USI .3 and USI .4 Study Guide Archaeology:

• Study of human behavior and cultures • Study through recovery and analysis of artifacts

o Artifacts: objects found by archaeologists that provides information about human behavior from the past

• Scientists do not agree about when and how people first came to the Western Hemisphere

o • Cactus Hill:

o Located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia o Evidence has humans living there as early as 18,000 years ago o Oldest archaeological site in North America

o

American Indians: • Inuit:

o Location: present day Alaska and Northern Canada/ Arctic Region o Climate: due to living in the Arctic, temperatures were below freezing most of the year o Shelter: igloos o Food: fished and hunted

• Kwakiutl: o Location: Pacific Northwest Coast (Coastal Range Region) o Climate: rainy and mild o Shelter: plank houses and built totem poles o Food: fish

• Pueblo: o Location: Southwest United States in present day Arizona and New Mexico (Basin and

Range Region) o Climate: desert areas bordering cliffs and mountains o Shelter: adobe houses or cliff dwellings o Food: corn/ 3 sisters

• Lakota: o Location: interior US known as the Great Plains o Climate: dry grasslands

USI .3 and USI .4 Study Guide o Shelter: teepees o Food: buffalo o Nomadic lifestyle: meaning they moved around a lot

! Lakota moved to follow buffalos which is why they lived in teepees easy to pack up and move

• Iroquois: o Location: Northeast North America; Eastern Woodlands (Appalachian Highlands) o Climate: heavily forested o Shelter: long houses made of wood o Food: crops, fish, hunted small game like deer

• • Today:

o Member of these tribes and others live in their homelands and in many other areas of North America

Resources: • American Indians hunted, fished, and grew crops of their own for food. They made clothing from

animal skins and plant fibers. They constructed shelters based off of the resources they found in their environment

• Types of Resources: o Natural Resources: things that come from nature

! Ex fish, deer, plants, etc o Human Resources: people working to produce goods and services

! Ex. Fishermen, hunters, people who made clothing, etc o Capital Resources: Goods produced and used to make other goods and services

! Ex. Canoes, bows, arrows, etc. • Indian Examples:

o Natural: fish that American Indians caught, wild animals they hunted, and crops they grew o Human: people who fished (fisherman), made clothing, and hunted animals (hunters) o Capital: canoes, bows, arrows, spears,

USI .3 and USI .4 Study Guide Motivations for Explorations:

• Economic: gold, natural resources, and trade (Gold) • Religious: Spread Christianity (God) • Glory: competition for empire and belief in superiority of own culture

Obstacles to the explorations: • Poor maps and navigational tools • Disease and starvation • Fear of the unknown • Lack of adequate (correct/ right) supplies

Accomplishments of Exploration: • Exchanged goods and ideas • Improved navigational tools and ships • Claimed territories

Regions Claimed/ Explored: • Spain:

o Francisco Coronado ! Southwest US

• France: o Samuel de Champlain

! Quebec o Robert La Salle

! Mississippi River Valley • England:

o John Cabot ! Eastern Canada

• Portugal: o Voyages of discovery along the coast of West Africa

• !!!!!!!!!

Portugal

England

Spain France

France

USI .3 and USI .4 Study Guide Interactions between Explorers and Indians:

• Spanish: o Conquered and enslaved American Indians o Brought Christianity to the New World o Brought European diseases

• French: o Established trading posts (fur) o Spread Christian religion

• English: o Established settlements and claimed ownership of land o Learned farming techniques from Indians o Traded with Indians

• American Indians: o Taught farming techniques to European settlers o Believed that land was to be used and shared but not owned

Areas of Cooperation in Economic Interactions between Explorers and Indians: • Europeans bought weapons and metal farm tools • Trade • Crops

Areas of Conflict between Explorers and Indians: • Land • Competition for trade • Differences in cultures • Diseases • Language differences

West Africa: • Ghana, Mali, and Songhai:

o Dominated West Africa one after the other from 300 to 1600 A.D. o Located in the west region of Africa

! South of Sahara Desert ! Near the Niger River

o Became powerful by controlling trade • Portuguese:

o Carried goods from Europe to West Africa o Traded metals, cloth, and other manufactured goods for gold and salt