vocab peninsulares- europeans born in spain or portugal creoles- white people born in the colonies...
TRANSCRIPT
Vocab• Peninsulares- Europeans born in Spain
or Portugal • Creoles- white people born in the
colonies– Peninsulares move to S. America and have
creole children
• Mestizos- parents are (American) Indian and European
• Mulattoes- European and African descent
Causes of Latin AmericanCauses of Latin AmericanRevolutionsRevolutions
1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
2. Creole discontent
3. Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions.
4. Napoleonic Wars Preoccupy Spain & Portugal in fighting in war in Europe
5. Taken advantage of by Europeans via economic policies which benefited Europe at the expense of the native Latin Americans
Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!
Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!
First Colony to revolt…HaitiFirst Colony to revolt…HaitiHome Country: French colony
Date of Independence: 1804
Independence Leaders:
- Toussiant-Louverture (former slave)
- Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s general)
Haitian Independence:
1791= slave revolt
1801= Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves)
1802= French troops arrive & agreement made
to stop revolution
1804= Dessalines starts revolution again and
declares independence
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1816
Independence Leaders:
- Jose de San Martin
(Spanish military officer)
Argentiaian Independence:
1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government
in a bloodless revolution
1816= Martin declares Argentina independent!
ArgentinaArgentina
The “Muscle” of The “Muscle” of the Revolutionthe RevolutionBolivar Bolivar
coming from coming from the North.the North.
José de St. Martín José de St. Martín and and Bernard O’Higgins Bernard O’Higgins cross cross the Andes Mountains.the Andes Mountains.
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1817
Independence Leaders:
- Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)
- Bernard O’Higgins (military officer)
Chile Independence:
1817= San Martin leads his army across the
Andes and spreads revolution into Chile
1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins & defeat Spanish;
declares Chile independent!
ChileChile
Simón Bolivar: Simón Bolivar:
The “Brains”The “Brains”of theof theRevolutionRevolution Creole leader of
the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1821/1822
Independence Leaders:
- Simon Bolivar (Venezulan Creole
/military general)
Gran Columbia Independence:
1811= Venezuela declares independence!
1811-1821= Revolution vs. Spain
1821= Bolivar wins independence!
1821= Revolution spreads to Columbia & Ecuador
1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation
called Gran Columbia established
Venezuela, Columbia, and EcuadorVenezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador
Home Country: Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1824
Independence Leaders: - Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer) - Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/military general)
Peruvian Independence: 1821= San Martin takes revolution to Spanish in Peru1822= San Martin & Bolivar join forces to fight Spanish1822= San Martin leaves for Europe1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho
PeruPeru
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1825
Independence Leaders:
- Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/milit. general)
Bolivian Independence:
1824= Bolivar continues revolution by driving out the
remaining Spanish from Peru
1825= Upper & Lower Peru separate; Lower Peru
named Bolivia (after Bolivar)
BoliviaBolivia
Home Country: Portuguese colony
Date of Independence: 1822
Independence Leaders:
- Dom Joao aka King John
(King of Portugal)
- Dom Pedro
(son of King John)
Brazillian Independence:
1807= King John flees to Brazil to escape Napoleon
1815= Napoleon defeated; King John heads back
1822= Brazilian creoles seek independence
1822= Brazilian creoles request Dom Pedro take
over Brazil as ruler; King John agrees!
BrazilBrazil
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1821
Independence Leaders: - Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (priest; leader of revolution)
- Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon (priest & rebel leader)
- General Augustin de Ituribe (Creole officer)
- Venustiano Carranza (1st President of Mexico)
Mexican Independence:
1810= Costilla starts rebellion against Spanish
1811= Costilla defeated, captured, and executed
1811= Pavon leads Mexican Revolution (next 4 years)
1815= Ituribe helps Spanish defeat Pavon
1821= Ituribe turns on Spanish & makes peace with
Pavon & declares Mexican independence!
MexicoMexico
No Unity!No Unity! Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a
united South America =
$ Civil wars erupt in many newly independent countries.
Geographic barriers (mts., the Amazon, etc.) and vast distances between lands
Cultural differences defeated attempts at unification
Geographic & Cultural Geographic & Cultural IssuesIssues
Independence Brought Independence Brought Poverty!Poverty!
The wars disrupted trade.
The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.
Caudillos Caudillos take Over! take Over!
WHO WERE THEY?:
$ military dictators who seize power via coup
$ Mostly wealthy “creole” aristocrats.
$ Followed the fight for independence.
$ Posed as reformers.
$ BUT…once in power overthrew govt. & took away basic human rights.
$ Attempted improvements, but most just cared about themselves,their families and their friends [nepotism].
Dependence on Foreign Dependence on Foreign NationsNations
Foreign nations needed for investments and capital