to the Islandbut also by the money one may pay for it Our world is presented as a dangerousplace that threatens the ontological safety of self Bay not only criticizes our in-vented sense of safety but also other secondary institutions such as tourism clon-ing and medical discourse Tourist travel represented by the Island becomes aninstrument of discipline power where everything which does not match with thisworld is symbolized as the outside At bottom perception is more important thanreal safety If home is a safe place travel carries risk of death while at the sametime it represents an opportunity to really live Tourist travel reproduces the cultural



and material values that keep societ and its economy functioningThe Hobbesian nature of the Merrickrsquos compoundrsquos state disciplines the

behaviour of clones by means of violence repression and hope Hope is repre-sented by a figural belief aimed at generating inner indoctrination Outside is thedanger of radioactivity but outside too is the Island which may be equated to oursense of heaven In the real world death is the prerequisite for heaven Almost allcultures of this planet have elaborated an archetypical exemplary centre a para-dise which was lost by the human curiosity All those who make what the elite wantare selected to enter this exemplary centre while the deviants are delivered to aplace of suffering and painmdashhell in the Christian tradition People seem to be deter-mined to live according to the rules by competing with other people gain access toaccess to paradise At the same time this structured competition invites evil-doingin order to surpass competitors This is exactly the paradox any religion opens Wework hard to be the best honest and smartest in order to recover paradise Theconnection between leisure and labour exhibits the sacred learning given by theGods The exemplary centre incentivises people to do the correct thing while thehell reminds how terrible would be the effects of bad decisions In this contexttravels are specially designed to reduce social conflict by reproducing the stereo-types related to sin the culprit and expiation Unlike migration tourist travel de-notes status and social recognition which reinforces the process of individualisminitiated by modernity The more people travel the more important their status

The underlying logic is that tourist travel reinforces the founding myths inthe construction of a secure base (home) opposed to an external boundary whereotherness stands At the same time fear mongering silences human curiosity torenounce its own possibilities As a rite tourist travel emulates the archetype of thecivilization that sustains this displacement as a practice

3 THE ISLAND AS METAPHOR CONCEPTUAL THEMESThree themes run through this movie biopolitics social control and utopian

desires The movie links them through the cloning society and its relationship to thenon-clone society call it the society of potential originals There is also a structuraldevice that acts as a mirror metaphor In the movie the society of clones is smalland it is embedded in a much larger external societymdashthe world outside the com-poundmdashwhich presumably contains billions of non-cloned humans In the real worldof 7 billion human beings a relatively small number live more or less as they pleasewhile the majority live restricted lives facing constant existential threats About 10percent of the earthrsquos population live as non-clones the other ninety percent live asclones To put it in terms of tourism about 7 hundred million people are potentialtourists Touring is not only inaccessible to the rest it is unthinkable

Biopolitics as a term comes from Michel Foucaultrsquos popularization of anold idea and old practice He introduced it in his Collegravege de France lectures 1978-9



(Foucault 2008) He proposed that since early modern states emerged in WesternEurope in the seventeenth century authorities have controlled the physicality ofpeople He said it was a new development at the time that has prevailed and grownsince Of course historians of early modern Europe were familiar with the ideaeven back in 1978 One of the stories of the emergence of modernity in Europe andcoincidentally the emergence of the modern state is that various demographicfacts came under the control of laws and regulation Marriage certifications ofbirths and deaths sequestration of persons deemed dangerous to the body politicand similar kinds of regulatory regimes became formalized mainly under state au-thorities Most of the same kinds of things had been regulated by the Church but inthe seventeenth century the state replaced the Church One of Foucaultrsquos pointswas that such regulation has assumed an ever broadening purview over the waypeople live Not only was Foucaultrsquos idea not new for historians of Europe it cap-tures the way all states have operated wherever they emergemdashthey control thebiophysical lives of their subjects They draft them into military service they forcethem to labour for the state by levying taxes they execute them torture them andso on Foucaultrsquos essential conservatism or more accurately reactionary proddedhim to obfuscate this regular process of state control by pointing to other sources ofauthority like medicine psychiatry education and so on Of course all these institu-tions have only ever operated within the overarching authority of states somethingFoucault was eager to obscure States create political legal and moral subjectsjust as Merrick in the movie created clones

Giorgio Agamben developed a more fitting application of the concept ofbiopolitics in his Home Sacer (1998) Agambenrsquos model was the Nazi concentra-tions camps He argued that their inmates only had bare life with no moral legal orpolitical standing They were in effect outside the law He also claimed that manyif not most of the worldrsquos population fell into the same category On a somewhatsmaller scale Nancy Scheper-Hughes (1992) described the sugar producing regionof Northeast Brazil as a concentration camp for 30 million people Therefore themirror image in the movie posits a few people as homo sacer have only bare lifewith most people as subject whereas in our real world the proportions are re-versedmdashmost people are homo sacer

In the movie the Island and the truth regime of external radioactivity under-pin the truth regime or to the viewer the regime of lies A radioactive world istaboomdashfilled with lethal energy The inhabitants of the compound can never ap-proach it and they need a shield against it In the real world the taboo is democracyand equality It threaten civilization it would be mob rule a Hobbesian hell Therather heavy handed analogue lies at hand In our real world people are controlledto serve the elite billion live on the edge of starvation as international corporationsharvest not their organs (although that does occur) but their resources and theirlabour Attempts at revolt are discourage through phony promises of a paradisiacal



possibilities through religions or migration and repressive force ultimately backedup by the globally hegemonic US military

4 CONCEPTUAL DEBATEAny travel may be understood as a rite a practice that involves a temporal

and physical displacement beyond the safety of home In some contexts travelsmay be forced so that the travellers do not return while in others these displace-ments are based on a deeply ingrained need for escape and curiosity Following thelegacy of psychoanalysis that provided sufficient evidence to think we as agentsare prone to explore the environment only when we feel secure (Bowlby 1986) it isimportant to note that travel opens the door to uncertainty Every society has devel-oped diverse instruments to control and mitigate this uncertainty Fernandez ampNavarro (2005) said that displacements not only entail questions related to the con-vergence of space and time but to the encounter of the self with others Theotherness takes different shapes and forms depending on its morphologic deifica-tion this means the sign of unknown and the social representations in it In premodern times Europeans conceived of abroad as a dangerous site C Lois (2007)explains that maps were drawn to give security to explorers Islands were depictedas spaces where monsters or giants dwelled who attacked travellers Most cer-tainly the representation of others seems to be linked to our human need for pre-dictability Travellers abroad expand their own civilization to others expropriatingthe others into the self The sense of hospitality is given by the familiarity betweenguests and hosts Following this explanation C Mengo (2008) acknowledges thatthe knowledge and travels were inextricably intertwined in classic Greece Thedisorder of what we may not prevent is what is symbolized in any travel Theintroduction of risk inherent in life exhibits the quest of a sense for new eventsWithout risk we would loose the desire to live As the travellers face obstacles andproblems they encounter new epistemological issues which they must overcomeA conqueror from this viewpoint may be equated to a traveller What is importantto discuss here is to how philosophy and the quest for truth paved the way for theconquest and explorations that characterized the European colonialism

The sociologists S Lash amp J Urry argue that the advent of postmodernismhas changed the pattern of travels Today people are more open to new experi-ences cultures and traditions compared to Medieval times Moreover consump-tion has become more reified The tourist gaze is based on the sense of exclusivityspecialness and status it can bring to consumer (Lash amp Urry 1998) Against thisbackdrop travels have been commoditized into merchandise which can be accessedonly by the mediation of money Places stories people and communities are onlyframed by what they can offer to tourists A question of fabricated risk gives moreattractiveness to destinations because travellers want to be important and specialwith respect to their peers Paradoxically tourism and industrial economies create



zones of exclusion and discrimination where the tourist does not visit The materialasymmetries enlarged by capitalism generate both desired and dangerous sites

C Wenge (2007) argues that travel represents the human need to seekingnew experiences a response to the oppression of humdrum routine If capitalismcommoditized personhood it is not surprising to see how the need for travel hasrisen To cut the long story short travellers are moved by 1) a quest for newsensation 2) escape and avoidance of pathological behaviour 3) peer recognitionand status and 4) the need to survive

As C Kupchnik (2008) put it travel exhibits a rite of passage linked to amoral world which is embedded inside the traveller Travel signals an alien invasionwhich is not always accepted or domesticated This forced presence is repelled bythe rupture of what and who is observed The moral fracture between who isobserved and the observer determines the boundaries of acceptance and profana-tion All travels therefore form unified institutions regardless of the culture andtime so as to function as passion In Medieval times many scholars travelled longdistances to gain further knowledge and receive a better education Two types oftravels have been developed by West desired-travel and rationalized-travel Thepassage of one to another depends on an economic structure rooted in the commu-nity Migration seems to be associated to rationalized-travel whereas tourism is adesired-led travel Kupchnik maintains that depending upon the type of travel theotherness is unveiled Some cultures demonize while others sacralise foreignersFurthermore travels emulate a mythical rite of passage whereby the founding cul-tural values of the society are reified reproduced to give certainty to the membersof the community People develop diverse models to explore the environs thesemodels are followed by our own sense of how the self and others are perceived(Korstanje 2009 Dos Santos 2005)

5 THE ONTOLOGY OF SAFETY IN THE HUMAN MINDThe roots of a sense of security come from the ethological studies of Konrad

Lorenz who envisaged the powerful connection between a mother and her off-spring Bowlby taking advantage of the existent psychoanalytical literature to themoment reformulated a new theory to verify Lorenzrsquos findings The biological liai-son between ducklings and their mother observed by Lorenz Bolwby adds may beextrapolated to other species even human beings There is an attachment betweenchildren and their mothers that persist even into adulthood The ego seeks the sup-port of a care taker Care takers can be other than mothers (a father or a nurse)who provide to the child all the necessary resources to survive and to strength itsown self-esteem Depending how secure the sense of security the self would beconfident to explore beyond the boundaries of home (Bowlby 1986 1989) Fur-thermore Bolwby realizes that psychological attachment rests on the needs of au-thority which is based on the psychical proximity and the protection related ideal



This combination does not disappear with the passing of time Rather it determineshow the people behave in their environmental adaptation Following some experi-ments R Spitz (1969) it is not surprising to see how the motherrsquos attitude during thechild birth exerts considerable influence in the derived attachment with the baby

M Ainsworth was one of the pioneer empirical researchers who usedBowlbyacutes theory The research was mainly conducted at nursery labs designed torecreate the behaviour of children in Africa and US She noted that each time achild was removed from the mother its behaviour experienced a radical changeTheir reactions were categorized into three types secure anxious and anxious-resistant The separation from the mother induces a degree of anxiety which alter-nates between despair and indifference The resulting adult personality will de-velop diverse reactions to risk In 1972 J W Anderson explained that the childbetween 2 or 3 years old stays attached to the protection of its mother After age 3childrenrsquos exploration expands The self seems to develop a way of connectingwith the environment that depends on its pervious relation to the mother or caretaker M Main (2001) not only supported the previous findings of Bowbly andAinsworth but contributed to present an explanatory model to understand the at-tachment a) sure-autonomous b) insecure-disregarded and c) insecure-concerned(Main 2001)

To date although the theory of attachment has been widely cited and ap-plied in many different research perspectives (Casullo 2004 Feeney amp Cassidy2003 Frommer amp OacuteShea 1973 Hazan amp Shaver 1990 Isabella 1993) No labo-ratory studies connect travels attachment security of the personality Waters ampCummings (2000) found that early experiences establish a template for social rela-tions throughout life The childhood patterned sense of security would help explainwhy some people are so afraid of novelty that they avoid all perceived risks whileothers do not or seek out risks Water et al (2002) confirmed that the evolutionarynature of attachment can provide an explanation for clinical pathologies and itshows potential in other psycho-social questions Nonetheless at the moment thesestudies do not contemplate long term longitudinal observations that encompass thelife spans of subjects Also the remembered figure of the care taker does notcorrelate with behaviour (Stern 2000 Waters at al 2002 Korstanje 2008) How-ever the notion of attachment reveals two important things First there is a bridgebetween biology and culture The question of attachment has been studied to pre-dict macro-sociological tends Second it helps explain the volatile nature of risk asit socially negotiated A Giddens opens the discussion by confirming that attach-ment plays a role in explaining late-modernity He points out that modernity is struc-tured into two contrasting tendencies the self and its other Both form the socialnature of self educated in the expectative of what others may do Since its birththe self is pressed to be here in this world with others The society reflects not onlythe needs of self but poses all institutions to cover the needs of next generations



Therefore the biological basis of society is based in the communal efficiency togrant the protection If the society fails to do that the order collapses Following theexample of child and its mother Giddens says that trust plays a crucial role in theperception of the environment

Modernity reduces the overall riskiness of certain areasmodes of life yet at the same time introduces new risk parametersinclude high-consequence risk risks deriving from the globalizedcharacter of the social system of modernity The late modern worldndashthe world of what I term high modernity- is apocalyptic not be-cause it is inevitably heading towards calamity but because it in-troduces risks which previous generations have not had to face(Giddens 1991 4)Giddensacutes account supposes that modernity equals to the commoditization

of human relationships The nation state exhibits the most reified form of capitalismwhere bureaucracy and rationale are combined to obtain the reconfiguration ofspace and time The perception of risks discussed in much of sociological litera-ture is explained by two contrasting trends the hegemony of experts and sciencewhich attempts to mitigate risk by means of technological advance and the sym-bolic system that mediates among people Money serves in this view not only as amediator between people but by its own nature virtualizes the economy If expertsdraw the world according to their abilities to control danger domesticating the un-certainty risks money expresses risk through insurance companies that absorb po-tential dangers Without these two mechanisms risk and money the banking sys-tem and the capitalism would never exist The former evokes the intervention ofscience while the latter reinvents a future where dangers are fictional The senseof security as it is given is determined by how the society constructed the attach-ment with their citizens

As developed through the loving attentions of early care-takers basic trust links self-identity in a fateful way to the apprais-als of others The mutuality with early caretakers which basic trustpresumes is a substantially unconscious sociality which precedesan I and me and is a prior basis of a differentiation between thetwo (ibid 38)Failures in early socialization result in serious social problems just as much

as they lead to psychological problems for individuals The blurring between spaceand time that characterizes modernity may be comparable to the failed attachmentof the self to its care taker Giddens says that people who have been socialized inan atmosphere of conflict and violence are more prone to control uncertainty be-cause they are less tolerant of it In contrast those socialized in a secure climate ofcooperation are more willing to accept the uncertainty



6 CONCLUSIONThe Island is billed as fiction and futuristic fiction at that One imagines

the whole clone scenario as especially fictional Given the rate at which biomedi-cine progresses it seems the least fictional part of the movie Perhaps the mostfictional the least believable part is that when Lincoln and Jordan return to thecompound and tell the other clones the truth the clones rise up in mass revolt Thisis the least believable because of the metaphoric power of the moviersquos plot Outra-geous truth appeared publicly to the American public and the world in the first weekof June 2013 and no mass outcry let alone mass uprising occurred or even ap-peared on the horizon The revelation was that agencies of the US governmentmdashthe FBI CIA and NSA (National Security Agency)mdashmonitored and captured allelectronic communications in the US and probably throughout the world Moreoverthey stored them in searchable data bases Only weeks before similarly outrageousrevelations had been publishedmdashstill no uprising In May 2013 a series of newsreports revealed that the United States had been carrying out assassinations ofhundreds maybe thousands of people around the world These two revelationsshow that the United States government kills anyone at will and surveilles every-one There seems little difference between Dr Merrick and the US governmentTherefore what is fictional about The Island is that people clones or not wouldviolently throw off their shackles They do not

Alain Badiou posited the figure of Spartacus the Roman slave who led arevolt against the oligarchy 73-70 BCE Badiou links the Roman slave to two otherrevolts in history the Haitian slave revolution in 1796 led by Toussaint-Louvertureand the Spartakist revolt in Germany 1919 led by Rosa Luxemburg and KarlLiebknecht These three figure according to Badiou expressed a truthmdashnamelythat ldquoslavery is not naturalrdquo (Badiou 200965) The clones in The Island are effec-tively slaves as their bodies belong to their originals The truth is that cloning is notnatural it is synthetic So the same truth is expressed by Lincoln and JordanSlavery or cloning is not natural Unlike the the Haitian Revolution that led to anindependent nation or even the rebellions led by Spartacus or the German Spartakiststhere is no reason to believe that revealing the truth to the clones would result in asuccessful rebellion The truth of Spartacus was that successful revolts do notcome from knowing the truth The truth does not set you free What sets peoplefree are revolts and revolts only occur when controls are crumbling as in Germanyafter the First World War or the Island of Hispaniola during the French RevolutionThe real world of the twentieth century shows no signs of crumbling controls



REFERENCES Agamben Giorgio (1998) Home Sacer Sovereign Power and Bare Life (trans Daniel

Heller-Roazen Stanford CA Stanford University Press

Ainsworth M D (1974) The Development Of Infant-Mother Attachment Review ofChild Development Chicago Press University of Chicago

Anderson JW (1972) Attachment Behaviour out of Doors Cambridge University PressCambridge

Ardeacutevol Elisenda (1996) ldquoEl video como teacutecnica de exploracioacutenrdquo En Antropologiacutea de lossentidos Peacuterez A Saacutenchez y Martos R Celeste Ediciones Madrid

Augeacute Marc (1995) Non-Places An introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity(trans John Howe) New York Verso

Badiou Alain (2009) Logics of Worlds New York Continuum

Bowlby J (1986) Viacutenculos Afectivos formacioacuten desarrollo y peacuterdida Editorial MorataMadrid

Bowlby J (1989) Una Base Segura aplicaciones cliacutenicas de la teoriacutea del apego BuenosAires Editorial Paidos

Brisset Demetrio (1999) Acerca de la Fotografiacutea etnograacutefica Gazeta de AntropologiacuteaNuacutemero 15 Texto 15-11 Material disponible en httpwwwugres~pwlac

Casullo M M (2005) ldquoViacutenculo de Apego Romaacutentico en adultos escala de auto evaluacioacutenrdquoPsico-diagnosticar num 14 53-73

Dos Santos R (2005) ldquoAntropologiacutea comunicacioacuten y turismo la mediacioacuten cultural en laconstruccioacuten del espacio turiacutestico de una comunidad de pescadores en Laguna Sc BrasilrdquoEstudios y Perspectivas en Turismo Volumen 14 (4) 293-313

Fairbairn W R D (1962) Psychoanalytical of the Personality studies Buenos

Aires Ed Hormeacute

Feeney B C amp Cassidy R (2003) ldquoReconstructive Memory related to

adolescent-parent conflict interaction the influence of attachment related

representations of immediate perceptions and changes in perception over

time Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 85 No3

pp945-950

Fernaacutendez S amp Navarro F (2008) ldquoLa literatura de viajes en perspectiva una comprensioacutendel mundordquo En Derroteros del viaje en la cultura mito historia y discurso Rosario Pro-Historia Ediciones Pp 33-46

Foucault Michel (2008) The Birth of Biopolitics Lectures at the Collegravege de France 1978-9 (ed) Michel Senellart (trans) Graham Burchell New York Palgrave Macmillan

Freud S (1988) Freud obras completas Volumen XIII ldquoMaacutes allaacute del principio del PlacerrdquoPp 2507-2541 Buenos Aires Editorial Hiacutespamerica



Frommer E amp O Shea G (1973) ldquoAntenatal identification of women liable to

have problems in managing their infants British Journal of Psychiatry

Vol 123 pp149-156

Giddens A (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity Self and society in The late modern ageCalifornia Stanford University Press

Hazan C amp Shaver P (1990) ldquoLove and Work an attachment theoretical

perspectivardquo Journal of Personality and Social Phsycology Vol 59

pp270-275

Isabella R A (1993) Origins of Atthachment Maternal interactive Behavior

across the first year Child Development Vol 64 No1 pp605-621

Karlegger M (2007) ldquoLa Problemaacutetica del viaje como desafiacuteo para la Eacuteticardquo FactoacutetumRevista de Filosofiacutea Nuacutemero 5 Edicioacuten Viajes y Viajeros Disponible en httpwwwrevistafactotumcom Pp 92-97

Korstanje M (2008) ldquoTurismo y Criacutetica a la teoriacutea de la Base segura en Bowlbyrdquo RevistaElectroacutenica de Psicologiacutea Iztacala Vol XI (2) Universidad Nacional Autoacutenoma de MeacutexicoDisponible en wwwiztacalaunammxcarreraspsicologiacuteapsiclin

Korstanje M (2009) ldquoInterpretando el Geacutenesis del Descanso una aproximacioacuten a losmitos y rituales del turismordquo Pasos revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural Vol 7 (1)99-113

Kupchik C (2008) ldquoLas maacutescaras del movimiento (hacia una moral del viaje o itinerariospor la inmensidad iacutentimardquo En Derroteros del viaje en la cultura mito historia y discursoRosario Pro-Historia Ediciones Pp73-79

Eriksson E (2000) Ciclo Vital completado Barcelona Editorial Paidos

Mead G H (1999) Espiacuteritu persona y sociedad Barcelona Editorial Paidos

Lash S and Urry J (1998) Economiacuteas de Signo y Espacio sobre el capitalismo de lapostorganizacioacuten Buenos Aires Amorrortu Editores

Lois C (2007) ldquoMare Occidentale el territorio atlaacutentico en los mapamundis del sigloXVIrdquo En Viajes y Geografiacuteas Zusman P Lois C y Castro H (Compiladoras) BuenosAires Editorial Prometeo Pp 33-50

Main M (2001) ldquoThe Organized Categories of the Attachment in the infant in the boyand in the adult flexible attention versus inflexible low stress related with the attachmentrdquoMagazine of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytical Journal Vol 8 pp100-120

Mengo C (2008) ldquoLos Voluacutemenes del Traacutensito antiguos y modernos en el camino delpensarrdquo En Derroteros del viaje en la cultura mito historia y discurso Rosario Pro-Historia Ediciones Pp 61-72

Palmer K (2009) ldquoMoving with the Times visual Representations of the Tourism Phe-nomenonrdquo Journal of tourism Consumption and Practice Vol 1 (1) 74-85



Reich W y Schmitt V (1998) Psicoanaacutelisis y Educacioacuten Buenos Aires Atalaya Editorial

Scheper-Hughes Nancy (1992) Death without Weeping The Violence of Everyday Life inBrazil Berekeley CA University of California Press

Skinner B (1984) Walden Dos hacia una sociedad cientiacuteficamente construida BarcelonaEdiciones Martiacutenez Roca

Spitz R (1996) El Primer antildeo de vida del nintildeo Buenos Aires Fondo de Cultura Econoacutemica

Stern D (2000) El Mundo Interpersonal del Infante una perspectiva desde el Psicoanaacutelisisy la psicologiacutea Evolutiva Editorial Paidos Buenos Aires

Urry J (2007) ldquoIntroduccioacuten Culturas Moacutevilesrdquo En Viajes y Geografiacuteas Zusman PLois C y Castro H (compiladoras) Buenos Aires Prometeo Pp 17-31

Virilio P (1996) El Arte del Motor aceleracioacuten y realidad Buenos Aires ediciones elManantial

Virilio P (2007) Ciudad Paacutenico el afuera comienza aquiacute Buenos Aires Libros el Zorzal

Virilio P (2010) The University of Disaster Oxford Polity Press

Waters E et al (2002) ldquoBowlbyacutes Secure Base Theory and the Social Personality Psy-chology of Attachment Style work in progressrdquo Attachment and Human Developmentvol 4 230-242

Waters E amp Cummings E (2000) ldquoA secure Base From which to explore close relation-shipsrdquo Child Development Special Millennium Issue

Wenge C O (2007) ldquoRazones para Viajar Factoacutetum Revista de Filosofiacutea Nuacutemero 5Edicioacuten Viajes y Viajeros Disponible en httpwwwrevistafactotumcom Pp 88-91

Winnicott D 1989 Realidad y Juego Barcelona Editorial Gedisa

Winnicott D (1996) El Hogar nuestro punto de partida Barcelona Editorial Gedisa

Young Colin (1975) Observational Cinema Principles of Visual Anthropology P HockingsMouton Publishers The Hague

Korstanje Maximiliano EUniversity of PalermoArgentina BUE ARG

maxikorstanjefibertelcomaramp

Geoffrey R SkollBuffalo State College

Buffalo NY USAskollgrbuffalostateedu



landers (Karlegger 2007)The present research is based on an examination of the film The Island

starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson (2005) This movie is the story ofa couple of clones who try to escape from the quarter where they were confinedThis work not only focuses on the ethical dilemma of cloning but in the conceptualdissociation between the escape and tourist travel In this context the desired travel(touristic) corresponds with a disciplinary instrument to control the clones and re-duce the degree of conflict to the extent they serve as providers of fresh humanorgans to other citizens Clones it is important to note are not considered humansor full citizens Clones only are feed to provide organs to those who are real citi-zens We examine not only the roots of rules and behaviour but also the notion ofsecure base theory (Bowlby 1989) in the hermeneutical sense of safety Method-ologically this discourse analysis turns its attention to the contents of movies be-cause they offer a fertile ground to understand how social behaviour is formed inthe social imaginary Anthropology has adapted the method to create and re-createa conceptual framework to study the complexity of cultural values (Ardeacutevol 1996Brisset 1999)

Unfortunately in the study of tourism and hospitality the discipline has notadopted these types of techniques as a valid scientific method K Palmer in hermanuscript Moving with the times (2009) suggests that we have to open our scopeof research The visual object may be employed not only as evidence but as anarchive of the past The need to create a new epistemological paradigm leadstourism-related researchers to seek new methods Images movies pictures andliterary fictional stories are more important for recreating those imaginaries thathave disappeared (Palmer 2009) Therefore the status quo of scientific investiga-tion should reconsider the fact that visual research not only helps reduce the costsof field work but also yields evidence that otherwise would remain inaccessible

2 THE ISLANDThe Island was released by Warner Brothers 2005 based on a story by

Caspian Tredwell-Owen who also collaborated on the screenplay It was directedby Michael Bay Ewan McGregor stars as Lincoln Six Echo a clone produced fromthe Scottish automotive designer Tom Lincoln who needs a liver after sufferingviral hepatitis Scarlett Johansson is Jordan Two Delta the clone of Sarah Jordanwho is a supermodel for an important brand They and the rest of the inhabitants ofthe compound are all clones ostensibly for persons who are rich and famous likeTom Lincoln and Sarah Jordan Residents of the compound are told that they mustbe restricted there because the rest of the world is too contaminated by radioactiv-ity Some residents get to leave the compound to go to The Island a utopian para-dise Those who get to go are selected through a lottery In fact they are sent fororgan harvesting surrogate motherhood or other biological uses








































































Aires Ed Hormeacute





pp945-950








Vol 123 pp149-156




pp270-275










































































































Aires Ed Hormeacute





pp945-950








Vol 123 pp149-156




pp270-275







































Vol 123 pp149-156




pp270-275





































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