Chapter 14

Violence, Violence, War War and and

TerrorismTerrorism

Myth or Fact?Myth or Fact?► Statistics show that Statistics show that

the U.S. is one of the the U.S. is one of the most “war-prone” most “war-prone” nations in the world.nations in the world.

► Most research Most research concludes that young concludes that young people, who watch people, who watch violent television violent television shows or movies, are shows or movies, are more likely to behave more likely to behave aggressively or aggressively or violently themselves.violently themselves.

► The U.S. is basically a The U.S. is basically a peaceful nation that peaceful nation that has been in the has been in the forefront of efforts to forefront of efforts to stop wars around the stop wars around the world.world.

► TV shows and movies TV shows and movies that contain some that contain some violence do not harm violence do not harm young people as long young people as long as the shows are as the shows are clearly fiction.clearly fiction.

FACT MYTH

ViolenceViolence

Behavior intended to bring Behavior intended to bring pain or injury to another pain or injury to another

or to harm or destroy or to harm or destroy propertyproperty

Collective ViolenceCollective Violence

Organized by relatively large Organized by relatively large groups to promote or resist groups to promote or resist social policies or practicessocial policies or practices

The Extent of ViolenceThe Extent of Violence

Terrorism

WMD

War

Political Violence

CivilDisorders

Collective ViolenceCollective Violence► Civil Disorders:Civil Disorders:

Conflict that threatens public orderConflict that threatens public order► Labor strifeLabor strife► Racial conflictsRacial conflicts

Communal or commodity riotsCommunal or commodity riots

Involves government law enforcementInvolves government law enforcement

► Political ViolencePolitical Violence InsurrectionInsurrection

► Rebellion against existing governmentRebellion against existing government► Replaced with new political structure and leadershipReplaced with new political structure and leadership

U.S. conflictsU.S. conflicts► The Revolutionary WarThe Revolutionary War► The Civil WarThe Civil War► 1960s?1960s?

WarWar►The U.S. is “war-prone”The U.S. is “war-prone”

1798—1945: U.S. troops sent abroad for military purposes 1798—1945: U.S. troops sent abroad for military purposes 163 times163 times

►Major U.S. wars (past 100 years)Major U.S. wars (past 100 years) World War I (1917-1918)World War I (1917-1918) World War II (1941-1945)World War II (1941-1945) Korean War (1950-1953)Korean War (1950-1953) Vietnam War (1964-1971)Vietnam War (1964-1971) Persian Gulf War (1991)Persian Gulf War (1991) Afghanistan War (2001-present)Afghanistan War (2001-present) Iraq War (2003-present)Iraq War (2003-present)

► Other U.S. military invasions/conflictsOther U.S. military invasions/conflicts 100s of operations100s of operations Libya (March 19, 2011-present)Libya (March 19, 2011-present) Pakistan (May 2, 2011)Pakistan (May 2, 2011)

► Osama Bin LadenOsama Bin Laden

War on Terror (Afghan, Iraq)War on Terror (Afghan, Iraq)Deaths: 11,639Deaths: 11,639

Wounded: 83,157Wounded: 83,157PTSD/Depression: 30%/15% in 2 million PTSD/Depression: 30%/15% in 2 million

vetsvets

United States Military Expenditures as a Percentage of

Worldwide Military Expenditures, 1968-2004

Top Military Spenders

Rank Country2010 Spending ($ billion)

Share of 2010 GDP (%)

World Share (%)

1 United States698 (1.6 trillion)

4.8 42.8

2 Chinaa 119 2.1 7.3

3 United Kingdom

59.6 2.7 3.7

4 France 59.3 2.3 3.65 Russiaa 58.7 4.0 3.66 Japan 54.5 1.0 3.37 Germany 45.2 1.3 2.8

8 Saudi Arabiab 45.2 10.4 2.8

9 India 41.3 2.7 2.510 Italy 37.0 1.8 2.311 Brazil 33.5 1.6 2.1

12 South Korea 27.6 2.8 1.7

13 Australia 24.0 2.0 1.514 Canada 22.8 1.5 1.415 Turkey 17.5 2.4 1.1

Military Expenditure by GDP

International Perspectives:International Perspectives:The Global Arms TradeThe Global Arms Trade

► Military-Industrial ComplexMilitary-Industrial Complex The relationship between military (buys The relationship between military (buys

weapons) and corporations (produce weapons)weapons) and corporations (produce weapons)

► $1.5 trillion per year industry$1.5 trillion per year industry U.S. largest contributorU.S. largest contributor Largest recipientsLargest recipients

► Consequences of arms tradeConsequences of arms trade Encourages military solutions to conflictsEncourages military solutions to conflicts Emboldens those who possess armsEmboldens those who possess arms

World’s Largest Arms ExportersRank Supplier 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1  United States 6750 6600 7394 7658 6090 6795

2  Russia 6260 5321 6156 5243 6026 4469

3  Germany 1067 1875 2510 3002 2499 2473

4  France 2194 1633 1577 2342 1831 1851

5 United Kingdom

1180 915 808 987 1027 1024

6  Spain 56 108 757 565 603 9257  China 282 306 599 412 544 8708  Israel 612 315 282 379 271 760

9  Netherlands 208 583 1221 1322 554 608

10  Italy 214 743 525 706 424 58811 Sweden 305 537 417 367 457 353

12  Switzerland 250 267 306 324 467 270

13  Ukraine 202 281 557 799 269 214

14  Canada 268 235 231 343 236 177

15  South Korea 29 48 94 228 80 163

Largest Arms Importers ($ million)Rank Importer 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1  India 2227 1036 1257 2179 1810 2116

2  Singapore 384 543 52 368 1123 1729

3  Malaysia 48 51 410 546 541 1494

4  Greece 1528 389 598 1796 563 1269

5  South Korea 986 686 1650 1758 1821 1172

6  Pakistan 385 332 262 613 939 1146

7  Algeria 272 156 308 471 1518 942

8  United States 512 501 581 731 808 831

9  Australia 505 470 682 629 380 757

10  Turkey 187 1005 422 585 578 675

11  Saudi Arabia 1161 148 185 64 115 626

12 United Arab Emirates

1246 2198 2026 938 748 604

13  China 3080 3511 3831 1474 1481 595

14  Norway 6 14 469 494 536 576

15  Indonesia 82 31 58 577 241 452

Collective ViolenceCollective Violence► Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Nuclear, chemical, biological and toxin weaponsNuclear, chemical, biological and toxin weapons► Proliferation to nations and terrorist networksProliferation to nations and terrorist networks

International efforts to prevent spreadInternational efforts to prevent spread► Weapons conventions and treatiesWeapons conventions and treaties

Nuclear states: U.S., Russia, UK, France, China, (So. Africa - Nuclear states: U.S., Russia, UK, France, China, (So. Africa - dismantled)dismantled)

Undeclared nuclear states: Israel, India, Pakistan, North KoreaUndeclared nuclear states: Israel, India, Pakistan, North Korea

► TerrorismTerrorism Attempt to achieve political goalsAttempt to achieve political goals

► Uses ear and intimidation to disrupt normal social orderUses ear and intimidation to disrupt normal social order Terrorist attacks in U.S.Terrorist attacks in U.S.

► 1993 World Trade Center1993 World Trade Center► 1995 Oklahoma City Federal Building1995 Oklahoma City Federal Building► 2001 World Trade Center and Pentagon2001 World Trade Center and Pentagon

Terrorist attacks outside U.S. targeting its citizensTerrorist attacks outside U.S. targeting its citizens► 1988 Scotland – Pan Am jet1988 Scotland – Pan Am jet► 1998 Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – U.S. Embassies1998 Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – U.S. Embassies

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1982-2006

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

TerrorismTerrorism► Government support for terrorismGovernment support for terrorism

Supplying arms, training and technical expertise, Supplying arms, training and technical expertise, travel documents, hideoutstravel documents, hideouts

According to U. S. Dept. of State:According to U. S. Dept. of State:► Syria, Iran, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, SudanSyria, Iran, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, Sudan

► Reducing or eliminating terrorismReducing or eliminating terrorism Involves police, intelligence, military activitiesInvolves police, intelligence, military activities Must also focus on grievances, dislocations and Must also focus on grievances, dislocations and

deprivationsdeprivations

► Efforts to protect against threatened terrorist Efforts to protect against threatened terrorist attacksattacks Which measures are most effective?Which measures are most effective? What is the cost of such measures? What is the cost of such measures?

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Social Roots of Terrorist Social Roots of Terrorist ViolenceViolence► Resorted to by people with little power and Resorted to by people with little power and

resources resources Who see no other way to advance toward goalsWho see no other way to advance toward goals

► Perceived grievances or injusticePerceived grievances or injustice Serve as a justification for their actionsServe as a justification for their actions The U.S. as focus of grievancesThe U.S. as focus of grievances

► More likely to gain recruits among desperate and More likely to gain recruits among desperate and deprived peopledeprived people Ideologies that demonize the rich as source of Ideologies that demonize the rich as source of

economic distresseconomic distress► Technological advancements contribute to Technological advancements contribute to

expansion of terrorist activitiesexpansion of terrorist activities WMDsWMDs Modern communicationsModern communications

► Some motivated by politics, ethnic loyalties, Some motivated by politics, ethnic loyalties, religious fervor, or criminal intentreligious fervor, or criminal intent Sept. 11 terroristsSept. 11 terrorists

Constructing War: The Role of MediaConstructing War: The Role of Media► Shaping perceptions of war and military Shaping perceptions of war and military

InteractionistInteractionist► Contrast news coverage of U.S. warsContrast news coverage of U.S. wars

Vietnam War (1965-1973)Vietnam War (1965-1973)► Reporters had free reinReporters had free rein► Realistic portrayals of battles, casualtiesRealistic portrayals of battles, casualties

Gulf War (1991)Gulf War (1991)► Strict control of access to war zoneStrict control of access to war zone► Images and info approved by militaryImages and info approved by military

““Clean” war, no blood and sufferingClean” war, no blood and suffering Stressed technology—”smart bombs”, laser-guided misslesStressed technology—”smart bombs”, laser-guided missles

Afghanistan/Iraq War (2001-present)Afghanistan/Iraq War (2001-present)► ““Embedded” journalists with military unitsEmbedded” journalists with military units

Less freedom and accessLess freedom and access► Sanitized and positive viewSanitized and positive view

► The role of the media in public opinionThe role of the media in public opinion ““Contested territory”Contested territory”

POLICY ISSUESPOLICY ISSUESAmerican Empire: A New World American Empire: A New World

Order?Order?► U.S. as sole superpowerU.S. as sole superpower

After collapse of Soviet UnionAfter collapse of Soviet Union► New threatsNew threats

TerrorismTerrorism Rogue nationsRogue nations WMDsWMDs

► Bush foreign policy—National Security Bush foreign policy—National Security StrategyStrategy U.S. pre-eminenceU.S. pre-eminence Pre-emptive and preventive warPre-emptive and preventive war UnilateralismUnilateralism

► ControversyControversy ““The New Imperialism” or “American Empire”?The New Imperialism” or “American Empire”?

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Video Presentation:Video Presentation:

Social Sources of Social Sources of Collective Violence and WarCollective Violence and War

►Structural preconditionsStructural preconditions Social strain or deprivation (Functionalism)Social strain or deprivation (Functionalism) Competition over resources (Conflict Competition over resources (Conflict

Theory)Theory) Ethnocentrism (Interactionism)Ethnocentrism (Interactionism)

►Preconditions Preconditions violence violence Mediating factorsMediating factors

►Subculture of violenceSubculture of violence In culture In culture In the mediaIn the media

The Consequences of The Consequences of War and TerrorismWar and Terrorism

NuclearAnnihilation

Crime

Economic Problems

Death,Injury,

andDislocation

PoliticalTurmoil

The Consequences of The Consequences of War and TerrorismWar and Terrorism

►Death, Injury and Death, Injury and DislocationDislocation 160,000,000 casualties 160,000,000 casualties

in 20in 20thth century century► # wounded, refugees?# wounded, refugees?

►CrimeCrime Legitimizes other types of Legitimizes other types of

violenceviolence

►Political TurmoilPolitical Turmoil DisenchantmentDisenchantment Reduced tolerance for Reduced tolerance for

dissentdissent

►Economic Economic ProblemsProblems Destroys Destroys

infrastructureinfrastructure Cost of warCost of war Toll on economyToll on economy

►Nuclear Nuclear AnnihilationAnnihilation ““Nuclear winter”Nuclear winter”

Future ProspectsFuture Prospects►Social Reform and JusticeSocial Reform and Justice

Change seeds of violenceChange seeds of violence► Controversial, difficultControversial, difficult

►Gun ControlGun Control Research shows little or no impact Research shows little or no impact

► Lots of guns available around restrictionsLots of guns available around restrictions

►Media ControlMedia Control Pressure to regulate contentPressure to regulate content

► Resistance from mediaResistance from media► 11stst Amendment Amendment

Future ProspectsFuture Prospects►Preventing WarPreventing War

Maintain balance of powerMaintain balance of power►Mutually-assured destructionMutually-assured destruction

Arms control and disarmamentArms control and disarmament►Strategic Arms Talks and Treaties (SALT, START)Strategic Arms Talks and Treaties (SALT, START)

NonproliferationNonproliferation►NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

World governmentWorld government►The United Nations, World Court (The Hague)The United Nations, World Court (The Hague)

Collective actionCollective action►Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International