use of animals in research and education.ppt

7/30/2019 Use of Animals in Research and Education.ppt

1/37

Using Animals inResearch and

Education

Copyright 2010. PEER.tamu.edu


2/37

Quick Questions:

Why do we need to use animals for researchand teaching?

What have people learned from animal

research?

Are the animals used in research & education

protected and taken care of?

Does everyone agree with using animals forresearch or do some people disagree?


3/37

Why Do We Need To Use Animalsfor Research & Teaching?

The functions of cells and organs arebasically the same in animals and humans.

What we learn from animals is useful inhuman and animal medicine.

Animal cells function in

many of the same waysas human cells.

Biologically, humansare in the Animal

Kingdom.An animal cell


4/37

Why Do We Need To Use Animalsfor Research & Teaching?

Animal are used to:

Understand how

diseases affect livingtissue

Develop and testtreatments including treatmentsfor animals

Train future scientistsand health-careprofessionals


5/37

Can Computer Models and CellCultures Replace Animal

Research?

Non-animal models are very important,but have limitations. They cannotduplicate the complicated interactions in awhole system.

Final testing depends on studies in living,whole animals or people.

This is actually required by federal law.


6/37

Review:

Why are animals used in medical andveterinary research?

What could be some limitations ofusing non-animal models inresearch?


7/37

Can Results from Animal StudiesReally Be Applied to Humans?

They CAN and ARE. Virtually all drugs,devices and medical procedures have beendeveloped with some animal research.

This dog, Kodi, underwent hip replacement surgery twice.

Hip replacement surgical techniques were tested first onanimals and now help both animals and people.


8/37

What Have We Learned FromAnimal Research?

Animal research has played a majorrole in nearly all medical advances

for both humans and other animals.

So what animals have helped with

medical advances? Lets look at some specific examples


9/37

Animal Use in BiomedicalResearch

Polio Landsteiner and Popper proved it

infectious; able to transmitdisease to monkeys.

Salk and Sabin developed theirvaccine through work withchickens and monkeys.

Polio was one of the most dreaded childhood diseases of the 20th century.Polio epidemics have crippled thousands of people, mostly young children;

the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history.Developed in the 1950s, polio vaccines are credited with reducing the

global number of polio cases per year from many hundreds of thousands to

around a thousand.


10/37


Infant Mortality

Studies in sheep led to use of steroids in treatmentof respiratory distress syndrome, a major cause ofdeath in premature infants.

Advances in understanding and treatment of sudden

infant death syndrome (SIDS) came from studies inrats, mice, dogs, and sheep.


11/37


Cystic Fibrosis A major killer of young adults.

Mouse models led to understanding the

biochemical processes involved in this disorder. Genetic therapies on the horizon are an

extension of work in mice.

A i l U i Bi di l


12/37


High Blood Pressure (HBP)Goldblatt linked HBP to kidneys in rats, cats, and dogs.This research led to treatments for high blood pressure.

Cushing linked HBP to brains in dogs. This research ledto understanding the nervous systems influence on

blood pressure and development of drugs to treat it.


13/37


Obesity

Major risk factor for diabetes mellitus, high bloodpressure, heart attack, stroke and certain cancers

Epidemic in the United States: 64% of adults areoverweight and 25% are obese

Mouse models and Zucker obese rats are sheddingnew light on causes of overeating, importance ofleptin receptors, and ways that obesity leads todisease.


14/37


Bioterrorism Botulism antitoxin (prevention) was tested in

mice and non-human primates

The smallpox vaccine was first studied using

cowpox in cattle. In fact, the word vaccine isderived from the word vaca which meanscow in Latin.


15/37

AIDS

Current anti-AIDS treatment developed

in animals have greatly extended lifeexpectancy and quality of life for AIDSvictims.

AIDS vaccines are being developed in

monkeys.


16/37


Stroke

Stroke kills over 150,000 people in the U.S.each year and cause major disabilities thatcan include paralysis, inability to speak,loss of vision and loss of cognitive function.

A new treatment for stroke (and one thatcan reverse disability due to stroke), wasfirst studied in rats.


17/37

Review:

Give some examples of how animalsare used in research.

Who benefits from using animals inresearch?


18/37

Are the animals used in research &education protected?

Many federal and local laws ensureanimals used in research & educationare being treated humanely.

These include: Animal Welfare Act

Public Health Service

IACUCs (committees that mustapprove research protocols)

AAALAC (agency that accredits

animal care facilities)


19/37

Animal Welfare Act

The Animal Welfare Act is a Federal law that Congress

passed to protect warm-blooded animals used inresearch, bred for commercial sale, exhibited to thepublic, or commercially transported. The law requiresstandards of animal care to be established andenforced.

The Animal Welfare Act applies to dogs, cats, primates,guinea pigs, hamsters, and farm animals.

We have to becared for properly.

Its the law!!!!!!!


20/37

Animal Welfare Act

Includes rules for mandatory surpriseinspections of animal research facilities.

These federal laws & regulations are inplace to ensure that all research animals

receive:

Good veterinary care

Appropriate housing Proper Feeding

Humane handling

Sound sanitation and ventilation


21/37

Lab animal care

inspection

If research animals are not beingcared for properly, then the

researchers that are responsible arebreaking the law!


22/37

Institutional Animal Care and UseCommittees (IACUCs)

Required at all researchinstitutions.

Committees consist ofveterinarians, scientists,

members of the public. Without IACUC approval, no

research using animals mayproceed.

Among IACUC considerations arethe measures used to controlpotential pain and avoid distressas well as the potential value ofany scientific outcome from the

proposed studies.


23/37

Do scientists care about animals? Dothey treat them well?

You cant get good data from unhealthy or mis-treatedanimals. It is in the best interest of researchers to treatlab animals well.

Most animal research facilities have a dedicated staff of

people whose job is to provide daily care for theanimals in their charge.

Research animals must be cared for 7 days a week,365 days a year regardless of weather or holidays.


24/37

Good science and good animal care gohand-in-hand.FASEB Statement of Principles for the Use of Animals in

Research & Education

The goal is to getreliable data and

make sure animalsare healthy and well

cared for.

The Three Rs of using animals in


25/37

The Three Rs of using animals inresearch

The Three Rsare principles of goodscience that scientists must adhere towhen conducting animal-basedresearch.

First R- ReplacementUsing non-animalalternative wherever theyexist in order that theonly research done usinganimals is that which canbe done no other way.

This is synthetic skin.

It can be used in someresearch situations.


26/37

Second R- Reduction

Using as few animals as possible toattain statistically significant results, aswell as finding ways to cut down on thenumber of animals used for any specificpiece of research.

Thi d R R fi t


27/37

This is a laboratory animal care technician. Read about him at:http://www.kids4research.org/teachers_parents/aces_Gary.asp Watch a short video of a technician at:http://www.aboutbioscience.org/laboratory_animal_technician.html

Third R- Refinement

Improving animal welfare in laboratoriesby enhanced lab technician training,

better enrichment inside the cages foranimals, redesign of an experiment, etc.
http://www.kids4research.org/teachers_parents/aces_Gary.asphttp://www.aboutbioscience.org/laboratory_animal_technician.htmlhttp://www.aboutbioscience.org/laboratory_animal_technician.htmlhttp://www.kids4research.org/teachers_parents/aces_Gary.asp


28/37

Are lab animals sufferingand in pain?

Animal use is carefully controlled, particularly if itmight cause pain.

Laws mandate minimizing pain and distress for labanimals.

Good science relies on controlling an animalshealth and comfort.

All animal protocols are reviewed and must beapproved by an outside monitoring committee.


29/37

Discuss:

Are there laws to protect animalsused in research?

What are the Three Rs of animalresearch?


30/37

Animal Welfare and Animal Rights

Animal welfare is not the same as animal rights.

Animal welfare is fully supported by the scientificcommunity.

We should treat animals with compassion &provide for their humane treatment.

Some groups argue that animals have the samerights as humans and should not be used even topreserve human life, educate physicians orveterinarians, or cure human disease.


31/37

Animal Rights vs. Animal Welfare

Animal Rights

Goal: To end all humanexploitation of animals.

This includes ending:

Raising and slaughtering oflivestock for human or animalconsumption

Eating meat

Hunting

Using animals for any medicalor veterinary research, zoos,circuses, rodeos, horseshows, dog shows, animals

performing in TV commercials,shows or movies

Using Guide-dogs for the blind

Using Police dogs

Using Search & rescue dogs

The practice of owning pets

Animal Welfare

Goal: To prevent suffering andcruelty to animals. To providecare and good homes for pets inneed.

This includes:

Funding and running of animalshelters for abandoned, abused,homeless, or unwanted pets.

Educating the public about theneed for spaying/neutering theirpets

Enforcement of anti-crueltystatutes

Monitoring and enforcement oflegislation to ensure morehumane standards of care forlivestock, laboratory animals,performing animals, and pets


32/37

Examples of animal rights groupsviews on animal research

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals(PETA) advocates abolishing all animalresearch.

Even if animal research resulted in acure for AIDS, we'd be against it.

I wish everyone would get up and gointo the labs and get the animals outand burn them down.--Ingrid Newkirk, PETADirector

A i l Ri ht E t i


33/37

Animal Rights Extremism

Many animal rights activists pursue their goals legally,through protests and information campaigns.

However, there are animal rights activist groups whobelieve in violence and extreme measures asacceptable methods to achieve their goal.

Examples:

Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty (SHAC)

Animal Liberation Front (ALF)

This is the burned remainsof the house of Daniel Vasella,a Swiss pharmaceutical companyCEO. This house was allegedlyburned by animal rights extremists.


34/37

Examples of statements from animalrights extremist groups

I think violence is part of the struggle against oppression.Jerry Vlasak, spokesperson for SHAC and ALF

I don't think you'd have to kill too many [researchers]. I

think for five lives, 10 lives, 15 human lives, we could save amillion, 2 million, 10 million non-human lives.

Jerry Vlasak, spokesperson for SHAC and ALF

In a war you have to take up arms and people will getkilled, and I can support that kind of action by petrolbombing and bombs under cars, and probably at a laterstage, the shooting of vivisectors on their doorsteps. It's awar and there's no other way you can stop vivisectors.

-Tim Daley, ALF


35/37

Crimes Committed on U.S.Research Labs


36/37

What do you know?

What is the difference betweenanimal rights and animalwelfare?

What are some methods used

by animal rights activists?

Now lets find out what you think


37/37

Now lets find out what you think.

What is your opinion about usinganimals as models in research?

You are going to do an assignment in

hi h ill i !

use of animals in research and education.ppt

Documents