Vineyard EstablishmentVineyard Establishment

Bruce BordelonBruce BordelonDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape Department of Horticulture and Landscape

ArchitectureArchitecturePurdue UniversityPurdue University

Topics in Vineyard Topics in Vineyard EstablishmentEstablishment

•• Site PreparationSite Preparation•• Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout•• Vine PlantingVine Planting•• Trellis EstablishmentTrellis Establishment•• Vine trainingVine training•• Vineyard floor managementVineyard floor management•• Fertility Fertility •• Pest managementPest management

Site PreparationSite Preparation

Major ImprovementsMajor Improvements Prior to PlantingPrior to Planting•• Clearing, root, and rock removalClearing, root, and rock removal•• Leveling and terracing Leveling and terracing •• Road building Road building •• Irrigation system, well, etc.Irrigation system, well, etc.Very important tasks to do 1 year before plantingVery important tasks to do 1 year before planting•• Drainage ImprovementDrainage Improvement•• Soil Testing and AmendmentSoil Testing and Amendment•• Weed Control Weed Control -- Cover CropsCover Crops

Soil DrainageSoil Drainageis important for grapesis important for grapes

•• WellWell--draineddrained–– no actionno action

•• Moderately wellModerately well--draineddrained–– minor improvementsminor improvements

•• Somewhat poorly drainedSomewhat poorly drained–– improvements neededimprovements needed

•• Poorly drainedPoorly drained–– improvements may not be justifiableimprovements may not be justifiable

Soil DrainageSoil Drainageallows roots to grow deeplyallows roots to grow deeply

Soil Drainage ProblemsSoil Drainage Problems

Dig a Soil Test PitDig a Soil Test PitConsult Resources:Soils Maps - County Soil Survey

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Soil PreparationSoil PreparationSubSub--soilingsoiling

Only effective if soil has hard pan or Only effective if soil has hard pan or similar structure with good soil similar structure with good soil beneathbeneath

Effective SubsoilingEffective Subsoiling

Ineffective subsoilingIneffective subsoiling

Soil Testing and Soil Testing and AmendmentAmendment

•• Soil pH:Soil pH:–– American types American types 5.0 5.0 -- 6.56.5–– French HybridsFrench Hybrids 5.5 5.5 -- 6.56.5–– ViniferaVinifera 6.5 6.5 -- 7.07.0

•• Soil FertilitySoil Fertility–– Potassium to 250Potassium to 250--300 lb./A300 lb./A–– Magnesium to 200Magnesium to 200--250 lb./A250 lb./A–– Phosphorous to 40Phosphorous to 40--50 lb./A50 lb./A

Apply lime and fertilizer prior to planting Apply lime and fertilizer prior to planting and incorporate as deeply as possibleand incorporate as deeply as possible

PrePre--plant Weed Control & plant Weed Control & Cover CroppingCover Cropping

•• Control perennial weeds with Control perennial weeds with suitable herbicides, tillage, and suitable herbicides, tillage, and mowingmowing

•• Establish cover crop to increase Establish cover crop to increase soil organic mater, reduce erosionsoil organic mater, reduce erosionoror

•• Establish permanent sodEstablish permanent sod

Site Preparation SummarySite Preparation Summary

•• Evaluate site for problemsEvaluate site for problems

•• Make all necessary improvementsMake all necessary improvementsbeforebefore planting vinesplanting vines–– Correct soil drainage problemsCorrect soil drainage problems–– Test and adjust soil pH & fertilityTest and adjust soil pH & fertility–– Control perennial weedsControl perennial weeds–– etc.etc.

Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout•• Row Spacing:Row Spacing:

–– 9 to 12 feet (depends on equipment size)9 to 12 feet (depends on equipment size)

•• Vine Spacing within Rows:Vine Spacing within Rows:–– 6 to 8 feet (depends on vine vigor)6 to 8 feet (depends on vine vigor)

•• Number of Vines per Acre:Number of Vines per Acre:–– 6 x 9 = 807 6 x 9 = 807 7 x 9 = 6917 x 9 = 691 8 x 9 = 605 8 x 9 = 605 –– 6 x 10 = 726 6 x 10 = 726 7 x 10 = 6227 x 10 = 622 8 x 10 = 5458 x 10 = 545–– 6 x 12 = 605 6 x 12 = 605 7 x 12 = 5187 x 12 = 518 8 x 12 = 4548 x 12 = 454

•• Direction of RowsDirection of Rows–– North / South PreferredNorth / South Preferred–– Across Slope or ContouredAcross Slope or Contoured

Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout

A B

C

40’

30’50’

3-4-5 Right Triangle Rule

Edge of Field

1st row of vineyard

✘✘

✘✘

Measure and mark ends of rows

✘✘

✘✘

Hea

dlan

ds (3

0-40

’) He adla nds (30-40 ’)

Vine Planting and Vine Planting and EstablishmentEstablishment

•• Disease Free Nursery Stock?Disease Free Nursery Stock?•• Proper Storage and HandlingProper Storage and Handling•• Plant Early SpringPlant Early Spring•• PostPost--planting Careplanting Care

–– Weed ControlWeed Control–– Disease & Insect ControlDisease & Insect Control–– IrrigationIrrigation–– TrainingTraining

Vine HandlingVine Handling

•Inspect upon arrival. Should be moist, no mold•Store in cool, dark place (or cold storage) after receiving•Soak roots in water 12-24 hours before planting•Keep moist during planting operation

Trimming Roots?Trimming Roots?

Vine Planting with an AugerVine Planting with an Auger

Disk entire field, auger and plant

Disk and ridge only rows, then auger holes

Vine Planting Vine Planting with awith a TransplanterTransplanter

TransplantingTransplanting

Set at Proper DepthSet at Proper Depth

Tree PlanterTree Planter

Tree PlanterTree Planter

Spacing and TampingSpacing and Tamping

Vine Planting by HandVine Planting by Hand

1. Strike row with subsoiler

2. Use shovel to plant vines

3. Pull up raised bed with disk or cultivator

Trellis SystemsTrellis Systems

•• Wood Wood or steel posts spaced 21or steel posts spaced 21--24 feet apart24 feet apart–– Dependent on vine spacingDependent on vine spacing

•• HighHigh--tensile galvanized steel wiretensile galvanized steel wire–– High cordon or High cordon or KniffenKniffen: 2 wires: 2 wires–– Vertically shoot positioned: 7Vertically shoot positioned: 7--8 wires8 wires–– Geneva Double Curtain: 3Geneva Double Curtain: 3--4 wires4 wires

•• Strong endStrong end--post designpost design–– Anchored: earth screw, deadmanAnchored: earth screw, deadman–– Braced: HBraced: H--brace or slant bracebrace or slant brace

HH--brace End Postbrace End Post5-6” x 9-10’ end post3-4” x 8’ line post

Brace wire

2’ deep3-4’ deep

6’ tall

Anchored End PostAnchored End Post5-6” x 9-10’ end post

Brace wire

2-3’ deep

6’ tall

Screw anchoror deadman

60˚

60˚

60˚

Trellising OptionsTrellising Options

Complete trellis system established after planting

Minimal trellis established after planting. Bamboo vine supports attached to temporary wire

Trellis EstablishmentTrellis EstablishmentDistribute and drive posts immediately after plantingDistribute and drive posts immediately after planting

Driving PostsDriving Posts

In proper positionIn proper positionStraightStraight

Correct depthCorrect depth

Training Young VinesTraining Young Vines•• 1st year: 1st year: Grow at least one shoot long Grow at least one shoot long

enough to reach the top wireenough to reach the top wire–– Keep the shoots off the groundKeep the shoots off the ground–– Grow tubes? Strings, stakes, etc.Grow tubes? Strings, stakes, etc.

•• 2nd year: Select the best cane for trunk(s)2nd year: Select the best cane for trunk(s)–– Disbud nodes below desired area and establish cordonsDisbud nodes below desired area and establish cordons–– Tip cordon shoots at appropriate length to promote Tip cordon shoots at appropriate length to promote

lateralslaterals

•• 3rd year: Tie cordons to wires 3rd year: Tie cordons to wires –– Disbud nodes on trunk and other areasDisbud nodes on trunk and other areas–– Adjust crop to avoid Adjust crop to avoid overcroppingovercropping

Training SequenceTraining Sequence

1st Year Training Options1st Year Training Options

TubedPruned to a single shoot

Unpruned

Effects of Training MethodEffects of Training Method

Tubed Un-pruned Pruned to single shoot

Un-pruned vines had 3 x more leaf area and 2 x more root dry weight

Strong correlation between leaf area and root dry weight (R=0.96)

Multiple shoots to maximize leaf areaMultiple shoots to maximize leaf area

String or stake to support shoot above tube

Using grow tubes

Using Grow TubesUsing Grow Tubes

Attach tube to wire Provide support for vine above tube

Install grow tubes after growth has started.

Remove in late summer, early fall.

With proper support, shoot reaches top wire for good trunk establishment.

Without support, shoot bends, and may break, lateral branches form, poor trunk establishment.

Using Grow TubesUsing Grow Tubes

Proper planting depth

Own-rooted Grafted

Start 2nd year: Double trunks originating from below ground

Start 2nd year: Double trunks originating from above ground - grafted vines

2nd year: Moderately vigorous vines -2-4 shoots trained on top wire

Disbud all below 4-5 ft

2nd year: Vigorous vines - multiple shoots

Disbud all below low wire

Start 3nd year: Establish cordons

UnprunedUnpruned, untrained & , untrained & untrelliseduntrellised vinesvines

2nd year staked vines, 2nd year staked vines, poorly trainedpoorly trained

•• Cover crop between rowsCover crop between rows–– planted perennial cover crop planted perennial cover crop -- usually grassusually grass–– native species native species -- mixturemixture

•• Provides solid surface for equipmentProvides solid surface for equipment•• Reduces soil erosion and compactionReduces soil erosion and compaction

•• WeedWeed--free strip beneath vine rowfree strip beneath vine row–– eliminate competition for water, nutrientseliminate competition for water, nutrients–– improve air movement improve air movement -- reduce disease reduce disease

incidenceincidence

Vineyard Floor ManagementVineyard Floor Management

Weed Control Weed Control in the in the Vine RowVine Row

Herbicides Herbicides (pre(pre--emergent + postemergent + post--emergent)emergent)•• BandBand--applied applied -- one or both sides of each rowone or both sides of each row•• Minimum 4 ft. wide band under rowMinimum 4 ft. wide band under row•• Calculate correct rate based on band/row widthCalculate correct rate based on band/row width

Mechanical weedingMechanical weedingMulchingMulching

Importance of Weed ControlImportance of Weed Control

With weed control-full canopy development

Without weed control-very small vines

Zabadal, Michigan State University

Weed Management in New Weed Management in New VineyardsVineyards

Minimum of 4 ft wide band Use tubes or a shielded sprayer to prevent vine damage

Herbicide SprayerHerbicide Sprayer

Spray nozzlesSpray nozzles

StandardStandard EvenEven

Boom and NozzlesBoom and Nozzles

Low volume CDA SprayersLow volume CDA SprayersPostPost--emergent Onlyemergent Only

Post Emergent StripPost Emergent Strip

HerbicidesHerbicides

PrePre--emergent and postemergent and post--emergent herbicidesemergent herbicides

•• PrePre--emergent emergent -- prevent weeds from becoming prevent weeds from becoming establishedestablished

•• PostPost--emergent emergent -- kill or suppress existing weedskill or suppress existing weeds

•• Tank mix postTank mix post--emergent plus one or more preemergent plus one or more pre--emergent (selected for problem weeds)emergent (selected for problem weeds)

PostPost--emergent herbicidesemergent herbicides

Broad spectrumBroad spectrum•• Roundup Roundup -- glyphosate glyphosate •• Touchdown Touchdown -- sulfosatesulfosate•• Rely Rely -- glufosinate glufosinate •• Gramoxone Extra Gramoxone Extra -- paraquat (RUP)paraquat (RUP)Grass specificGrass specific•• Prism Prism -- clethodimclethodim•• Poast Poast -- sethoxydimsethoxydim•• Fusilade 2000 Fusilade 2000 -- fluazifopfluazifop

PrePre--emergent herbicides for emergent herbicides for newly planted vinesnewly planted vines

•• Snapshot (Snapshot (isoxabenisoxaben plus trifluralin)plus trifluralin)•• Gallery (Gallery (isoxabenisoxaben))•• Surflan (Surflan (oryzalinoryzalin))•• Devrinol (napropamide)Devrinol (napropamide)•• Treflan (Treflan (trifluralintrifluralin))•• Prowl (pendimethalin) Prowl (pendimethalin) -- dormant onlydormant only•• Goal (Goal (oxyfluorfenoxyfluorfen) ) -- dormant onlydormant only•• *Casoron (dichlobenil) *Casoron (dichlobenil) -- 4 weeks4 weeks•• *Kerb (*Kerb (pronamidepronamide) ) -- 6 months (RUP)6 months (RUP)

Differ in specificity, soil behavior, vine age restrictions, etcDiffer in specificity, soil behavior, vine age restrictions, etc..READ THE LABEL!READ THE LABEL!

Mechanical weedingMechanical weeding

•• Grape hoeGrape hoe–– Green hoeGreen hoe–– RadiusRadius

•• Rotary cultivatorRotary cultivator–– Weed BadgerWeed Badger–– Other brandsOther brands

•• Hand hoeing and pullingHand hoeing and pulling–– Requires extreme dedication!Requires extreme dedication!

MulchingMulching

•• Organic Organic -- sawdust, wood chips, sawdust, wood chips, leaves, etc.leaves, etc.

–– Well composted to prevent N tie upWell composted to prevent N tie up

•• Mow & ThrowMow & Throw–– Grow cover crop between row, mow, and throw Grow cover crop between row, mow, and throw

mulch under rowmulch under row

•• Plastic or Fabric mulchPlastic or Fabric mulch–– Plastic laid prePlastic laid pre--plant… planting?plant… planting?–– Fabric laid along sides, but expensiveFabric laid along sides, but expensive

Nitrogen FertilizationNitrogen Fertilization

•• 1st year: 301st year: 30 lblb. actual N per acre . actual N per acre –– 2 ft. band down row with spreader2 ft. band down row with spreader–– 2 ft. diameter circle by hand2 ft. diameter circle by hand–– Split applications on wellSplit applications on well--drained soilsdrained soils

•• 2nd year: 302nd year: 30--6060 lblb. actual N per acre . actual N per acre –– Apply more to high vigor vinesApply more to high vigor vines–– Split applications on wellSplit applications on well--drained soilsdrained soils

•• 3rd year: 603rd year: 60 lblb. actual N per acre. actual N per acre–– Adjust for vigorAdjust for vigor–– Split applications on wellSplit applications on well--drained soilsdrained soils

Disease and Insect Disease and Insect ManagementManagement

•• Maintain healthy foliage by controlling diseases and Maintain healthy foliage by controlling diseases and insectsinsects

–– Combination of cultural and chemical methodsCombination of cultural and chemical methods–– Proper identification of disease or insectProper identification of disease or insect–– Proper selection of control measuresProper selection of control measures–– Proper application of chemicalsProper application of chemicals

•• Timing, Rate, CoverageTiming, Rate, Coverage•• Consult state guidelines for recommendationsConsult state guidelines for recommendations

–– Small Fruit & Grape Spray GuideSmall Fruit & Grape Spray Guide–– Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management HandbookMidwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook

Pest Management with Air Pest Management with Air Carrier SprayerCarrier Sprayer

Summary of Vineyard Summary of Vineyard EstablishmentEstablishment

•• Thoroughly prepare site prior to plantingThoroughly prepare site prior to planting•• Layout the vineyard carefully Layout the vineyard carefully •• Handle vines properly before plantingHandle vines properly before planting•• Establish trellis as soon as possible Establish trellis as soon as possible •• Properly train new vinesProperly train new vines•• Control weeds in new plantingsControl weeds in new plantings•• Control diseases and insectsControl diseases and insects