using parallel structures and fixing structures problems
TRANSCRIPT
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Naary Corral
January 19, 2015
Universidad de Sonora
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• SENTENCE:
- Group of words that is used to communicate ideas.
• STRUCTURE:
- Subject + Verb + Object/Complement
• When it does not have the complete structure,
it becomes a fragment.
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• COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:
- Word that links two independent clauses.
• FAN BOYS
- For, and, not, but, or, yet, so.
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Parallelism
• Means that each item in a list or comparison
follows the same grammatical pattern.
o -ing word
oNoun
oPhrase
oClause
oVerb+Complement
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Nouns Examples
• I went on a tour to Chichén Itzá with Chinese,
Colombian, French and American people.
• I love quesadillas, tacos, and tamales.
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-ing words Examples
• I love swimming, singing and dancing.
(as nouns)
• This summer I will be swimming, singing and
dancing.
(as verbs)
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Clauses
• The concierge wanted to know which country
we came from and what our next destination
were.
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Verb+Complement
Examples
• Dania wants to go eat sushi, to go to Navojoa,
and to stop doing homework.
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Notes
• You may substitute a noun for its pronoun, to
avoid repeating.
• The summer vacations of the morning
students will last the same as those of the
evening students.
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Notes
• All the words in the first item do not always
have to be repeated in the second. You may
repeat some words depending on what you
want to emphasize.
• Before you go to the beach or to the mall, you
should pick up your belongings.
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Parallelism with Coordinators:
And, Or, But
• Words, phrases, and clauses that are joined by
and, or and but are written in parallel form.
• Paloma is going to San Carlos this
summer, and Eli is going to Obregon.
• Pancho likes to party hard but no to stay
home.
• Gaby will go camping or fishing.
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Parallelism with
Correlative
(Paired Conjunctions)
• Use parallel forms with the paired
conjunctions:
● both … and
● either … or
● neither … nor
● not only … but also
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• A travel agency provides the means for both
transportation and hotel accommodation.
• Paired conjunctions are placed directly before
the elements they join in the sentence.
• Rocio can get to Cancun either on an airplane
or on a buss.
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• Veronica is neither going to the beach nor
visiting her relatives.
• Most of the students are not only concerned
about the grades but also about the vacations.
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Sentence Fragments
• Fragments are incomplete sentences.
Problem
Because I am going to California.
Correction
I am waiting for summer vacation because
I am going to California.
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Sentence Fragments
• A word group that lacks a subject
or a verb and does not express
a complete thought is a fragment.
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Sentence Fragments
No Subject
Went camping last summer.
Correction
Edilia went camping last summer.
No Main verb
Pedro his first summer love.
Correction
Pedro had his first summer love.
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Choppy Sentences
• Problem: Choppy sentences are sentences that
are too short and have many repeated words.
Solution: Combine sentences with conjunctions
and link sentences through subordination
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Choppy Sentences
Problem
Summer is my favorite time of the year.
I can go to the beach. I can go to camp. I can spend
the night with friends. There are a lot of things I can
do in the summer.
Solution
Summer is my favorite time of the year because
there are a lot of things I can do. I can go to the
beach, to camp, or I can spend the night with
friends.
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Run-On Sentences
• It is a sentence in which two or more
independent clauses are written one after
another with no punctuation.
Example:
- I went to Japan then I visited my family in
Canada.
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Comma Splice
• When two independent clauses are incorrectly
joined by a comma without a coordinating
conjunction.
Example:
- I went to Japan, then I visited my family in
Canada.
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Correcting Mistakes
• Add a period:
- I went to Japan. Then I visited my family in
Canada.
• Add a semicolon:
- I went to Japan; then I visited my family in Canada.
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Correcting Mistakes
• Add a coordinator:
- I went to Japan, and then I visited my family
in Canada.
• Add a subordinator:
- I went to visit my family in Canada after I
went to Japan.
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Stringy Sentences
• Sentence with too many clauses, usually
connected with “and”, “but”, “so”, and
sometimes “because”.
Example:
- Many people wait for summer to travel, and
then they may visit a lot of places, so they
spend all of their money by the end of the
vacations.
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Stringy Sentences
**YOU CAN FIX A STRINGY SENTENCE
BY DIVIDING IT OR RECOMBINING THE
CLAUSES***
Many people wait for summer to travel.
Then, they can visit a lot of places. But by
the end of vacations, they have spent all
their money.
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1. Means that each item in a list or comparison
follows the same grammatical pattern.
a) Run-On Sentences
b) Parallelism
c) Choppy Sentence
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2. They are incomplete sentences.
a) Stringy Sentences
b) Comma Splice
c) Fragments
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3. Sentences with too many independent
clauses.
a) Stringy Sentences
b) Parallelism
c) Fragments
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4. Sentences that are too short
a) Choppy Sentences
b) Parallelism
c) Fragments
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5. They are incorrectly joined independent
clauses
a) Parallelism
b) Fragments and Choppy Sentences
c) Run-ons and Comma splices
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References
• Agarwal, R. (2012). Summer Vacation Essay for School
Students. Retrieved from
• Retrieved from the writing copies given, from page 179
to 193. Since we were missing author, editorial, books
name, year of publication, etc., we were unable to cite in
apa style.
• Weber, R. (2010, April 17). For Short, Choppy
Sentences. . Retrieved , from
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/573/03/