us politics introduction. overview 1.power –definition –types 2.exercising power –authority...
TRANSCRIPT
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US Politics
Introduction
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Overview1. Power
– Definition– Types
2. Exercising Power– Authority– Legitimacy
3. Politics4. Political Culture and Socialization5. Government
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I. Power
Power– How do we define power?– How can we tell when
someone has power?– Is power connected to individuals or
institutions?
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I. Power
Power: Definition– The ability to get
others to take
actions they
would not
otherwise take
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I. Power
We find many different types of power in play in the world in various institutional contexts
• How is it acquired?• How is it exercised?• Let’s look at
power in the family
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I. PowerTypes of Power
– Physical Coercion– Parents use greater
strength to coerce compliance
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I. Power• Governments rely
on the same• Governments
routinely maintain a monopoly on the legitimate use of force
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I. Power
Types of Power– Physical Coercion– Economic
Threats/Rewards– Use the promise of
financial gain or thethreat of financial loss to coerce compliance
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I. Power
• Economic threats and rewards are also key parts of the government’s power arsenal
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I. Power• Types of Power
– Physical Coercion– Economic– Psychological– Instill proper emotions
so that people act theway you want because they believe that is what they wantto do
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I. Power
Psychological Power– This type of power is
essential to governments
– It is vital that the vast majority of the population obeys laws because they believe it is the right thing to do
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II. Exercising Power
How do people and institutions come to acquire power?
How do we determine the limits, if any on the exercise of power?
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II. Exercising Power
• The legitimate exercise of power rests on the idea of authority– The right to exercise power and compel
obedience
• Does everyone have authority? • How does a person or institution gain
authority?
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II. Exercising Power
• Authority relies on the idea of “legitimacy”
• Legitimacy– Right to exercise authority– Rests on popular support for authority
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II. Exercising PowerIs this permissible?
Police dogs attack civil rights protesterBirmingham, Alabama, 1963
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II. Exercising Power
• Legitimacy places limits on how power may be exercised
• It helps us to determine what is and what is not a legitimate use of power
US military interrogation in Abu Ghraib prisonBaghdad, Iraq, 2004
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III. Politics
• Politics– Definition– Importance
Why Politics?
Let’s look at the way of the world…
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III. Politics
Scarcity Competition Conflict Violence
Politics intervenes here
Politics is what we practiceto help prevent conflict from
becoming violent
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III. Politics
• Politics: Definition• Peaceful resolution of conflict• Allocation of scarce resources in a peaceful
manner• The process of deciding who receives the
benefits in society and who is excluded from those benefits
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III. Politics
• To practice politics at a societal level most societies of any scale have adopted a specific institution -- government -- to handle the broad-based allocation difficulties encountered.
• It rules (exercises power) through laws and by maintaining a monopoly on coercive force
Which of course raises the questions…
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III. Politics
• How do governments gain that legitimacy and authority?
• Why would a people agree to allow an institution to have so much control over their lives?
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IV. Political Culture
• The complex interaction between a people and its government can be explained by the idea of a political culture
• Political CultureWays of life that bind and unite a people
politically
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IV. Political Culture
• Basic Components of Political Culture– Symbols
• Shared ways of communicating political ideas
Examples
Flag
Music
MonumentsBuildings
ClothingIcons
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IV. Political Culture
• Components– Symbols
• Shared ways of communicating political ideas
– Beliefs• Shared understanding of the basics of political life
– Values• Shared understanding of what is good or desirable
– Mores• Shared understanding of acceptable behavior
All of this is learned behavior, which gets us to …
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IV. Political Socialization
• Definition– The process by which the elements of the
political culture are transmitted from one generation to the next
– Political Culture is a learned process
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IV. Political Socialization
• Factors in socialization:– Family Peers/Public
Opinion– Media Religious Groups– Government Current Events
Let’s take a closer look at “government”
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V. Government
• Governments are sovereign institutions within a politically defined area
• That means they are the final arbiter of disputes, the final decision maker
• Governments are the most powerful institutions we create
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V. Government
• If governments are going to wield such power over us, then we need to examine questions like:– How should this institution be organized?– How much power should it have?– Who should rule? In whose interests?
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V. Government
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V. Government
• Given the power of this institution, we need to determine the best possible arrangement
• The problem is that governments have two somewhat contradictory challenges:– Security/Order – Personal Liberty
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V. Government
We need to settle several related questions:– Who decides who the leaders should be?– How are the leaders chosen?– How much power/authority do they
possess?
Broadly speaking we have three types of government:
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VI. Government
Monarchy– Single Ruler– Hereditary Title– Absolute authority– Most common form
of government in world history
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VI. Government
Dictator – Single ruler– Power usually
acquired through violent means
– Line of succession not clearly established
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VI. Government
Oligarchy– Rule by small group of
people– Usually military leaders
or economic elite
Pluralism: multiple such groups compete for political power
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VI. Government
Democracy– Rule by “the people”
Republic– People elect leaders
who represent them
Derives from the Greek:demos = peoplekratos = rule by
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VI. Governments
How are decisions made?– Totalitarian system
• no “real” checks or limits on power of political establishment
– Authoritarian• no “formal” checks or limits on power of political
establishment; any checks are “political” (that is, come from other groups competing for power)
– Constitutional• Formal and political checks on political establishment
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VI. Governments
So at the founding, the political actors of the period had to reach consensus on a series of crucial questions
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The Founding
• We need to examine the solutions they arrived at and the rationale for those solutions
• Why did we go with a republic? • Who did they decide to “represent”? • How?
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The Founding
• How do we balance liberty and order?
• How much power do you we give to the government?
• Why did they choose to limit governmental power and how did they implement those limitations?