valerio de stefano istituto di ematologia, policlinico agostino … · 2 “thrombotic...

112
Microangiopatie trombotiche Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica, Roma

Upload: vanmien

Post on 28-Feb-2019

218 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Microangiopatie trombotiche

Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia,

Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica, Roma

Page 2: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

2

“Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”.

“TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is not an etiology for a specific disorder; it is a pathologic abnormality associated with diverse clinical syndromes”

George & Selby, BMT 2004

Page 3: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

3

Page 4: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Stavrou & Lazarus, MJHID 2010

Page 5: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Stavrou & Lazarus, MJHID 2010

Page 6: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

6 6

Page 7: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Rare: 4-6/million Female: 70% cases. Peak incidence: 4th decade Acute, life threatening disorder >70% cases-idiopathic Secondary forms due to pregnancy, drugs,

infection (HIV, Bartonella), malignancy (most commonly gastric adenocarcinoma)

Mortality 15-20% (90% before PE)

Page 8: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Modified from Bukowski RM, 1982

Page 9: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

9 Hosler et al Arch Path Lab Med 2003

Page 10: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Hosler et al Arch Path Lab Med 2003

AUTOPSY CASES

Page 11: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Copyright ©2004 American Society of Hematology. Copyright restrictions may apply.

Sadler, J. E. et al. Hematology 2004;2004:407-423

Figure 4. Occurrences of relapses among 18 surviving patients in the Oklahoma TTP-HUS Registry who had severe ADAMTS13 deficiency documented at the time of their initial

diagnosis

Page 12: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Schistocytes

RBC fragments similar to schistocytes can be found in non-TMA-related genetic or acquired RBC disorders (associated with anisopoikilocytosis and a wide range of additional RBC size and morphological changes):

• RBC membrane disorders • thalassemia • megaloblastic anemia • primary myelofibrosis • thermal injuries

Page 13: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Courtesy of Prof. Gina Zini

Page 14: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Courtesy of Prof. Gina Zini

Page 15: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 16: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Int J Lab Hematol. 2011 Nov 15

Page 17: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Int J Lab Hematol. 2011 Nov 15

A count on 1000 RBCs offers a reasonable compromise between the precision required and the time needed for the count

Page 18: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 19: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 20: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 21: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 22: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

1. Br J Haematol. 1995 Mar;89(3):643-4. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-like syndrome in the absence of schistocytes. Fava S, Galizia AC. Department of Medicine, St Luke's Hospital, G'Mangia, Malta. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is an uncommon disorder that if left untreated has a very high mortality. Schistocytes are generally considered essential for the diagnosis. A patient is presented with a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-like syndrome in whom schistocytes were persistently absent and who responded to plasmapheresis. PMID: 7734369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Page 23: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

1. South Med J. 2005 Mar;98(3):392-5. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura without schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear. Daram SR, Philipneri M, Puri N, Bastani B. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA. A hallmark of the clinical syndrome of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. The presence of schistocytes onthe peripheral blood smear, elevated plasma lactic dehydrogenase, and decreased haptoglobin concentration are used as evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia to make a diagnosis of TTP. This report describes a case of recurrence of TTP in the absence of schistocytes in the peripheral blood smear during the recurrent episode. Although careful attention should be paid to microscopic examination of a blood smear in any patient presenting with acute renal failure and thrombocytopenia, this case emphasizes the need to consider TTP-hemolytic uremic syndrome in the differential diagnosis, even in the absence of peripheral schistocytosis. PMID: 15813170 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Page 24: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Moake JL et al, Unusually large plasma FVIII: von Willebrand factor multimers in chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. NEJM 1982

Page 25: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Copyright ©1997 American Society of Hematology. Copyright restrictions may apply.

Blood 1997;89:3097-3103

Figure 1.

Page 26: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Blood 1997;89:3097-3103

Page 27: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Copyright ©2004 American Society of Hematology. Copyright restrictions may apply.

Sadler, J. E. et al. Hematology 2004;2004:407-423

Figure 1. Domain structure of the plasma VWF-cleaving metalloprotease, ADAMTS13

Page 28: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Copyright ©2004 American Society of Hematology. Copyright restrictions may apply.

Sadler, J. E. et al. Hematology 2004;2004:407-423

Figure 2. ADAMTS13 activity in normal and thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) plasma

Page 29: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 30: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 31: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Copyright ©2005 American Society of Hematology. Copyright restrictions may apply.

Rieger, M. et al. Blood 2005;106:1262-1267

Figure 1. Anti-ADAMTS13 IgG antibody titers in healthy donors, patients with TMA, thrombocytopenic disorders, and autoimmune diseases other than TMA

Page 32: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Copyright ©2005 American Society of Hematology. Copyright restrictions may apply.

Rieger, M. et al. Blood 2005;106:1262-1267

Figure 2. Anti-ADAMTS13 IgM antibody titers in healthy donors, patients with TMA, thrombocytopenic disorders, and autoimmune diseases other than TMA

Page 33: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

33

Primary: Congenital Acquired idiopathic (autoimmune) : Acute

Relapsing

Secondary: Infections: HIV, E.Coli Pregnancy Drugs: Ticlopidine, quinine, interferon, simvastatin,

CSA Autoimmune disease BMT Malignancy

Page 34: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

34

PTT ereditaria Meno del 10% del totale Maschi=femmine Tra i 0 e 4 anni

20% tra i 20 e 30 anni

Frequenti recidive Conosciuta come sindrome

di Upshaw-Schulman Mutazioni del gene

ADAMTS13 sul cromosoma 9q34

PTT acquisita

Circa il 90% di tutti i casi

Femmine 70%

Picco tra i 30 e 40 anni

30% di recidive

Talora scatenata da infezioni o gravidanza (circa il 20%)

Autoanticorpi vs ADAMTS 13

Page 35: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

35

Anticorpi inibitori Inibiscono l’attività proteolitica di ADAMTS13 o ne accelerano la

clearance dal plasma legandosi alla proteasi Anticorpi non inibitori

non neutralizzano l’attività in un test di inibizione una moderata attività ADAMTS13 può essere correlata con un

aumento di clearance dal plasma per opsonizzazione o altri meccanismi non noti

Anticorpi inibitori e non inibitori possono essere simultaneamente presenti nei pazienti TTP

Bassi livelli di attività(<5%-10%) ed alto titolo di anticorpi correlano con l’aumento di recidive 1

35

1. Alvarez-Larran A., Ann. Hematol. 2009

Page 36: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Frequency of women among patients with TTP-HUS and frequency of pregnancy among women with TTP-

HUS (1964-2002)

(adapted from George et al, Curr Opin Hematol 2003)

women pregnancy 1st tr. 2nd tr. 3rd tr delivery

1476 / 2229 (66%)

108 / 837

(13%)

8%

16%

30%

47%

Page 37: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

From Sanchez-Luceros et al, Blood Coagul Fibrinol 2003

Page 38: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Copyright ©2001 American Society of Hematology. Copyright restrictions may apply.

Mannucci, P. M. et al. Blood 2001;98:2730-2735

Figure 2.

Page 39: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 40: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

40

YES (usually) Pathology: TTP- platelet and VWF. HUS-Fibrin rich TTP-multisystem, HUS-local Normal ADAMTS 13 in HUS

Page 41: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

ADAMTS13 during HELLP syndrome

HELLP Pregnancy Healthy women

Range

vWF:Ag % 314 186 96 48-139

vWF:RCo % 243 140 89 46-142

vWF:CB % 208 152 94 51-155

ADAMTS13% 31 71 101 47-152

From Lattuada et al, Haematologica 2003

Page 42: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Treatment of acute TTP

Rock et al, 1991

Survival of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Page 43: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 44: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 45: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is
Page 46: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Cataland & Haifeng, Curr Opinion Hematol 2005

Page 47: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

47

Anti-CD 20 chimeric monoclonal antibody acts on B-lymphocytes

Used in: acute refractory / acute relapsing TTP electively in patients with IgG antibodies to ADAMTS 13

375mg/m2 IV

24 hours after PEX in acute TTP Weekly therapy

Give 4-8 treatments

monitored via ADAMTS 13 activity & IgG antibody to ADAMTS 13

Page 48: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

48

11 reports (2002-2007) 41 patients (1 – 14, median 2 patients) Clinical and laboratory response in 40 of

41 patients (97%) Median follow-up 9 months (range 1 – 25) Relapse at + 13 mo. and +18 mo. in 2 of

40 responders (5%)

Page 49: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Scully et al, BJH 2006

Page 50: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

50

1 report (Scully et al, 2006) 11 patients Clinical and laboratory response in 11 of

11 patients (100%) Median follow-up 11 months (range 1 – 33) No relapse during follow-up

Page 51: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Scully et al, BJH 2006

Page 52: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

52

0102030405060708090

15.1

2.0

4

29.1

2.0

4

12.1

.05

26.1

.05

9.2

.05

23.2

.05

9.3

.05

23.3

.05

6.4

.05

20.4

.05

4.5

.05

18.5

.05

1.6

.05

15.6

.05

% A

DA

MT

S 1

3 a

cti

vit

y

0

20

40

60

80

100

% Ig

G A

Bs t

o A

DA

MT

S 1

3

ADAMTS 13 activity IgG antibodies to ADAMTS 13

Page 53: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

53

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 8 58 77 129 136 303 616 786 848 854 891 949

TIME (days)

AD

AM

TS

13

acti

vity

(%

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

IgG

an

tib

od

ies

to A

DA

MT

S 1

3 (%

)

Rituximab Admission X 4 X 4

ADAMTS 13 activity: IgG antibodies to ADAMTS 13:

Acute and elective use of Rituximab

Page 54: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

54

pre Rituximab 3/12 post Rituximab pre-Rituximab 3/12 post Rituximab0

100

200

%

ADAMTS 13 activity Anti-IgG antibodies to ADAMTS 13

Scully et al, BJH 2006

Page 55: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Platelet count Pre Rituximab Therapy

pre 1st Rituximab pre 2nd Rituximab pre 3rd Rituximab pre 4th Rituximab0

80

160

240

320

400

plat

elet

cou

nt X

109 /L

Page 56: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

56

2 reports (2005) 6 patients ( 1 and 5) Clinical and laboratory response in 6 of 6

patients (100%) Median follow-up 20 months (range 1 – 48) No relapse during follow-up

Page 57: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Fakhouri et al, Blood 2005

Page 58: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Thromb Haemost 2007

Page 59: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

59 Heidel, TH 2007

Page 60: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

60

Out of 66 patients with antibodies treated with RTX, none had serious adverse events

One patients (treated with concomitant long-term steroids) experienced CMV reactivation

One patient HCV+ had no progression of hepatitis

Page 61: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Incidence quoted 7% (autoTx) to 14% (alloTx) or 0.5% (autoTx) to 0.13% (alloTx)

Review of 6562 patients (Mayo Clin. Proc. 2003; 78: 421): 1.1% (range 0.28% - 4%)

Page 62: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Sem. Thromb. Hemostas. 2006; 32: 98

Page 63: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

63

Endothelial cell injury due to toxic conditioning regimens, CMV infection, cyclosporine, a possible graft-vs-host effet on

endothelium, decrease in ADAMTS 13 mortality: 13-23%

Page 64: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

64

Intravascular hemolysis (absent haptoglobin)

Red cell fragmentation Increased reticulocytes Elevation LDH Drop in platelet count (< 100,000) Negative Coomb’s test (Absence of DIC)

Page 65: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

65

In the Mayo Clinic series (10 patients) 80% of the patients had changes in mental status and 90% had renal insufficiency.

Page 66: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

Stavrou & Lazarus, MJHID 2010

Page 67: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

67

Discontinuation of cyclosporin Plasma exchange Antithrombin concentrate Defibrotide High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins

Page 68: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

68 68

Page 69: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

69

Microangiopatia trombotica complemento-mediata con prevalente interessamento del parenchima renale Insufficienza renale acuta Emolisi intravascolare massiva Insufficienza del microcircolo con interessamento

multiorgano: Cervello (frequente) Polmoni Apparato cardiovascolare (ipertensione, cardiopatia)

Page 70: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

70

SEU tipica SEU atipica

Più rara

Scatenata da stress (infezioni,

chirurgia...) spesso nessun fattore è individuabile

ESRD nel 50% dei casi

Elevata mortalità (>25% a 5 anni)

Recidive frequenti

Più comune Indotta dalla tossina di Shiga (Stx)

secreta da ceppi di E. Coli (0157:H7) Frequente anamnesi positiva per

diarrea emorragica Significative sequele renali nel

25% dei casi Morte od ESRD nel 12% dei casi Non recidiva

1Upadhyaya K et al. Pediatric. 1980;65:115-20; 2Stella Shin H et al. ASN 2011; abstract: TH-PO371; 3Gallo EG et al. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9:117-9; 4Palermo MS et al. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009;7:697-707; 5Stahl AL et al. Blood 2011;117:5503-13; 6Mache C et al. International Conference on HUS-MPGN-PNH 2010; abstract ; 7Thurman J. CJASN. 2009; 1920-4; 8Orth D et al. J Immunol 2009;182:6394-40; 9Morigi M et al. J Immunol. Epub 2011; 10Chandler WL et al. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:23-32. 11Frank C et al. N Engl J Med. Epub 2011; 12Garg AX et al. JAMA. 2003;290:1360-70; 136. 13Schlieper A. Arch Dis Child. 1999;80:214-20; 14Schlieper A. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1992, 67:930-4; 15Noris M et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16:1035-50; 16Bitzan M et al. Thromb Hemost. 2010;36:594-610.

Page 71: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

71

La diarrea è una caratteristica comune nella SEUa

Percezione: pazienti con storia di diarrea “È la STEC-SEU”

Evidenze mediche: diarrea emorragica o senza sangue è

riportata nel 30% dei pazienti affetti da SEUa 1

La terminologia D+ e D- non consente una differenziazione

accurata fra STEC-SEU e SEUa

STEC-SEU precedentemente denominata SEU diarrea positiva/D+

SEUa precedentemente denominata SEU diarrea negativa/D- 2

1. Zuber J et al. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:23-35. 2. Ohanian M et al. Clin Pharmacol. 2011;3:5-12. 71

Page 72: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

72

Il sistema del complemento rappresenta una componente del sistema immunitario1

È costituito da proteine solubili e di membrana che interagiscono reciprocamente

È composto da tre vie di attivazione con una sequenza effettrice finale comune Classica della Lectina Alternativa

sempre attiva grazie all’idrolisi basale del C3 e legame con il Fattore B

72

I componenti vengono indicati con la lettera C, seguita da un numero

I componenti specifici vengono indicati con le lettere maiuscole B e D

1. Holers VM et al. Immunol Rev. 2008;223:300-316.

Page 73: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

73

Page 74: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

74

Page 75: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

75

• Nella SEU tipica, la tossina batterica determina l’attivazione del complemento verso gli endoteli vascolari – La shiga toxin causa la morte delle cellule epiteliali intestinali bloccandone la sintesi proteica

→ Diarrea emorragica − Una volta penetrata in circolo la tox

→Attiva il complemento come risposta all’infezione →Danneggia direttamente l’endotelio

• al quale si lega tramite un recettere uguale a quello presente sull’epitelio intestinale

attivando così la via alternativa del complemento

1. C. Loirat , J. Saland, M. Bitzan in Press 2012 2. del Conde I et al. J Exp Med 2005;201:871-879 3. D. Orth J. Immunol. 2009 182,6394-6400 75

Shiga-Tox

Ribosomi

Page 76: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

76

Page 77: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

77

• Nella SEU atipica, l’attivazione del complemento

contro gli endoteli è provocata da

– un deficit congenito di proteine di regolazione del

complemento

– produzione di anticorpi contro le proteine di regolazione

del complemento

1. C. Loirat , J. Saland, M. Bitzan in Press 2012 2. del Conde I et al. J Exp Med 2005;201:871-879 3. D. Orth J. Immunol. 2009 182,6394-6400 77

Page 78: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

78

Page 79: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

79

Proteina Effetto % Prognosi Trapianto

Fattore H Nessun legame sull’endotelio 25 Morte o ESRD 75% Recidiva 80-90%

Fattore H (R1-R3) Autoanticorpi anti-FH 6 ESRD 35% Recidiva 20%

MCP Assenza sulla membrana 12,5 Morte o ESRD <20% Recidiva 15%

Fattore I, B C3 convertasi stabilizzata

I: 7% B: 2%

Morte o ESRD 70% Recidiva 75% (I)

C3 Resistenza all’inattivazione 7% Morte o ESRD 60% Recidiva 50%

M. Noris, N Engl J Med 2009;361:1676-87 79

Page 80: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

80

Page 81: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

81

C5b-9 Membrane Attack Complex

Cell Lysis Proinflammatory Platelet Activation Leukocyte/Monocyte

Activation Endothelial Activation Prothrombotic

Cell Destruction Inflammation Thrombosis

Anaphylaxis Inflammation Thrombosis

C5a Potent Anaphylatoxin Chemotaxis Proinflammatory Leukocyte/Monocyte

Activation Endothelial Activation Prothrombotic

Lectin Pathway Alternative Pathway Classical Pathway

C3 Immune Complex Clearance Microbial Opsonization

C3 + H2O Alwais active (chronic)

C5

Pro

xim

al

Te

rmin

al

81

Page 82: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

82

Modified from: Desch K et al. JASN. 2007;18:2457-60. Licht C et al. Blood. 2009;114:4538-4545. Noris M et al. NEJM. 2009; 361:1676-87. Stahl A, et al. Blood 2008;111:5307-15. Camous L et al. Blood. 2011;117:1340-9. 82

Page 83: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

83 H.-M. Tsai / Transfusion Medicine Reviews 28 (2014) 187–197

Page 84: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

84

La diagnosi di SEUa

non è legata all’identificazione

di una mutazione genetica

non viene identificata nel 30-50 % dei pazienti

84 M. Noris M. et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5: 1844-1859

Page 85: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

85

Conseguenze Nessuna

mutazione

identificata

Mutazione

identificata

% di pazienti che muore o esita a ESRD con la prima manifestazione clinica1,2

28-37% 40-44%

% di pazienti che muore , necessita di dialisi, o subisce un danno renale cronico entro il primo anno dopo la diagnosi2

66% 63%

% di pazienti che muore o necessita di dialisi nel lungo periodo2

51% 57%

.J. Caprioli et al. Blood. 2006;108:1267-1272 85

Page 86: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

86

L’ incidenza della SEU atipica è stimata in 1-2

casi/milione/anno

20% a carattere familiare

nel bambino sotto i 5 aa: 6,1 casi/milione/anno

SEU tipica 10 volte più frequente

TTP (diagnosi differenziale): 4 casi/milione/anno

Noris e Remuzzi, NEJM, 2009 361:1676-87

Page 87: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

87

Insufficienza renale acuta Ematuria macroscopica Febbre Incremento della

creatininemia e dell’azotemia

Anemia acuta Emoglobina < 8 g/dL Test di Coombs negativo Schistocitosi (fino al 10%)

Piastrinopenia da consumo

Altri segni LDH ↑ Bilirubina indiretta ↑ Aptoglobina ↓

Complementemia C3 serico normale nell’80%

dei pazienti Fattore H (CFH) livelli

plasmatici normali nello 87% dei pazienti con mutazione CFH

1. McCrae, K., Sadler, J., Cines, D. (2005). 2. R. Hoffman, Hematology Basic Principles and Practice (4th.

Edition). Chpt 132, pp2287-2304 3. Noris M et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1844-1859

Page 88: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

88

1. Sallee M et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:2028-2032 2. Sellier-Leclerc et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:239 3. Noris M, et al. CJASN. 2010;10:1844-1859. 4. Noris M, et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1676-1687.

Insorgenza violenta ed improvvisa che può

portare rapidamente a perdita di organi vitali

ed a morte 1,2

Il 33-40% dei pazienti muore o esita in

insufficienza renale terminale (ESRD) con la

prima manifestazione clinica3,4

Page 89: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

89

Dovuta ad un deficit genetico

dei fattori di regolazione del

complemento la SEUa è una

malattia cronica e progressiva

Il progressivo peggioramento della

funzionalità di organi vitali può

portare fino alla loro insufficienza

e/o a morte prematura

M. Noris et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1676-1687 J. Caprioli et al Blood. 2006; 108:1267-72

No. at Risk 40 27 20 7 12

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00 0 3 6 25 12.5

Cum

ulat

ive

Frac

tion

of P

atie

nts

Free

of E

vent

s

Follow-up (months)

Page 90: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

90

Breve termine

• Plasma terapia (PT)

• Dialisi

• Anti-ipertensivi

• Steroidi

• IVIg

• Anticoagulanti

Lungo termine

• Plasma terapia (infusione o aferesi)

• Terapia immunosoppressiva (pazienti con autoanticorpi)

• Dialisi • Nefrectomia • Trapianto renale (MCP; anti-

FH) • Trapianto di rene e fegato

(FH, FI, FB)

Page 91: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

91

*

22

59

23

61

1

21

41

61

1 mese 6 mesi

Morte, ESRD ,TMA (%)

PE/PI (n =22) no PT (n=23) *M. Noris: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 1844–1859, 2010 ‡A. L. Sellier-Leclerc: J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 2392–2400, 2007

I benefici della plasma terapia non sono chiari per la maggior parte dei pazienti ǂ

ǂ

Page 92: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

92

Combined liver-kidney transplantation has

been attempted in some patients, although

it is a high-risk procedure with up to a 50%

mortality rate

Bresin E, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(1):88-99.

Page 93: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

93

Unadjusted 5-year survival rates

for pat ients with aHUS and ESRD

on dialysis: 35% to 39%1,2

1. Collins AJ et al. 2009 Ann. Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(1 Suppl1):S1-S7. 2. ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report 2011. Academic Medical Center, Department of Medical

Informatics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2013

Page 94: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

94

PTT E SEUa, si presentano clinicamente in

modo simile e sono state storicamente

raggruppate come TTP/HUS

Nel passato, il trattamento disponibile era lo

stesso per entrambe le patologie e non

richiedeva una diagnosi differenziale

94

1. Bianchi V et al. Blood. 2002;100:710-713. 2. Loirat C et al. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010;36:673-681

Page 95: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

95

La SEUa colpisce i pazienti a tutte le età Percezione: bambino “si tratta di SEUa”; adulti “si tratta di TTP” Evidenza medica: il 40% dei pazienti affetti da SEUa sono adulti 1

I pazienti affetti da SEUa manifestano spesso interessamento del SNC Percezione: il paziente manifesta sintomi neurologici “è una TTP” Evidenza medica: fino al 48% dei casi segnalati di SEUa mostrano disfunzione neurologica 2

L'attività di ADAMTS13 permette di differenziare la SEUa dalla TTP Percezione: i sintomi clinici permettono la differenziazione tra SEUa e TTP Evidenza medica: la ridottissima attività di ADAMTS13 differenzia la TTP (≤5 %) 3-5

1. Noris M et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;10:1844-1859. 2. Neuhaus TJ et al. Arch Dis Chilid. 1997;76:518-521. 3. Tsai HM. Int J Hematol. 2010;91:1-19. 4. Sellier-Leclerc AL et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2392-2400. 5. Bianchi V et al. Blood. 2002;110:710-713.

La sola manifestazione clinica non permette di differenziare completamente la SEUa dalla TTP

95

Page 96: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

96

"A single laboratory test may enable

physicians to distinguish TTP from HUS"

J. Moake et N. Engl J Med.1982;307:1432-5

ADAMTS 13 • Valore della determinazione dell’attività • Riscontro di autoanticorpi

Page 97: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

97

L’attività di ADAMTS 13 tra il 5% e il 10 % è sufficiente per prevenire la formazione di trombi piastrinici nel microcircolo 1

La specificità del deficit severo di ADAMTS 13 (attività <5%) nel discriminare tra la TTP acuta dalla HUS è di oltre il 90% 2

1. Sasahara Y, et al. Int J Hematol. 2001;74:109-114 2. Bianchi et al, Blood. 2002;100:710-713

Page 98: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

98

Valutare l'attività di ADAMTS13 e il test per Shiga-tossina/EHEC*

Trombocitopenia1,2

Conta piastrinica < 150.000 o >25% riduzione

dal basale 1

Insufficienza renale2,9-11

Livelli elevati di creatinina 9 e/o Ridotta filtrazione glomerulare 2,9 e/o Pressione sanguigna elevata 10 e/o

Analisi delle urine anormali 11

Sintomi neurologici 4-8:

Confusione 4,5 e/o Convulsioni 6,7 e/o

Altri disturbi cerebrali 5,8

Sintomi gastrointestinali 2,6,12:

Diarrea con o senza sangue12 e/o Nausea/vomito 6 e/o

Dolore addominale 6 e/o Gastroenteriti 2

Emolisi microangiopatica 2,3

Schistociti 2,3 e/o Livelli elevati di LDH2 e/o Ridotta aptoglobina2 e/o

Ridotta emoglobina2 con uno o più dei seguenti

>5% attività di ADAMTS1314 Shiga-tossina/EHEC positivo 17

TTP SEUa ‡ STEC-SEU *

≤5% attività di ADAMTS1314-16

‡ L’identificazione di una mutazione genetica non è necessaria per diagnosticare la SEUa 12 *Test Shiga-tossina/EHEC con storia/presenza di sintomi gastrointestinali

1. Dati su file. Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2012. 2. Caprioli J et al. Blood. 2006;108:1267-1279. 3. Noris M et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1676-1687. 4. Ohanian M et al. Clin Pharmacol. 2011;3:5-12. 5. Noris M et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1177-1183. 6. Dragon-Durey MA et al. J Am Soc Nephrol.2010;21:2180-2187.

7. Neuhaus TJ et al. Arch Dis Child. 1997;76:518-521. 8. Davin JC et al. Am J Kid Dis. 2010;55:708-711. 9. Sellier-Leclerc AL et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2392-2400. 10. Sallée M et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:2028-2032. 11. Al-Akash SI et al. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26:613-619. 12. Noris M et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1844-1859.

13. Zuber J et al. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012;8(11):643-657. 14. Bianchi V et al. Blood. 2002;100:710-713. 15. Tsai HM. Int J Hematol. 2010;91:1-19. 16. Barbot J et al. Br J Haematol. 2001;113(3):649-651. 17. Bitzan M et al. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010;36:594-610. 18. Coppo P. et al 2010; 5:e10208

98

Page 99: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

99

Eculizumab è indicato in tutte le forme di

SEUa indipendentemente dalla presenza

di una mutazione genetica

Eculizumab può essere utilizzato nei

pazienti in dialisi e nel pre e post trapianto

99

Agenzia Europea per i Medicinali. Novembre 2011

Page 100: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

100

C5

Pros

sim

ale

Term

inal

e

1. Soliris ® (eculizumab) Riassunto delle Caratteristiche del Prodotto. Alexion Europe SAS; 2012. 2. Rother RP et al. Nature Biotech. 2007;25(11):1256-1264. 3. Walport MJ. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(14):1058-1066. 4. Figueroa JE, Densen P. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1991;4(3):359-395.

C5a

Soliris

Funzioni prossimali del complemento rimangono intatte 1,2

• Anafilassitossina debole 2,4

• Clerance complesso immunitario 2

• Opsonizzazione microbica 2

Attività del complemento terminale C5a e C5b-9 bloccata 1,2

Soliris si lega con alta affinità a C5 1,2

Cascata del complemento 2,3

C5b-9 C5b

C3 C3a

C3b

100

Page 101: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

101

Safety & Efficacy of Eculizumab in aHUS Patients Resistant to Plasma Therapy

Safety & Efficacy of Eculizumab in aHUS Patients on Chronic

Plasma Therapy Long-term Extension

Studies

Page 102: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

102

Mean creatinine reduced 48% across the entire population

Mean Change From Baseline: 96 ± x10921 x10 /L (p <0.0001 )

Clinical evidence of progressing TMA

n=17

Page 103: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

103

76

88 88

0

20

40

60

80

100

6 mesi 1 anno 2 anni

Patie

nts A

chie

ving

Hem

atol

ogic

N

orm

aliz

atio

n (%

) Conta piastrinica e livello di LDH normali per ≥2 misurazioni consecutive, ≥4 sett

13/17 15/17 15/17

Clinical evidence of progressing TMA

Page 104: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

104 Long duration of disease and chronic kidney damage

Page 105: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

105 Long duration of disease and chronic kidney damage

Page 106: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

106

adverse events reported as possibility, probably or definitely related to study

Safety

Page 107: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

107

Eculizumab è indicato nel trattamento di pazienti

adulti e pediatrici affetti da

Emoglobinuria parossistica notturna (EPN).

In tutte le forme di SEU atipica indipendentemente

dalla presenza di una mutazione genetica

Eculizumab può essere utilizzato nei pazienti in dialisi e nel

pre e post trapianto

Page 108: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

108

q14d

La soluzione diluita di Eculizumab deve essere somministrata mediante una

infusione endovenosa della durata di 25 – 45 minuti tramite una fleboclisi a

caduta, una pompa a siringa o una pompa per infusione

Page 109: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

109

Tutti i pazienti devono essere vaccinati contro il meningococco almeno 2 settimane prima del trattamento con Eculizumab

I pazienti trattati prima che siano trascorse 2 settimane dalla somministrazione del vaccino devono essere sottoposti ad una profilassi antibiotica appropriata fino a 2 settimane dopo la vaccinazione

109

Page 110: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

110

Page 111: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

111

Page 112: Valerio De Stefano Istituto di Ematologia, Policlinico Agostino … · 2 “Thrombotic microangiopathy and TTP are not synonymous terms”. “TMA is not itself a diagnosis and is

112