vol.9 appendices to environmental impact assessment and resettlement aspects

National Engineering Services Pakistan(Pvt) Limited (NESPAK)Associated Consulting Engineers-ACE (Pvt) LimitedMontgomery Watson Harza Energy & Infrastructure Inc. USAColenco Power Engineering Limited, Switzerland

February 2009

PAKISTAN WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

DASU HYDROPOWER PROJECT

In Association with:Binnie & Partners (Overseas) Limited

FEASIBILITY REPORT

VOLUME 9

APPENDICES TO

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND

RESETTLEMENT ASPECTS


FEASIBILITY REPORT

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

AND RESETTLEMENT ASPECTS

VOLUME 9

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIROMNETAL STUDY

APPENDIX B: PROJECT IMPACTS, RESETTLEMENT AND

MITIGATION MEASURES

APPENDIX C: AQUATIC ECOLOGY

APPENDIX D: TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

APPENDIX E: ACCESS REPLACEMENT AND UPGRADATION

APPENDIX F: PETROGLYPHS IN THE PROJECT AREA

APPENDIX G: WATER, AIR AND NOISE QUALITY DATA

APPENDIX A

SOCIO – ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Dasu Hydropower Project – Feasibility Report Volume 9

i


ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND RESETTLEMENT ASPECTS

APPENDIX A - SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT STUDY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY S-1

1. GENERAL A-1

2. STUDY AREA A-2

2.1 General A-2

2.2 Reservoir Area Villages A-2

2.2.1 Segal A-2

2.2.2 Logro A-2

2.2.3 Barseen A-3

2.2.4 Kai Doga A-3

2.2.5 Maliyar Doga A-3

2.2.6 Gul-e-Bagh / Madan A-3

2.2.7 Kaigah A-4

2.2.8 Pani Bah A-4

2.2.9 Gayal A-4

2.2.10 Gummo A-4

2.2.11 Sazin A-4

2.2.12 Shatial A-5

2.2.13 Seglo A-5

2.3 Lower Raprian Area A-5

2.3.1 Seo A-5

2.3.2 Dasu A-5

2.3.3 Kumila A-6

2.3.4 Jalkot A-6

3. SOCIAL SURVEYS AND FINDINGS A-7

3.1 Data Sources and Methodology A-7

3.2 Population Size and Household/Commercial Activities A-7

3.3 Sampling Techniques and Analysis A-8

3.3.1 Tools for Data Collection A-9

3.3.2 Household Sample Survey A-9

3.3.3 Commercial Activities Sample Survey A-9

3.3.4 Village Profile A-9

3.3.5 Women Sample Survey A-9

3.3.6 Scoping Sessions A-9

3.3.7 Interviews with the Head of the Departments/Institutions A-10

3.4 Pre-Testing and Finalizing the Data Collection Tools A-10

3.5 Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation A-10


ii

4. RESERVOIR AREA - FINDINGS A-11

4.1 Household Sample Survey A-11

4.2 Characteristics of the Heads of the House Hold A-11

4.3 Household Details A-12

4.4 Housing Characteristics A-13

4.5 Agriculture A-15

4.6 Livestock A-15

4.7 Borrowing A-16

4.8 Dependence on Other Side of the River Indus A-16

4.9 Resettlement Concerns A-16

4.9.1 Preferential Resettlement Localities A-16

4.9.2 Mode of Compensation A-16

4.9.3 Knowledge about Construction of Dam A-16

4.10 Commercial Activities A-16

4.10.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Shops/Driver Hotels A-17

4.10.2 Salient Findings - Shops/Driver Hotels A-17

4.10.3 Residential Hotel A-18

4.11 Village Profile A-18

4.11.1 Characteristics of Respondents A-19

4.11.2 Characteristics of Villages A-19

5. LOWER RIPARIAN AREA A-21

5.1 Household Sample Survey A-21

5.1.1 Characteristics of the Heads of the Household A-21

5.1.2 Household Details A-21

5.1.3 Housing Characteristics A-23

5.2 Agriculture A-24

5.3 Livestock A-25

5.4 Borrowing A-25

5.5 Commercial Activities - Shops A-26

5.5.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Shops A-26

5.5.2 Shops - Findings A-26

5.6 Commercial Activities - Residential Hotels A-27

5.6.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Hotels A-27

5.6.2 Hotel - Findings A-27

5.7 Village Profile A-29

5.7.1 Characteristics of Respondents A-29

5.7.2 Characteristics of Villages A-29

5.8 Public Health A-31


iii

6. GENERAL FINDINGS A-32

6.1 Role of Women A-32

6.2 Indigenous People and Women Headed Households A-32

6.3 Tourism A-32

6.4 Archaeological, Historical and Religious Sites A-32

6.5 Relocation Concern A-33

7. ANTICIPATED SOCIO – ECONIMIC IMPACTS A-34

7.1 During Construction Stage A-34

7.2 During Operational Stage A-34

8. GROUP DISCUSSIONS AND SCOPING SESSIONS A-36

8.1 Methodology A-36

8.2 Scoping Session With the Community A-36

8.3 Pressing Needs A-41

9. MITIGATION MEASURES A-42

9.1 Construction Stage A-42

9.2 Operational Stage A-42

10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A-44

PHOTOLOG


S-1


SOCIO – ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT REPORT

Summary

Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) have prepared a twenty

five (25) years development plan captioned as “Water Resource and Hydropower

Development – Vision 2025 Program”. The projects included in this vision are grouped

into three phases i.e. Short Term Projects, Medium Term Projects and Long Term

Projects with implementation period of 2001 to 2006, 2006 to 2011 and 2011 to 2025

respectively. The main objective of the envisaged program is to assist in the revival of

country’s economy, improve hydropower generation capacity and above all meet the

future water needs of Indus Basin Irrigation System. Dasu Hydropower Project (DHP) is

included in the Medium Term Projects of the Vision 2025 Programme. This Project is

proposed to generate electricity and transmit the demand centers in the country.

Dasu Hydropower Project is proposed to be located over Indus river near Dasu town in

Kohistan district. Its reservoir area extends upto Harban Das located just downstream of

the Diamer Basha Dam site. Most of the project area lies within North West Frontier

Province (NWFP) province however; some part of the reservoir area touches the Diamer

district, Northern Areas boundary at right bank of Indus river.

As per Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and EPA, Regulation, 2000 the

Dasu project falls under the category of energy projects. As per Schedule-II of EPA

Regulations, 2000, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required for hydroelectric

power generation projects with generation capacity of more than 50 MW to obtain No

Objection Certificate (NOC) from the concerned EPA.

The implementation of the project would include construction of about 230m high Roller

Compacted Concrete (RCC) gravity dam on Indus river at a site about 8 km upstream of

Dasu bridge. Impoundment of the dam will create a reservoir about 74 km long with an

average width of 290m and having a surface area of about 21.5 km2 at conservation

reservoir level of 950m. The maximum flood level will be 957m. The Project is planned

to have an installed generating capacity of 4,280 MW without any loss of downstream

flow in the Indus river. An elevation of 957m has been adopted as the limit of reservoir

submergence for potential impacts.

As per Terms of Reference (TOR) and based on the applicable laws and regulations, the

scope of work of the present study is to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) of the Dasu Hydropower Project as a part of feasibility study.

As a part of the Feasibility Study, socio-economic aspects have been studied with a view

to appraise the existing and planned development activities in the project area, which

directly or indirectly exert influences on the proposed project. The project area is

extremely backward and lacks the basic amenities such as assured drinking water

supplies, basic health services, educational facilities and electricity. The transportation

and communication facilities too are very poorly developed and people face great

hardship in traveling warranted by emergent situations.

The socio-economic studies focus mainly on demography, occupation, education,

housing, health, family income and expenditure, basic amenities, land use, livestock,

resettlement concerns, industry, archeology, tourism, land values, role of women etc. for

which various tools were developed and tested and data has been collected and

analysed.


S-2

The major villages in the project reservoir area are: Segal, Logro, Barseen, Kai Doga,

Maliyar Doga, Gul-e-Bagh/Madan, Kaigh, Pani Bah, Gayal, Gummo, Sazin, Shatial and

Seglo, Seo, Kumila, Dasu and Jalkot villages are in the Low Riparian Area. A brief

description of all the villages is given in this report.

Population size and number of households of the localities and commercial activities

falling in the reservoir and low riparian area were estimated by using the following

secondary sources of information i.e. Population Census Organization, Ministry of

Economics and Statistics, Government of Pakistan, District Census Report of Kohistan

District 1998, Maps from Survey of Pakistan and Satellite Imagery, Quick Bird Xs 2.8m &

Pan 0.6m Merged, 10th October 2005.

A representative sample size of the population under study necessitates the randomness

of the samples to be selected. Data was collected from 262 heads of the sampled

households. A significant majority 96.9 % of the respondents were married males.

Remaining 3.1 % was un-married. Traditionally people prefer marriages at an early age.

Educational distribution of the respondents 11.1% have primary level education, 1.9 %

have middle level education, 15.3% have secondary level education, 5.0% have

intermediate level education. 3.1 %,1.9 %, 1.9 % and 0.4 % were educated up to

graduation, post graduation, deeni uloom (religious knowledge) and professional

graduate respectively. A good proportion (59.5 %) of the respondents had never been to

school.

By virtue of their local tribal origin 86.6 % tribes are considered as the owners of the land

and natural resources and 13.4% constituted of non-owner tribe.

About 29.4 % of the residents were farmers, 24.4 % in trade/business,22.5 % serving

different government / private offices,3.8 % in cattle farming, 8% labors and rest of them

were in miscellaneous occupations .

Kohistani is the most common spoken language (42.4 %) Shina by 28.6 % and 26.0 %

speak both languages i.e. Shina and Kohistani. Pushto is spoken by 3.1 %.

According to 1998 census the total population of Kohistan district was 472,570, whereas

in the 1981 census the population was 465,237. The average annual growth rate was

0.09 percent during this period. The male population was 261,942 and female population

was 210,628. Based on 1998 census sex ratio i.e. number of males for every 100

females were 124. Based on the sample survey and information gathered through

interviewing the notables of the area, the population by sex and different age groups has

been estimated and sex ratio worked out as 105 number of males for every 100 female.

Size of the family ranged from 5 or less to 21 and more members, and large families are

supposedly joint families. 45.4 % have family members between 6 to 10. Generally

nuclear family system (73.3 %) and exogamy (57.3 %) was prevalent in the project area.

The oldest male member is the head of the family. Other groupings include the father,

son and their families. In decision making, the oldest member determines the family’s

interests and makes decisions with regard to the family. Regarding the child births within

the households, 39.3 %, 5.0 % and 1.1 % reported one, two and more than two child

births, whereas, no child births were reported by 54.6%. No deaths were reported within

the households majority 96.5 % by of the respondents, whereas, 3.5 % reported one

death.

Aspired technical/vocational training in skills for the female members was

tailoring/embroidery. Male members desired be trained as tailors, vehicle driver,

mechanic, electrician, computer operator.


S-3

Agriculture provides income and work for 21.8 % of the households of the reservoir area.

Other major sources are agriculture and trade 18.7 %, agriculture and service 15.6 %,

agriculture and labor 9.5 %, agriculture/service and trade 8.8 %, trade 6.9 %, service 5.7

% and others.

Almost all the houses were self – owned and 52.3%, 35.5% and 12.2% of the houses are

katcha, semi-pacca and pacca respectively.

The land and houses ranged from Rs.100, 000 to Rs.500, 000 and per housing unit.

Whereas 36.6% had no such facilities i.e. Main sources of water for drinking were public

water supply through springs (40.1 %), channel (26 %), nullah (22.1 %).

Land ownership records are not available for the area. Only the principal of natural

successions prevails for 97% cases. The competent authority testifies the ownership on

the basis of personal evidence and length of period of possession.

Tenancy status indicated that majority (62.2 %) of the residents of the reservoir area

were owner operator. Whereas, 16.8% were owner-cum-tenants, only 5% were tenants

and 16% have no agricultural land. Animals traction is main source for agricultural farm

operations.

About 43% of the residents of the reservoir area had some sort of dependence on the

resources and residents on the other side of the Indus river.

36.3% of the residents of the reservoir area desired to move to any place down to the

country (Abbottabad, Islamabad, Lahore etc.). Those who wished to be resettled within

the Kohistan district were 21.4%, whereas 13% of them preferred to be resettled at

Dasu. 25.6% did not show any preference.

Significant majority (93.5 %) of the residents of the area desired that the payments for

compensations against land/houses and other property should be in cash. Alternative

land for land (0.8 %) and alternative land and building was demanded say (5.3 %) only.

The women have no formal role in the authority structure of the villages in the Study

Area. There are no maternity homes or trained lady health visitors (LHVs) in the villages.

This is the reason for infant and mother mortality. They travel outside the home/village

only when they are in a serious condition and need to get urgent medical treatment from

the hospitals in Dasu, Mansehra and Abbotabad or to attend weddings of relatives.

Pardah (veil) is observed by all the women. The role of women will assume greater

importance due to the increased activity in all the socio-economic and socio-cultural

fields in the Study Area after the completion of the Project.

During the social field survey, it was revealed that “Indigenous People” as per World

Bank (WB) Operation Directive (OD) 4.20 were not existing in the Project area.

DHP is located in NWFP on way to Northern Area along Karakoram Highway which has

been the fabulous silk route for thousands of years along which trade between China,

Middle East and Europe took place. Chinese pilgrims Fahyan and Haven Tsany also

used this route to visit Buddhist University at Taxila, other seats of religions learning and

relics of Buddha. With the creation of a big / reservoir at Dasu the place will become a

cherished site for tourists on their journey.

The Project area having 278 housing units, 30 shops/driver hotels, 15 mosques, 3

schools and 84 acres of agriculture land and 27 km section of KKH will be submerged.


S-4

The people residing in those houses and involved in commercial activities will be

compensated and relocated.

Blasting may create an accidental risk for the local residents particularly their children.

The Project Area is sensitive from the law and order point of view and security of

Contractor and Consultant staff will have to be ensured.

During the construction period, local workers will get opportunity to work on semi-skilled

and labor work jobs and share and enrich their experiences. Local people will find

themselves in a new era of prosperity. The Project will have major positive impact on

local economy, employment and income.

Agricultural development by introduction of adequate irrigation supply would give

impetus to agro-based, small scale and cottage industries, dairy and poultry

development, health and educational facilities, rise in the economic activities, rise in

living standards of the general public and several other aspects of socio-economic

development. Health facilities will get a big boost in the post project era to cater for the

increased population needs.

Consultation with the stakeholders/public were made to ascertain their perceptions in the

Study Area. During the scoping session, people were informed about the Project

objectives; in particular, apprehensions of the locals regarding the proposed project were

shared and discussed.

During public consultations/scoping sessions, the basic requirements of the Study Area

people were identified, which included employment / labor opportunities, hospital/basic

health units (BHUs), schools for girls, college for boys, metalled road, water for drinking

and irrigation and electricity supplies on cheaper rate.

In general terms, the people affected will be compensated for the loss of their properties,

land and trees, and assisted financially to restore their affected structures/assets and

livelihoods, at least to pre-project levels. Households headed by women and other

vulnerable households if available will be eligible for further cash assistance for

relocation and house or structure reconstruction. Plans for these resettlement will be

based on a full census and detailed valuation surveys which will provide a complete list

of all those affected together with the type and size of losses, along with the amount of

compensation and/or financial assistance assessed for each person affected. This

process should be done at the time of relocation which should be done at pre-

construction stage of the project. The stretch of KKH which will be submerged in Dasu

reservoir should be relocated to higher level prior to the filing of the reservoir. It is very

important to prefer local community for employment on the Project. In order to raise the

educational level of the people, it is essential to build schools in the Study Area. For

improving awareness, it is necessary to take the services of a Social Development

Officer during the construction and operation stages of the Project and Health facilities

are provided clean drinking water.

It is necessary to give employment opportunities and involve the local labor force during

the operational stage of the Project.

The need of a suitable/alternative to the existing suspension bridges is essential during

operational stage for the local communities residing on right bank of the river Indus for

easy access to KKH.

Rarely women are exposed to outside environment of the village, except in medical or

Other emergencies or attending wedding function. Adequate educational and health


S-5

facilities are not available to women. Vocational and technical training institutions like

stitching, embroidery, home making, prenatal and pediatric care etc. be set up especially

for women. Schools and higher educational institutions too need to be set up. Lately

there has been a realization for such needs and skills. Women trained in various skills

will not only cater the demand for skilled workers but with increased income their

standard of living will improve and their housekeeping techniques will improve. They will

become self-confident and self-reliant useful members of society in addition to

contributing to national reconstructions. Community Development Organizations of

women and children is another mitigation measure for betterment of women’s lot.

The implementation of the proposed project will generate a few adverse impacts,

especially during the construction stage, but these impacts are only temporary. However,

resettlement, compensation and submergence of the suspension bridges are the

adverse impacts that need effective mitigation measures.

A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should be prepared immediately upon completion and

approval of feasibility studies. It should include Focus Census Survey of Project Affected

Person, Valuation of Assets, Compensation Policy and Framework, Implementation

Schedule and Grievances & Redressal Mechanism would be required.

Based on the data available and with the implementation of proposed mitigation

measures, it can be safely concluded that Dasu Hydropower Project will bring

economical improvement for the locals and other parts of the country and its construction

is urgently required.


A-1


SOCIO – ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT STUDY

1. GENERAL

As a part of the feasibility study, Socio-economic aspects have been studied with a view

to appraise the existing and planned development activities in the project area, which

directly or indirectly exert influences on the proposed Dasu Hydropower project. The

proposed project area is extremely backward and lacks the basic amenities such as

assured drinking water supplies, basic health services, educational facilities and

electricity. The transportation and communication facilities too are very poorly developed

and people face great hardship in traveling warranted by emergent situations.

Identification of the environmental impacts on the economy resulting from any

development project depends on the significance of a particular impact, while this is

determined by the fact that:

- How many people will be affected?

- How much resources would be degraded, eliminated or conserved depending on

the action taken? and

- How much land is affected?

The proposed hydropower project when completed would have direct impact on

the country as a whole, as well as settlements falling in the Study Area. Socio-economic,

cultural pattern and attitudes of people residing in the Study Area would definitely be

influenced by the proposed project. Purpose of the socio-economic study is to examine

the existing situation and to assess the impacts of the proposed project on the people

living in the Project and Study Area. The study also intends to provide an overview of

existing and planned development activities in the area.

The socio-economic studies focus mainly on demography, occupation, education,

housing, health, family income and expenditure, basic amenities, land use, livestock,

resettlement concerns, industry, archeology, tourism, land values, role of women etc.


A-2

2. STUDY AREA

2.1 General

For an Environmental Assessment Study, the Study Area has been defined as the area

within which the impacts of the project must be considered. In the light of this, Study

Area comprises project area, the reservoir and the area, lower riparian area.

The Study Area largely lies in the Kohistan district but some part of it also lies in Diamer

District of Northern Area. Figure A-1 shows the location map of the Study Area.

The major villages in the Study Area divided into Reservoir Area and Lower Riparian

Area are listed below:

Reservoir Area Villages

1 Segal 8 Pani Bah

2 Logro 9 Gayal

3 Barseen 10 Gummo

4 Kai Doga 11 Sazin

5 Maliyar Doga 12 Shatial

6 Gul-e-Bagh/Madan 13 Seglo

7 Kaigah

Lower Riparian Area Villages

1 Seo 3 Dasu

2 Kumila 4 Jal Kot

A brief description of the above villages is given below.

2.2 Reservoir Area Villages

2.2.1 Segal

Segal is located on the left side of Indus River in the Project Area. About 13 houses lie

within the Project Area. Shamat Khail, Chalees Khail and Shalkan Khail are the main

tribes of this village. Their mother language is Kohistani. Most of the people of this village

are farmers and laborers. The village has an aggregate population of 350. The village

has only one primary school for both boys and girls. Village lacks in all the basic

amenities and infrastructural facilities. The major source of water in the village is a

nullah. Residents are prone to diseases like Diarrhoea, Typhoid, TB, and Goiter. The

people migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major

problems of the area are construction of road, electricity, safe drinking water, basic

health unit and a middle school.

2.2.2 Logro

Logro village is located on the left bank of the Indus River along KKH in the project area.

Kohistani is the main language in the village. The village comprises a population of about

250 people. About 15 houses lie within the Project Area which will be submerged.

Farming is the main occupation of residents. Ushar Khail, Eiska Khail and Shalkan Khail

are the main tribes of this village. As in other cases, the village lacks in institutional and

basic amenities. There is no school for boys and girls in this village. The major source of


A-3

water in the village is a spring. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer

season due to hot weather. Major needs of the area are safe drinking water, construction

of road and school both for boys and girls.

2.2.3 Barseen

Barseen is located on the left bank of Indus River along KKH in the Project Area. About 9

houses lie within the Project Area. Boot Khail and Bohi Khail are the main tribes.

Language spoken in the village is Kohistani and Shina. Most of the people of this village

are farmers and business men. The village has an aggregate population of 300. The

village has only one Primary School for both boys and girls, but there is no proper

building. There is one PTDC Motel, FWO Station and three shops/driver hotels which will

be submerged. Village lacks in all the basic amenities and infrastructural facilities. The

major source of water in the village is a channel. Major diseases in the village are

Typhoid, TB, and Dysentery. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer season

due to hot weather. Major needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, safe drinking

water, basic health unit and proper building for school.

2.2.4 Kai Doga

This village is located in the Project Area on the right bank of the Indus River. The

population is about 100 persons. About 17 houses will be submerged. Sirkhan khail and

Sheeda Khail are the main tribes of this village. Shina, Kohistani and Pashto are the

languages spoken by them. Educational, institutional and civic facilities are not available.

There is only one hospital. The major source of water in the village is tap water from a

spring. Major diseases in the village are Diahorrea and Malaria. The people migrate to

higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major needs of the area are

proper electricity supplies, a suspension bridge, road and school both for boys and girls.

2.2.5 Maliyar Doga

This village is located on the right bank of the Indus River in the Project Area. The

population is about 150-200 persons. About 24 houses will be submerged. Shukar khail

is the main tribe of this village. Shina and Kohistani are the languages spoken by them.

Educational, institutional and civic facilities are non existent. The major source of water

in the village is a channel. Major diseases are Typhoid, TB and Malaria. The people

migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major needs of the

area are construction of a suspension bridge, road, basic health unit, safe drinking water,

proper electricity supplies and school both for boys and girls.

2.2.6 Gul-e-Bagh / Madan

Gul-e-Bagh / Madan village is located on the left bank of the Indus River along KKH in

the Project Area. A few houses lie near the river bed. Kohistani and Shina are the main

languages in the village. The village comprises a population of about 300. About 21

houses lie within the Project Area which will be submerged. Farming, business and

service are the main occupation of residents. Chalees Khail and Nasir Khail are the main

tribes of this village. Like other places, this village also lacks in institutional and other

basic amenities. There is no school for boys and girls. The major source of water in the

village is a nullah and river. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer season.

Major problems of the area are safe drinking water, construction of road, basic health

unit, electricity and school both for boys and girls.


A-4

2.2.7 Kaigah

This village lies in the Project Area on the left bank of the Indus River. The population is

about 400-500 persons. About 46 houses lie within the Project Area, which will be

submerged. Khirza Khail, Jalken Khail and Chalees Khail are the main tribes of this

village. Kohistani is the main language spoken. Institutional and civic facilities are not

available in the village. There are only two Schools one each for boys and girls in the

village. The major source of water is a nullah. Major diseases in the village are Typhoid,

TB, Malaria and Hepatitis. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer season.

Major needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, basic health unit and safe

drinking water.

2.2.8 Pani Bagh

This village is located on the left bank of the Indus River in the Project Area. This village

has a population of about 250. About 25 houses will be submerged. Shamat Khail, Bohi

Khail and Gujar are the main tribes of this village. Shina, Kohistani and Pashto are the

languages spoken by them. Educational, institutional and civic facilities are not available

in the village. The major source of water in the village is a channel. Major diseases in the

village are Diahorrea, Typhoid, TB and some cases of Hepatitis. The people migrate to

higher elevations in summer season to escape heat. Major needs of the area are

electricity, road, safe drinking water, basic health unit and school both for boys and girls.

2.2.9 Gayal

Gayal is located on the right bank of Indus river in the Project Area. About 30 houses lie

within the Project Area which will submerge. Torey Khail is the main tribe. Language

spoken in the village is Kohistani and Shina. Most of the people are farmers and

business men. The village has an aggregate population of 200. Village lacks in all the

basic amenities and infrastructural facilities. The major source of water is a spring and

Nullah. Major diseases in the village are Common Cold, Diahorrea and Typhoid. The

access of the village to KKH is by a dolly. The people migrate to higher elevations in

summer season. Major needs of the area are a bridge over Indus river, electricity, safe

drinking water, basic health unit and school for boys and girls.

2.2.10 Gummo

Gummo is located on the right bank of Indus river in the Project Area. About 15 houses

lie within the Project Area. Torey Khail is the main tribe. Language spoken in the village

is Kohistani and Shina. Most of the people of this village are farmers and business men.

The village has an aggregate population of 200. Village lacks in all the basic amenities

and infrastructural facilities. The major source of water in the village is a spring and

nullah. Major diseases in the village are Common Cold, Diahorrea and Typhoid. The

access of the village to KKH is by a dolly. The people migrate to higher elevations in

summer season due to hot weather. Major needs of the area are bridge over Indus river,

electricity, safe drinking water, basic health unit and school for boys and girls.

2.2.11 Sazin

This village is located in the Project Area on the left bank of the Indus River. It has a

population of about 109. About 17 houses and 7 shops/hotels will be submerged. Sheen

is the main tribe of this village. Shina and Kohistani are the languages spoken by them.

Institutional and civic facilities are not available in the village. There is only one primary

school for boys. The major source of water is a Nullah. Major diseases in the village are

Common Cold, Typhoid and Goiter. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer


A-5

season to escape heat. Major needs of the area are lack of electricity, road, safe drinking

water, basic health unit and school for boys and girls.

2.2.12 Shatial

Shatial is located on the right bank with some part on the left bank of the Indus river.

Both parts are located in the Project Area. This village has a population of about 1200.

About 11 houses and 4 shops/hotels which lie within the Project Area will submerge.

Kamin Khail is the main tribe of this village. Shina, Kohistani and Pashto are the

languages spoken by them. Some institutional and some civic facilities are available in

the village except drainage, street light and recreational. There is one hospital and one

basic health unit in the village. There is one primary school each for boys and girls and

one high school in this village. The major source of water in the village is tap water from

spring. Major diseases in the village are Diahorrea, Typhoid, TB, Malaria and Goiter.

There is some cases of Kala Azar disease due to sand fly bite which is a common vector

in this belt. Major needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, male/female doctors,

school for girls, road and safe drinking water.

2.2.13 Seglo

Seglo is located on the right bank of the Indus river, one kilometer downstream of dam

site. Village is located in the Project Area. It has a population of about 200. About 16

houses will be acquired due to construction of dam structures. Narang Khail is the main

tribes of this village. Shina and Kohistani are the languages spoken by them.

Educational, institutional and civic facilities are not available in the village. The main

source of water in the village is a channel. Major diseases in the village are Typhoid, TB

and Goiter. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot

weather. Major needs of the area are better electricity supplies, road, safe drinking

water, basic health unit and schools both for boys and girls.

2.3 Lower Raprian Area Villages

2.3.1 Seo

This village is located on the right bank of the Indus river in the low or riparian area of

Dasu Hydropower Project. This village has a population of about 4000. A 400 years old

graveyard and a beautiful wooden mosque with old wooden pillars and beams which are

decorated by carving Quranic verses and flowers are situated in this village. These

features are of archeological and historic importance. Sheda Khail, Shukar Khail and

Shamat Khail are the main tribes. Shina and Kohistani are the main languages spoken

by them. The distance of this village is about 7 kilometers from KKH. The road is

unmettaled. There are three schools i.e. a primary, a middle and high for boys and one

primary school for girls. Vocational centre, deeni madrassa (religious school) are also

available in Seo. Institutional facilities except bank are available. Civic facilities like

drainage, street light and recreational are not available. The major source of water in the

village is tap water from spring and nullah. Major diseases in the village are Common

Cold, Diahorrea, Typhoid, TB, Malaria, Hepatitis and Goiter. The people migrate to

beautiful valley of Razka at higher elevation in summer season due to hot weather. Major

needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, road, telephone, lining of irrigation

channel, male/female doctors, and safe drinking water.

2.3.2 Dasu

Dasu is located on KKH on the left bank of Indus river in the lower riparian area of the

Project. This town has a population of about 2000. This town is district headquarter of


A-6

Kohistan. All Government offices of different departments including Administration and

District Courts are situated in this town. Shamat Khail, Boot Khail, Boi Khail and Chalees

Khail are the main tribes of this settlement. Shina and Kohistani are the main languages

spoken by them. Educational facilities are available in the town. Institutional and civic

facilities except lined drainage system and street lights are available in the town. The

major source of water in the village is tap water from spring. Major diseases in the area

are Common Cold, Diahorrea, Typhoid, TB, Malaria, Hepatitis and Goiter. Majority of the

people migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major needs

of the area are proper electricity supplies, college and general hospital with modern

facilities.

2.3.3 Kumila

Kumila is located on the KKH on the right bank of Indus river in the lower riparian area of

the Project. KKH shifts from right bank to left bank of Indus river at this place. This town

has a population of about 6000. This is major market of district. Shukar Khail, Chalees

Khail, Boot Khail, Pattan and Jalkoti are the main tribes of this settlement. Shina,

Kohistani, Pashto and Hindko are the languages spoken by them. Educational facilities

are available in the area. Institutional and civic facilities except lined drainage system

and street lights are available in the town. The major source of water in the village is tap

water from spring. Major diseases in the area are Common Cold, Diahorrea, Typhoid,

TB, Malaria and Hepatitis. People migrate to higher elevations in summer season to

escape heat. Major needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, safe drinking water,

college and general hospital.

2.3.4 Jalkot

Jalkot is located 3 kilometer downstream of Dasu Bridge on KKH on the left bank of the

Indus river in the lower riparian area of the Project. This village has a population of about

3500. A district jail is situated in this area. Shina is the languages spoken and Jalkoti is

the main tribe of this settlement. There are only two schools i.e. a primary and middle for

boys and a primary for girls. Institutional facilities like basic health unit, post office and

mosque are available and civic facilities like electricity, telephone and graveyard also

exist here. The major source of water in the village is tap water from spring, nullah and

through spring. Major diseases in the area are Common Cold, TB and Malaria. The

people migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major needs

of the area are proper electricity supplies, safe drinking water, road and hospital with

medicines and other facilities.


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3. SOCIAL SURVEYS

Based on initial surveys the Consultants devised methodology for conducting detailed

socio-economic survey of the Project area. The field experiences of the initial survey

sensitized the Consultants to take care of the possible and potential irritant factors that

might be detrimental to the objectives and operations of the detailed field survey.

Investigations regarding socio-economic conditions and cultural aspects were made by

holding interviews with notables and stakeholders residing in the villages/settlements of

the relevant area.

3.1 Data Sources and Methodology

The basic objective of socio-economic survey is to identify the socio-economic

characteristics of the people of the area and to assess the possible impacts of the project

on the population. Following steps were undertaken prior to carrying out field survey:

i) Geographic boundaries of the Study Area (Reservoir and Low Riparian area)

were defined by identifying the existing villages/settlements.

ii) Size of population and number of households and commercial activities falling

within the Study Area.

iii) Sampling procedure was decided to draw a representative sample size of the

target population.

The tools developed for data collection included questionnaires for household sample

survey, village profile, commercial activities sample survey, check list for scoping

sessions and women sample survey. Using these tools the field survey was initiated and

in the light of initial surveys, necessary changes were made in the tools.

3.2 Population Size and Household/Commercial Activities

Population size and number of households of the localities and commercial activities

falling in the reservoir and lower riparian area were estimated by using the following

secondary sources of information.

- Population Census Organization, Ministry of Economics and Statistics,

Government of Pakistan, District Census Report of Kohistan District 1998.

- Maps from Survey of Pakistan.

- Satellite Imagery, Quick Bird Xs 2.8m & Pan 0.6m Merged, 10th October 2005.

The projected population size, total number of households, commercial activities falling

in the Reservoir Area and Lower Riparian area as on 2007 were estimated by

extrapolating the figures of housing units established through satellite imagery dated

October 2005 and Census 1998. Population growth rate in Dasu tehsil was 0.15 percent

per annum. Detail of population is given below.


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Population and Housing Units in Study Area

Data Based on 1998 Census Projected Data as on 2007

Name of

Settlements/Villages Population

Housing

unit

Average

Family Size Population

Housing

Units

Reservoir Area* N.A N.A 8.5 3370 278

Low Riparian Area**

Seo 2996 447 6.7 3036 453

Jalkot 2992 490 6.1 3033 497

Kumila 5423 730 7.4 5497 740

Dasu 1569 257 6.1 1590 260

Total 12650 1924 6.6 13156 1950

* Data based on Satellite Imagery dated October 2005.

** Using average annual growth rate used 0.15 % (1981-1998) Dasu tehsil.

3.3 Sampling Techniques and Analysis

A representative sample size of the population under study necessitates the randomness

of the samples to be selected. One of the primary requirements was to have a finite size

of population. Since every head of household (HH) in the Study Area was considered as

a unit of analysis, therefore, total number of households was needed to draw a randomly

selected adequate sample size. Being the scattered and hilly area, the

villages/settlements had no complete record of all the households. Therefore, sampling

method was adopted on the basis of cluster. This method was also applied for

commercial activities and other field surveys. The calculated sample size is given below.

Socio-Economic Sample Size

Categories

Number of

Housing

Units

Average

Families

Number of

Households/

Shops

Sample

Size Percentage

House holds

Reservoir Area 278 1.5 417 01 48 %

Lower Riparian

Area 1950 1.5 2925 40 12 %

Commercial Activities

Reservoir Area - - 30 21 70 %

Lower Riparian

Area - - 250 152 61 %

House Hold (HH)

A house hold means a group of persons living together who have collective arrangement

for eating. A person living alone was also considered to constitute a house hold. The

distinguishing characteristic of house hold is its common cooking arrangement. Based on

field survey average family size was taken as 1.5 families in one housing unit.

Housing Unit

A housing unit means a separate and independent place of abode, inhabited by one

house hold and, if vacant, meant for habitation by one house hold. It does not

necessarily mean a separate building. Any place not intended for habitation but occupied

by a house hold at the time of socio-economic survey was also treated as a housing unit.


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3.3.1 Tools for Data Collection

In order to get comprehensive and detailed information, the following tools/

questionnaires of data collection were used.

- Household Sample Survey

- Commercial Activities Sample Survey

- Village Profile

- Women Sample Survey

- Scoping Sessions

- Interviews with the Heads of the Departments

3.3.2 Household Sample Survey

By adopting proportionate random sampling procedure, out of 414 households in the

reservoir area which were likely to be submerged, a sample of 201 households was

selected at 95 percent of confidence level and +/-5 percent sample error. Heads of the

households of the above sample size (262) number were interviewed by using a

structured questionnaire (Annexure A-1.1). In low riparian area a sample of 340

households was selected out of 1950 households. Preference was given to the heads of

the families to ensure the quality and accuracy of information to be collected. In case of

non availability of the head of the household, any of the male adult family members

available on the spot and capable to provide the required information was interviewed for

collecting the required information.

3.3.3 Commercial Activities Sample Survey

In view of the fact that some part of KKH will be submerged in the reservoir area, the

economic activities along the affected stretch of KKH are expected to be affected. For

this purpose, a detailed census of all the shops, hotels etc were carried out. By adopting

purposive quota sampling procedure 21 out of 30 business centers were selected for

sample survey. In Lower Riparian area, 152 business activities out of 250 were selected.

Separate interview schedules were structured for different business activities (Annexure

A-1.2 & A-1.3).

3.3.4 Village Profile

A comprehensive village profile was prepared to document the socio-economic and

demographic data of each village that was likely to be submerged due to the proposed

construction of dam. Total 13 questionnaires were filled in by interviewing by

notable/elder of these villages of reservoir area and 5 questionnaires were filled in for

low riparian area. A separate structured questionnaire was devised for collecting

information (Annexure A-1.4).

3.3.5 Women Sample Survey

Keeping in view the conservative approach of the local population of the Study Area and

their sensitivity about the women issues, the consultants had meetings with District

Planning Officer (DPO) and District Nazim before conducting field survey. Both the

officials did not allow conducting women survey due to religious and sensitive approach

of the local population. However Consultants also prepared a structured questionnaire

(Annexure A-1.5).

3.3.6 Scoping Sessions

In order to get spontaneous and frank responses, five scoping sessions in reservoir area


A-10

and three scoping sessions in different selected villages/settlements were conducted.

Scoping sessions helped to extract qualitative information about the perceptions, myths,

apprehensions and reactions of the local population. Checklist for scoping sessions is

given in (Annexure A-1.6).

3.3.7 Interviews with the Head of the Departments

Heads of different departments/institutions in the Study Area were interviewed to:

- Appraise them to the salient features of the Dasu Hydropower Project.

- Gather their conventional and popular understanding about the Project and

- Identify and assess the assets of the departments which will be affected by the

Project.

3.4 Pre-Testing and Finalizing the Data Collection Tools

Consultants tested tools for data collection by conducting field surveys at initial stage.

According to the observations and experiences of pre-testing, changes were made to

improve the workability of the questionnaires. Some parts of the questions were

restructured for simplifying the questions to make them more explicit. All the

questionnaires were translated into Urdu with specific and clear wording to maintain

standard interpretation of the English version of the questionnaires.

3.5 Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation

A team of three local junior sociologists under the supervision of senior socio-economist

collected the data. After compilation of field survey, all the questionnaires were

scrutinized and edited properly. Data were processed and analyzed on (Statistical

Package for Social Science (SPSS). This computerized format of data analysis is an

appropriate statistical technique for the studies falling in the domain of social sciences

particularly for socio-economic surveys. By using this computerized format of data

analysis, the Consultants were able to analyze a large and diversified data in possible

minimum time. It has an additional advantage of classifying data with tabulation options

enabling to see the mutual effects of multiple effects of multiple variables explaining the

socio-economic characteristics of the population under study.

The socioeconomic survey for the Project is intended to:

- Get basic understanding and information about the socio-economic and

demographic conditions as well as ethnic composition of the local population;

- Document the perceptions of the local population about the Project;

- Know their apprehensions about the possible adverse impacts of the Project;

- Identify any involuntary resettlement, loss of property, livelihood and other issues.

- Understand their views about the magnitude of any perceived losses in the

reservoir area; and

- Record their perceptions for the compensation of the various types of losses

likely to occur in the reservoir area.

In-depth interviews and scoping sessions were also conducted with local population and

notables of the Study Area in order to carryout public consultation about the proposed

Project. Primary and secondary data was collected from the field and from the relevant

departments/offices. In order to get some published data, all relevant departments were

visited in Tehsil Dasu of Kohistan District. Collected field data is summarized in Table A-

3.1, Annexure A-3.


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4. RESERVOIR AREA – FINDINGS

4.1 Household Sample Survey

The Information was collected from 262 heads of the sampled households. Inventory of

the respondent’s names (household sample survey) is given Table A-2.1, Annexure A-2.

Distribution and average family size with regard to villages/settlements has been shown

in Table A-3.2 at Annexure A-3. The results of the studies and findings on the relevant

aspects are discussed in the following sub-sections.

4.2 Characteristics of the Heads of the House Hold

Age

Age is an important factor in forming one’s attitudes. It fixes a man’s status or authority

on others and command of respect. 27.9 percent of the heads of house holds were

between age group 21 to less than 30 years, whereas, 33.2 percent of them were

between age group 31 to less than 40 years and 36.2 percent of them were above forty

one years. In case of non-availability of the head of the household, any of the male

family members was interviewed. The number of such households was only 7 out of 262

(Table A-3.3, Annexure A-3).

Marital Status

A significant majority (96.9 %) of the respondent were married males. Remaining few

(3.1 %) were un-married. Traditionally people prefer marriages at early age (Table A-3.4,

Annexure A-3).

Education

Educational distribution of the respondents is shown in Table A-3.5, Annexure A-3 which

indicates that among 262 respondents, 11.1% have primary level education, 1.9 % have

middle level education, 15.3% have secondary level education, 5.0% have intermediate

level education. 3.1 %, 1.9 %, 1.9 % and 0.4 % were educated up to graduation, post

graduation, religion studies (deeni uloom) and professional graduate level respectively. A

good proportion (59.5 %) of the respondents had never been to school.

Tribes

By virtue of their local tribal origin 86.6 % tribes considered themselves as the owners of

the land and natural resources like minerals, jungles and cattle rearing of the mountains

in the Project Area. Being non-locals by tribal origin, Soniwal, Gujars and Pattans are

non-owner tribes. These tribes are without any right to purchase land of the mountains

and to have share in the natural resources. Non-owner tribes constituted 13.4 % (Table

A-3.6, Annexure A-3).

Occupational Status

29.4 % of the residents were in the category of farmers, 24.4 % were in trade/business,

22.5 % were serving different government /private offices and 3.8 % were engaged in

cattle farming. General labors were 8.0% and the rest of them were in other

miscellaneous occupations (Table A-3.7, Annexure A-3).

Language Spoken

Kohistani was the most common language spoken by 42.4% the respondents of the

area. Shina was spoken by 28.6 %. Both the languages i.e. Shina and Kohistani were

spoken by 26%. Pushtoo was spoken by 3.1 %. (Table A-3.8 Annexure A-3).


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4.3 Household Details

Population and its distribution

According to 1998 census the total population of Kohistan District was 472,570, whereas

in 1981 census the population was 465,237. The average annual growth rate was 0.09

percent during this period. The male population was 261,942 and female population was

2, 10,628. Based on 1998 census sex ratio i.e. number of males for every 100 females

were 124. Based on the sample survey conducted by the Consultants in 2007 and

information gathered through interviewing the notables of the area, the population by sex

and different age groups has been estimated and sex ratio worked out as number of

males for every 100 female was 105 (Table A-3.9 Annexure A-3).

Family Size

Size of the family ranged from 5 or less and 21 and more members. Large families are

supposedly joint families. 45.4 % have family members between 6 and 10. Details are

given in (Table A-3.10 Annexure A-3).

Family Structure

Generally nuclear family system (73.3 %) and exogamy (57.3 %) was prevalent in the

Study Area. The oldest male member is the head of the family. Other groupings include

the father, son and their families. In decision making, the oldest member determines the

family’s interests and makes decisions with regard to the family (Table A-3.11 Annexure

A-3).

Child Births

Regarding the child births within the households, 39.3 %,5.0 % and 1.1 % reported one,

two and more than two child births, respectively, whereas, 54.6% had reported no

childbirth (Table A-3.12 Annexure A-3)

Deaths

No deaths were reported within the households by majority (96.5 %) of the respondents,

whereas, 3.5 % reported almost one death (Table A-3.13 Annexure A-3).

Causes of Deaths

Different causes of deaths were reported by the respondents. Different diseases

occurred in the area were Typhoid Malaria, Diahorea, Tuberculoses etc. Other causes of

death included murder and accident. (Table A-3.14 Annexure A-3)

School Going Children

Out of the male children of school going age in the households 55.7% were going to

school, whereas, only 30.5% of the females were reportedly attending any school in the

Reservoir Area. There seems to be differential attitude of the residents of the area

towards female education (Table A-3.15 and A-3.16, Annexure A-3)

Vocational / Technical Skills

Majority (96.9 %) of the males of the sampled households did not have any specific

vocational skill, while others were trained as vehicle driver, carpenters, electrician and

tailors. The only mentioned skill for the females of the sampled households was

tailoring/embroidery (41.2 %)(Table A-3.17 Annexure A-3)

Aspired Vocational / Technical Skills for Family Members

Technical/vocational training enhances the employability of the workforce. The only

aspired vocational skill for the female members was Tailoring/Embroidery (32.8 %). Most

(88.9 %) of the respondents did not prefer any vocational skill for their male members,

whereas rest of percentage desired that the male members should be trained as tailors,


A-13

vehicle driver, mechanic, electrician, computer operator and gold collection (Table A-

3.18 Annexure A-3)

Sources of Income

The income sources were agriculture 21.8 %, trade 6.9% and service 5.7% of the

households of the reservoir area. Other major sources were composite including

agriculture and trade 18.7 %, agriculture and service 15.6 %, agriculture and labor 9.5 %,

agriculture/service and trade 8.8 %, and others (Table A-3.19 Annexure A-3)

Monthly Family Income

Monthly income of 4.6% of the households was less than Rs. 3000, whereas,16.0% were

earning between Rs.3001 and Rs.5000,17.6% were between Rs.5001 and 7000, 14.5%

between Rs. 7001 and Rs 9000,17.6% between Rs.9001 and Rs.11000, 8.0% were

between Rs.11001 and 13000 and 21.0% were Rs.13001 and above (Table A-3.20

Annexure A-3)

Monthly Family Expenditure

About 5.3% of the households were spending less than Rs. 3000, whereas, the monthly

expenditure of 17.6% were between Rs.3001 and Rs.5000, 24.8% were between

Rs.5001 and 7000, 16.4% between Rs. 7001 and Rs. 9000, 17.9% between Rs.9001

and Rs.11000 and 17.1% spend Rs.11001 and above (Table A-3.21 Annexure A-3)

Modes of Payments

71.4 % of the households were purchasing their monthly household items in cash,

whereas 28.6% were purchasing on credit/deferred payment (Table A-3.22 Annexure A-

3).

4.4 Housing Characteristics

Ownership of House

During the field visit of the Reservoir Area it was observed that among 262 respondents

interviewed 99.2% houses were living in self owned (Table A-3.23 Annexure A-3).

Nature of Houses

52.3% of the houses were reported to be mud (katcha) houses, 35.5% were semi-pacca

and 12.2% were pacca respectively (Table A-3.24 Annexure A-3).

Number of Rooms

The housing units having one room was 22.9%, whereas, 27.1% had two rooms, 22.1%

had three rooms, 14.5% had four rooms and 13.4%t had five and more than five rooms

(Table A-3.25 Annexure A-3).

Number of Bathrooms / Latrines

The housing units having one bathroom/latrine were 44.7%, whereas, 21.0%, 9.9% had

two and 6.1% had three and more than three bathrooms/latrines respectively. 18.3%

were without this facility (Table A-3.26 Annexure A-3).

Housing Area

The total area of the housing unit varied from one marla to 20 marlas. 8% housing units

were constructed on less than 5 marlas, 3.1%, on 5-10 marlas and 1.1% on 10-20

marlas (Table A-3.27 Annnexure A-3).

Age of Housing Units

Newly constructed (less than 5 years) housing units were 20.6%. The old houses (10.9

%) were constructed more than twenty years ago, whereas, construction age of majority


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(69.1 %) of the housing units was between 5 and 20 years(Table A-3.28 Annexure A-3).

Estimated Value of Housing Units

Almost all the residents were living in self-owned houses. The cost including the cost of

land and construction of the housing units in the Project Area. It varied between less

than Rs.100,000 and Rs.500,000 and above per housing unit. The reported cost seems

to be exaggerated and desired one (Table A-3.29 Annexure A-3).

Separate Rooms for Animals

Generally, a house was divided into two parts; residential area and animal rooms. A

large majority (80 %) of the households had separate animal room and were mostly

(81.3 %) katcha (constructed in mud) (Tables 3.1.30 and Table A-3.31, Annexure-A-3).

Facilities Available in the Housing Units

Electricity and water supply (through springs) was available to 60.7% of the households.

Electricity, water supply and telephone facilities were available in only 2.7% of the

households, whereas, 36.6% household had no such facilities (Table A-3.32, Annexure

A-3).

Fuel Use for Illumination, Lighting, Heating and Cooking

Electricity was available to 62% of the households in the Project Area which was mainly

used for illumination purpose. Wood was the most commonly used material for cooking

of food and heating (100 %) during winter season. Kerosene oil was used for illumination

purpose in 34% of the households. The percentage for each source is obtained on the

total number of respondents i.e. 262. The details are given in (Table A-3.33, Annexure A-

3).

Estimated Cost of Fuel

About 16.8% of the families had to spend up to Rupees 10000 per year for fuel. Whereas

65.7% of the families consumed fuel costing more than Rs 10000. The remaining 17.6%

were collecting firewood free of cost from the nearby jungles (Table A-3.34, Annexure A-

3).

Material Possessions in the Households

Material possession is an important indicator of one’s standard of living. A household

may have only one item costing high price (car, motor cycles, power generator etc) and

also other items costing low price like fan, iron. (Table A-3.35, Annexure A-3) contains

information about different material possessions.

Sources of Water

Main sources of water for drinking were public water supply through springs (40.1 %),

channel (26 %), nullah (22.1 %). Whereas, the sources of water for washing and bathing

being used by 38.6 % was public water supply through springs, 28.6% through channel

and 20.6 % through nullah. More than one source of water is available for agriculture and

livestock (Tables A-3.36 through A-3.38, Annexure A-3).

Evidence of Sale/Purchase of Property

No proper land ownership records are available for the area. Only the principal of natural

successions prevails. The competent authority testifies the ownership on the basis of

personal evidence and length of period of possession. During field visit 96.9% residents

of the area have personal evidence of sale/purchase of land (as recorded), whereas in

only 2.3% cases judicial stamp paper was also used for ownership deed at the time of

sale/purchase of land or property (Tables A-3.39 and A-3.40 , Annexure A-3).


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4.5 Agriculture

Tenancy Status

Majority (62.2 %) of the residents of the reservoir area were owner operator. Whereas,

16.8% were owner-cum-tenants, only 5% were tenants and 16% had no agricultural land


Size of Holdings

Only 34.4% of the farming communities owned more than 10 kanal whereas, majority

49.6% owned land less than 10 kanal (Table A-3.42, Annexure A-3).

Agricultural Implements

Subsistence farming with primitive implements was being carried out in the Reservoir

Area. Oxen were mostly used for farming operations. This is why plough for oxen was

the most commonly (71%) owned and used agricultural implement.16% farmers had no

farming implements (Table A-3.43, Annexure A-3).

Major Crops

Wheat, maize and vegetables were the main (67.6 %) crops grown in the Reservoir

Area. There were two harvests in the area, classified into Kharif (summer) and Rabi

(winter). The most important Kharif crop is maize, whereas, wheat was the major Rabi

crop. Other crops were sown according to season. The percentage for each crop is given

in (Table A-3.44, Annexure A-3).

Cost of Agriculture Land

About 2% of the farmers reported that their agriculture land was worth Rs.100,000 per

kanal. Whereas, majority of the farmers (54.2 %) reported cost ranging between Rs.

150,000 to Rs.200,000 per kanal (Table A-3.45, Annexure A-3).

Estimated Yearly Cost of Seed

Seed of different crops was purchased by 54.2% of the farmers. About 19.5% of them

had to spend up to Rs 1000 per year. Whereas those who spent Rs.1001 to Rs.2000

were 24.8%, while only 9.9% purchased seed costing more than Rs.2000. Own farm

produce seed was used by 29.8%(Table A-3.46, Annexure A-3).

Estimated Yearly Cost of Fertilizer

Significant majority (80.5 %) of the farmers applied chemical fertilizer to their crops.

Those who spent Rs.1000 and less on fertilizer purchase were 16.1%. Whereas, 19.8%

were spending Rs.1001 to Rs.2000 and 44.7% more than Rs.2000 per annum. Farm

yard manure obtained from livestock is also used (Table A-3.47, Annexure A-3).

4.6 Livestock

Animals Holdings

Livestock is an important component of agricultural development because it provides

traction power for agricultural operations. It is also a major source of income. As per

information gathered in the sample survey of the Reservoir Area, livestock population

and its percentage are given in (Table A-3.48, Annexure A-3).

Estimated Yearly Cost of Fodder for Livestock

Source of fodder for about 34.7% of the residents of the area was their own farm

produce, whereas 30.2% and 15.6% of them had to spend up to Rs 6000 and 15.6%

between Rs 6001 and Rs 10,000 per annum. The remaining19.5% spend more than Rs

10000 per year (Table A-3.49, Annexure A-3).


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4.7 Borrowing

Amount Borrowed

Majority (84.7 %) of the residents of the Reservoir Area did not borrow any money during

the preceding year. Money borrowed ranged between less than Rs 25000 to Rs.400000.

Table shows different percentages of the amount borrowed (Table A-3.50, Annexure A-

3).

Sources of Borrowing Money

Among those who borrowed, preferred sources like relatives, (12.6 %) and friends (2.3

%). Only one household got loan from a bank(Table A-3.51, Annexure A-3).

Usages of Borrowed Money

The money borrowed by the residents of the Reservoir Area was mainly (7.3 %) used for

meeting the household needs, while 2.7% got loan for medical treatment (Table A-3.52,

Annexure A-3).

4.8 Dependence on Other Side of the River Indus

About 42.7% of the residents of the Reservoir Area had some sort of dependence on the

resources and residents of the other side of Indus river (Table A-3.53, Annexure A-3).

Table A-3.54, Annexure A-3 shows that 21.8% people had access to KKH, 3.4% had

their family relation there, 16% had to visit the business/trade centers and only 1.5%

was visiting the other side of Indus river for religious, educational and health facilities.

4.9 Resettlement Concerns

4.9.1 Preferential Resettlement Localities

36.3% of the residents of the Reservoir Area desired to move to any place down to the

country (Abbottabad, Islamabad, Lahore etc). Those who wished to be resettled within

the Kohistan District were 21.4%, whereas 13% of them preferred to be resettled at

Dasu. 25.6% did not show any preference (Table A-3.55, Annexure A-3).

4.9.2 Mode of Compensation

Significant majority (93.5 %) of the residents of the area desired that the payments for

compensations against land/houses and other property should be in cash. Alternative

land for land was demanded by (0.8 %) and alternative land and building were

demanded by 5.3 % (Table A-3.56 Annexure A-3).

4.9.3 Knowledge about Construction of Dam

A large majority 84% of the residents of the Reservoir Area had knowledge about the

construction of Dasu Hydropower Project (Table A-3.57, Annexure A-3).

4.10 Commercial Activities

In view of the fact that Dasu Hydropower Project will have an ultimate impact on the

entire economic activity within the Study Area, it was necessary to capture the nature

and volume of the commercial activities to be affected. For that purpose, a detailed

census of all the shops and hotels and other business activities to be affected was

carried out. The profession/business wise inventory has been depicted in (Table A-2.2,


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Annexure A-2). In this regard, out of 30 business holders of the commercial activities,

likely to be affected by the proposed project, 20 were interviewed.

4.10.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Shops/Driver Hotels

Age

About 85% of the shopkeepers were less than 50 years old. Only two respondents (10

%) were above 50 years. One of the shopkeepers was below 20 years (Table A-3.58,

Annexure A-3).

Education

The illiterate respondents were 50%. Educated up to secondary level were 25%,

whereas 5% higher secondary, 10% graduates and post graduates and Deeni Uloom

(Religious Knowledge) were 5% each (Table A-3.59, Annexure A-3).

Tribes

Businessmen belonging to Shamat Khail, Sheen and Sheeda Khail were 35% , 30% and

15% respectively. Belonging to the other tribes were 5% each (Table A-3.60, Annexure

A-3).

4.10.2 Salient Findings - Shops/Driver Hotels

Ownership of the Shops/Driver Hotels

Ownership status of affected commercial activities of the Reservoir Area as shown in

(Table A-3.61, Annexure A-3) indicates that 45% of the affectees had self owned

structures and rest of the 55 percent were running their business in rented shops.

Occupancy Status

Occupancy status of affected commercial activities of the area as shown in Table 3.2.5

indicates that 80% of affectees had one shop each, 15% had two shops and one

respondent had more than three shops (Table A-3.62, Annexure A-3).

Nature of Business

Different kinds of commercial activities were observed in the area but only affected

commercial points were visited to conduct the survey. The classification of affected

business points is given in (Table A-3.63, Annexure A-3) which reflects that 40% of the

affected shops are general stores/grocery shops while 55% of the affected points are

driver hotels.

Sizes of Shops

55% of the shops were constructed on an area upto 250 sft, whereas, 30% of the shops

were constructed on 251 to 500 sft area. Size between 501 sft to 1000 sft accounted for

15 (Table A-3.64, Annexure A-3).

Nature of Construction

Most of the shops (45 %) were constructed of wood and are katcha, whereas, semi-

pacca, and pucca shops were 10 %, 40 % and 5 % respectively (Table A-3.65, Annexure

A-3).

Estimated value of the Shops/Driver Hotels

The estimated cost of 5% of the shops as reported was up to Rs 100,000. Whereas, the

cost of 35% of the shops was Rs 100,001 to Rs 200,000 and same percentage of the

shops was Rs 500,001 and above (Table A-3.66, Annexure A-3).


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Business Experience

The businessmen who had established their business in the year preceding data

collection were 5%. Whereas, 10%, 45% and 40% of the businessmen had established

their business since 2–5 years,6-10 years and more than 10 years earlier respectively


Estimated Value of Present Stock

The estimated value of the merchandise stock at the time of data collection varied from

less than Rs 100,000 to Rs 500,000. 45% of the affected shops/business points

possessed present stock of less than Rs 100,000 value, 35% shops had stock value

from Rs 100,001 to Rs 200,000. The values ranging between Rs 200,001 to Rs 300,000

and Rs 300,001 to Rs 400,000 were 10 % and 5 % respectively. While stock of value

ranging from Rs 400,001 to Rs 500,000 belonged to only 5 percent businessmen/shop

holders. Details are given in the (Table A-3.68, Annexure A-3).

Loss of Livelihood

Expected loss/disturbance of livelihood of the commercial manpower has been

measured through survey by counting actual number of workers for all affected

businesses in the Reservoir Area which is shown in (Table A-3.69, Annexure A-3). The

number of persons working on shops varied from 1 to 6 and more. The total number of

workers is 63 as only 20 business points are affected resulting in loss of their livelihood.

Modes of Payments

About 70 % of the businessmen sold their merchandise in cash while 30 % were

practicing both cash and credit modes (Table A-3.70, Annexure A-3).

Average Daily Sales of Goods/Services

The volume of average daily sales ranged between less than Rs 500 and Rs 5000 and

above. The majority (45 %) of daily sales were Rs 5000 and above. Details are given in


Average Daily Profit Earned

Daily profit of 65 percent of the businessmen was up to Rs 1000 per day. Whereas, 10%,

15 % and 10 % of the business men were earning profit / per day between Rs 1001 and

Rs1500, Rs1501 and Rs 2000 and Rs 2001 and above respectively. The detail is given


4.10.3 Residential Hotel

In Reservoir Area only one residential hotel is running business, which will be

submerged during the construction of dam. This hotel building (PTDC Barseen) has

been rented out to a private party for the period of one year by Pakistan Tourism

Development Corporation.

4.11 Village Profile

An interviewing schedule was structured to prepare a comprehensive profile of major

villages that were likely to be submerged due to the proposed construction of dam. There

were also small villages/settlements where the houses were scattered. Total 13

questionnaires were filled in by interviewing notable/elder of each out of 25

villages/settlements of the Reservoir Area. List of respondent’s names (Village Profile) is

given in Table (Table A-2.3, Annexure A-3).


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4.11.1 Characteristics of Respondents

Age

30.8% of the respondents were in the age group of 36 to 40 years. Only 15.4% of the

respondents were more than 50 years of age (Table A-3.73, Annexure A-3).

Education

Significant majority (61.5%) of respondents were illiterate. Educational level of remaining

individuals was in different proportions as shown in (Table A-3.74, Annexure A-3).

4.11.2 Characteristics of Villages

Tribes

Affiliation of the respondents residing in the villages in the area was with the owner tribes

i.e. Bohi Khail, Chalees Khail, Shamat Khail, Sheen, Shalkan Khail, Eiska Khail and

Shukur Khail. As regards non-owner tribes, small number of Soniwal and Gujars were

residing in these villages.

Languages Spoken

Kohistani was the main language spoken in all the villages. Shina, Pashtoo and Urdu

were the other languages spoken in different proportions (Table A-3.75, Annexure A-3).

Accessibility

There were different kinds of accessibilities to villages from KKH. The people of eight

villages (61.5 %) use track, 7.7 %, 23.1 % and 7.7 % use un-metalled road, dolly and

suspension bridge respectively (Table A-3.76, Annexure A-3).

Population of Villages

The population of villages varied from less than 100 to 2000 individuals. The villages

having less than 100 persons were 15.4 %. Whereas remaining 30.8 % of the villages

were populated with 101-200 and 201-300 persons each. Population of village with 301-

400 were 15.4%. Only one village (7.7 %) had population between 1001-2000 persons

(Table A-3.77 Annexure A-3).

Housing Units in the Villages

Number of housing units in the villages varied from 10 to 100. Villages with housing units

up to 50 were 92.3%. Whereas, only one village (7.7 %) was with housing units between

51-100 (Table A-3.78 Annexure A-3).

Educational Facilities

In the social sector, educational facilities are the most important requirement. Given the

level of development in the area, most of the areas are without such facilities.

Government primary schools for boys had been established in 4 villages (30.8 %) of the

area. There was only one Government high School and Deeni Madrassa (Religious

School) for boys in the area. Whereas, there were only three primary schools for girls in

the area. Prejudice exists against female education and most of the respondents were

not in favour of educating the girls (Table A-3.79 and A-3.80, Annexure A-3).

Institutional Facilities

Hospital and basic health unit had been set up only in one village each. Mosques had

been constructed on self help basis and were being maintained by the communities at 12

villages. Banks and post office were non-existing in the villages and were available only

in Dasu (Table A-3.81, Annexure A-3).


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Civic Facilities

Grocery shops selling items of daily household consumption had been set up in the

(23.1 %) of the villages by the villagers. Medical store existed only in one village, Lined

drainage, street light and telephone facilities were not available in any village. Electricity

was available in 76.9% of the villages. Graveyards were being maintained in 69.2% of

the villages (Table A-3.82, Annexure A-3).

Sources of Water

Channels/nullah water was the major source (61.6 %) in the villages. Water supply

system through springs had been set up in 23.1% villages, whereas, spring water was

being used by 15.4% of the residents of the villages in Reservoir area (Table A-3.83,

Annexure A-3).

Common Diseases

Majority of the diseases that commonly occurred in the Reservoir Area were infectious

and water born occurring mainly because of the non availability of safe drinking water,

high habitation density and low quality housing. The diseases like Diahorea, Typhoid,

Goiter, TB and Hepatitis were reported by the respondents.

Child Birth Attendant

Most of the child births took place at homes attended by elderly ladies, who had little or

no formal training. The facility of a trained birth attendant was not available in any of the

villages (Table A-3.84, Annexure A-3).

Ownership Rights

Owner tribes had the full rights to sell/purchase the land/property in the area as reported

by 92.3% of the respondents (Table A-3.85, Annexure A-3).

Influential Persons

Tribal heads were considered influential in the area by 92.3% of the respondents


Dispute Resolution

The disputes relating to property, control of natural resources and other domestic

disputes were mostly (84.6 %) settled by Jirgah. Head of tribes were also involved 15.4

% while resolving these disputes (Table A-3.87, Annexure A-3).

Migrations by Locals

The majority of people of the villages migrated to higher elevations due to hot weather.

They migrate along with animals in the months of May-June and come back in the end of

October (Table A-3.88 and A-3.89, Annexure A-3).

Grains and Livestock Markets

Proper grain and livestock markets were not available in the villages of the area. In

majority (61.5 %) of the cases, the villagers had to go to nearby villages for sale and

purchase of grains/livestock. Different market places are given in (Table A-3.90,

Annexure A-3).

Pressing Needs of Locals

Health, education, safe drinking water, proper electricity, roads, supply of irrigation

water, suspension bridges and sewerage system were the major needs of the area.

Historical Monuments

46 numbers of Rock Carving (Petroglyphs) were existing only in Shatyial. Historical ruins

were non-existent in all the villages of Reservoir Area.


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5. LOWER RIPARIAN AREA-FINDINGS

5.1 Household Sample Survey

The information was collected from 341 heads of the sampled households. Inventory of

the respondent’s names (household sample survey) is given (Table A-2.4, Annexure-A-

2). The results of the studies and findings on the relevant aspects are discussed in the

following sub-sections. Distribution and average family size with regard to

villages/settlements is given in (Table A-4.1, Annexure A-4).

5.1.1 Characteristics of the Heads of the Household

Age

22.9% of the heads of household were in age group of 21 to 30 years. Whereas, 34.6%

of them were in age group of 31 to 40 years and 40.5% were above 40 years age. Only

small percentage (2.1 %) was less than 20 years of age (Table A-4.2, Annexure A-4).

Marital Status

A significant majority (97.9 %) of the respondent were married males. Remaining few

(1.8 %) were un-married and one was widow. Traditionally people are married at an early

age (Table A-4.3, Annexure A-4).

Education

Educational distribution of the respondents is shown in (Table A-4.4, Annexure A-

4).which indicates that among 341 respondents, 9.4% have primary level education,

4.7% have middle level education, 24.3% have secondary level education, 7.6% have

intermediate level education. 3.5 %, 0.6 %, 2.6 % and 1.5 % were educated up to

graduation, post graduation, Deeni Uloom (religious knowledge) and professional

graduate respectively. A good proportion (45.7 %) of the respondents had never been to

school.

Tribes

By virtue of their local tribal origin 94.6 % tribes are considered as the owners of the land

and natural resources like minerals, jungles and cattle rearing of the mountains in the

Project Area. Being non-locals by tribal origin, Pattan, Lohar, Awan and Syed are non

owner tribes. These tribes are without any right to purchase land of the mountains and to

have share in the natural resources. Non-owner tribes constituted 5.4 % (Table A-4.5,

Annexure A-4).

Occupational Status

About (15.0%) of the responses were in the category of farmers,32.8 % were in

trade/business, 34.3 % were serving in different government /private offices and 1.2 %

were engaged in cattle farming. General labors were 7.0% and rest of them were in other

miscellaneous occupations (Table A-4.6, Annexure A-4).

Language Spoken

Kohistani and Shina both were spoken by 74.5 % of the respondents of the area, Only

Kohistani was spoken by 10.6 % and Shina by 15.0 % (Table A-4.7, Annexure A-4).

5.1.2 Household Details

Population and its distribution

Based on the sample survey and information gathered through interviewing the notables

of the area, the population by sex and different age groups has been estimated and sex


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ratio worked out as number of males for every 100 female was 102 (Table A-4.8,

Annexure A-4).

Family Size

Size of the family ranged from between 5 or less and 31 and more members. Large

families are supposedly joint families. 57.8 % have family members between 6 to 10.

Details are given in (Table A-4.9, Annexure A-4).

Family Structure

Generally Nuclear family system (61.0 %) and exogamy (60.4 %) was prevalent in the

lower riparian area. The oldest male member is the head of the family. Other groupings

include the father, son and their families. In decision making, the oldest member

determines the family’s interests and makes decisions with regard to the family (Table A-

4.10, Annexure A-4).

Child Births

Regarding the child births within the households, 41.1 %, 5.9 % and 3.2 % reported one,

two and more than two child births, respectively, whereas, no child births were reported

by 49.9 % (Table A-4.11, Annexure A-4).

Deaths

No deaths were reported within the households by majority 93.3 % of the respondents,

whereas only one death (5.0 %) was reported (Table A-4.12, Annexure A-4).

Causes of Deaths

Different causes of deaths were reported by the respondents. Different diseases which

occurred in the area were Typhoid, during delivery and others (Table A-4.13, Annexure

A-4).

School Going Children

Out of the male children of school going age in the households 75.7% were going to

school, whereas, 56% of the females were reportedly attending school in the lower

riparian area (Tables A-4.14 and A-4, 15, Annexure A-4).

Vocational / Technical Skills

Majority (92.7%) of the males of the sampled households did not have any specific

vocational skill, while others were trained as vehicle driver, carpenter, mason, computer

operator, electrician and tailors (Table A-4.16, Annexure A-4).

Aspired Vocational Skills for Family Members

The only aspired vocational skill for the female members was tailoring/embroidery (31.1

%). Most (92.4 %) of the respondents did not prefer any vocational skill for their male

members, whereas the rest desired that the male members should be trained as tailors,

vehicle driver, mechanic, medical and electrician(Table A-4.17, Annexure A-4).

Sources of Income

Agriculture provides income and work for (36.9 %) of the households of the lower

riparian area. Other major sources were trade (15.5 %), service (22.0 %), labor (7.0 %)

and others (Table A-4.18, Annexure A-4).

Monthly Family Income

Monthly income of 3.2% of the households was less than Rs. 3000, whereas,

9.7% were earning between Rs.3001 and Rs.5000, 19.4% were between Rs.5001 and

7000, 19.1% between Rs. 7001 and Rs. 9000,18.5%t between Rs.9001 and

Rs.11000,(5.3 %) were between Rs.11001 and 13000 and 25% were earning Rs.13001


A-23

and above (Table A-4.19, Annexure A-4).

Monthly Family Expenditure

2.9% of the households were spending less than Rs. 3000, whereas, the monthly

expenditure of 12.9% were between Rs.3001 and Rs.5000, 23.5% were between

Rs.5001 and 7000, 20.2% between Rs. 7001 and Rs. 9000, 16.1% between Rs.9001

and Rs.11000 and 24.4% spend Rs.11001 and above (Table A-4.20, Annexure A-4).

Modes of Payments

67.4 % of the households were purchasing their monthly household items in cash,

whereas 32.6% were purchasing on credit/deferred payment (Table A-4.21, Annexure A-

4).

5.1.3 Housing Characteristics

Ownership of House

During the field visit of the lower riparian area it was observed that among 341

respondents interviewed 98.2% houses were self owned (Table A-4.22, Annexure A-4).

Nature of Houses

33.7% of the houses were reported to be katcha (mud), whereas, 18.8% of the houses

were semi-pacca and 47.5% were pacca (Table A-4.23., Annexure A-4).

Number of Rooms

The housing units having one room were 15.0%, whereas, 33.4% were having two

rooms, 20.5% having three rooms, 15.0% having four rooms and 16.1% having five and

more than five rooms(Table A-4.24, Annexure A-4).

Number of Bathrooms / Latrines

The housing units having one bathroom/latrine were 35.8%, whereas, 37.8% have two

10.3% have three and 11.7% have more than three bathrooms/latrines. 4.4% are without

this facility (Table A-25., Annexure A-4).

Housing Area

The total area of the housing unit varied from one marla to 20 marlas. 1.5% housing

units were constructed on less than 5 marlas, whereas, 0.9% housing units were on 5-10

marlas and 0.9% were on 10-20 marlas (Table A-4.26, Annexure A-4).

Age of Housing Units

Newly constructed (less than 5 years) housing units were 19.1%. The old houses (10.6

%) were constructed more than twenty years ago, whereas, construction age of majority

(70.4 %) of the housing units was from 5 to less than 20 years (Table A-4.27, Annexure

A-4).

Estimated Value of Housing Units

Almost all the residents were living in self-owned houses. The total cost including the

cost of land and construction of the housing units in the lower riprian area as reported

are given in the table. It varied from less than Rs.100, 000 to Rs.500, 000 and above per

housing unit (Table A-4.28, Annexure A-4).

Separate rooms for Animals

Generally, a house was divided into two parts; residential area and animal room. A large

majority (75 %) of the households had separate animal room and were mostly (74.2 %)

katcha (mud) rooms (Table A-4.29 and A-4-30, Annexure A-4).


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Facilities Available in the Housing Units

Electricity and water supply (through springs) was available in 84.7% of the households.

Electricity, water supply and telephone facilities were available in only 12.3% of the

households in the area, whereas, 2.9% had no such facilities (Table A-4.31, Annexure A-

4).

Fuel Use for Illumination, Lighting, Heating and Cooking

Electricity was available in 96.5% of the households in the lower riparian area which was

mainly used for illumination purpose. Wood was the most commonly used material for

cooking of food and heating during winter season. The details are given in (Table A-4.32,

Annexure A-4).

Estimated Cost of Fuel

3.8% of the families had to spend up to Rupees 10000 per year for fuel. Where as 96.2%

of the families consumed fuel costing more than Rupees 10000 (Table A-4.33, Annexure

A-4).

Material Possessions of the Households

Material possession is an important indicator of one’s standard of living. A household

may have only one item costing high price (car, motor cycles, power generator etc) and

also other items like fan, iron costing low price. (Table A-4.34, Annexure A-4) contains

information about different material possessions.

Sources of Water

Main sources of water for drinking were public water supply through spring (84.8 %),

spring (10.9 %),channel (2.1 %) and nullah (1.5 %), Whereas, the sources of water for

washing and bathing being used by (84.8 %) was public water supply through springs,

(2.6%) channel and (1.5 %) through nullah. Major source of water for agriculture and

livestock was channel (53.4 %) (Tables A-4.35 through A-4.37, Annexure A-4).

Evidence of Sale/Purchase of Property

No proper land ownership records are available for the area. During field visit 75.1%

residents of the area have personal evidence of sale/purchase of land was recorded,

whereas only 16.4% cases judicial stamp paper was also used for recording a deed at

the time of sale/purchase of land or property (Tables A-4.38 and A-4.39, Annexure A-4).

5.2 Agriculture

Tenancy Status

Majority (42.8 %) of the residents of the lower riparian area were owner operator.

Whereas, 10.9% were owner-cum-tenants, only 12.9% were tenants and 33.1% had no

agricultural land (Table A-4.40, Annexure A-4).

Size of Holdings

Only 30.5% of the farming communities owned more than 10 kanal whereas, majority

36.8% owned land less than 10 kanal of land (Table A-4.41, Annexure A-4).

Agricultural Implements

Subsistence farming with primitive implements was being practiced in the lower riparian

area. Oxen were mostly used for farming operations. This is why plough for oxen was

the most commonly (39.3%) owned and used as agricultural implement.17% farmers had

no implements (Table A-4.42, Annexure A-4).

Major Crops

Wheat, Maize and Vegetable were the main (58.9 %) crops grown in the lower riparian


A-25

area. There are also two harvests in the area, classified into Kharif (summer) and Rabi

(winter). The most important kharif crop is maize, whereas, wheat is the major Rabi crop.

Other crops are sown according to season (Table A-4.43, Annexure A-4).

Cost of Agriculture Land

Only one percent of the farmers reported their agriculture land was worth Rs.100,000 per

kanal. Whereas,11.4 % of the farmers reported cost ranging between Rs. 100,000 and

Rs.200, 000 and 54.6% between Rs 200,001 and Rs. 350,000 (Table A-4.44, Annexure

A-4).

Estimated Yearly Cost of Seed

Seed of different crops was purchased by 56.0% of the farmers. 9.7% of them had to

spend up to Rs 1000 per year. Whereas those who spent Rs.1001 to Rs.2000 were

12.6%, while only 14.7% purchased seed costing more than Rs.2000. Own farm produce

seed was used by 29.9% (Table A-4.45, Annexure A-4).

Estimated Yearly Cost of Fertilizer

Significant majority (56 %) of the farmers applied chemical fertilizer to their crops. Those

who spent Rs.1000 and less on fertilizer purchase were 11.4% .Whereas, 15.2% were

spending Rs.1001 and Rs.2000 and 29.3% more than Rs.2000 (Table A-4.46, Annexure

A-4).

5.3 Livestock

Animals Holdings

As per information gathered in the sample survey of the lower riparian area, livestock

population and its percentage are given in (Table A-4.47, Annexure A-4).

Estimated Yearly Cost of Fodder for Livestock

Source of fodder for about 26.4% of the residents of the area was their own farm

produce, whereas 14.4% and 14.7% of them had to spend up to Rs 6000 and 14.7% had

to spend between Rs 6001 and Rs 10000 respectively. While the remaining 44.6 %

spend more than Rs 10000 (Table A-4.48, Annexure A-4).

5.4 Borrowing

Amount Borrowed

Majority (90.6 %) of the residents of the lower riparian area did not borrow any money

during the preceding year. Money borrowrd ranged between less than Rs 25000 to

Rs.400000 and above. Table shows the different percentages of the amount borrowed


Source of Borrowing Money

Among those who borrowed, preferred sources like relatives (5.9 %) and friends (2.1 %).

Only four household got loan from a bank (Table A-4.50, Annexure A-4).

Usages of Borrowed Money

The money borrowed by the residents of the area was mainly (4.7 %) used for meeting

the household needs, while 1.8% got loan for medical treatment (Table A-4.51, Annexure

A-4).

Knowledge about Construction of Dasu Project

A large majority 92% of the residents of the lower Riparian area had know about the

construction of Dasu Hydropower Project (Table A-4.52, Annexure A-4).


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5.5 Commercial Activities - Shops

A sample survey of commercial activities was carried out in the lower riparian area. The

inventory is given in (Table A-2.5, Annexure A-2) and general findings are given below.

5.5.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Shops

Age

91% of the shopkeepers were less than 50 years old. Only thirteen respondents 9 %

were above 50 years (Table A-4.53, Annexure A-4).

Education

The illiterate respondents were 35.3%. Educated up to secondary level were 35.3 %,

whereas, 17.6% were graduates (Table A-5.4., Annexure A-4).

Tribes

Businessmen belonging to Shamat Khail, Sheen and Sheeda Khail were 24.4% Other

tribes in the business are given in (Table A-4.55, Annexure A-4).

5.5.2 Shops - Findings

Ownership of the Shops

Ownership status of commercial activities of the lower riparian area as shown in (Table

A-4.56, Annexure A-4) indicates that 21% were having self owned structures and rest of

the 79% were running their business in rented shops.

Occupancy Status

Occupancy status of commercial activities of the area as shown in (Table A-4.57,

Annexure A-4) indicates that 65.5% were having one shop each, 16.9 percent have two

shops and 17.6 % respondents had three and more than three shops.

Nature of Business

Different kinds of commercial activities were observed in the area. The classification of

business points given in (Table A-4.58, Annexure A-4) reflects that 34.5% of the shops

are general stores/grocery shops. While 65.5% of business points are of different nature.

Sizes of Shops

72% of the shops were constructed on an area 250 sft and less, whereas, 20% of the

shops were constructed on 251 to 500 sft area. Size between 501 sft and 1000 sft

accounted for 5 % of the shops (Table A-4.59, Annexure A-4).


Most of the shops 77.7 % were pucca, whereas, semi-pucca, katcha and constructed

with wood were 5.4 %, 3.4 % and 13.5 % respectively (Table A-4.60, Annexure A-4).

Estimated Value of the Shops

The estimated cost of 9.5% of the business activities as reported was up to Rs 100,000.

Whereas , the cost of 6.1% of the shops was Rs 100,001 and Rs 200,000 and 25.1% of

the shops was between Rs 200,001, Rs 500,000, 59.5% were Rs 500,001 and

above(Table A-4.61, Annexure A-4).

Business Experience


collection were 3.4%. Whereas, 29.1%, 25.0% and 41.2% of the businessmen had

established their business since 1–5 years,6-10 years and more than 10 years


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respectively (Table A-4.62, Annexure A-4).

Estimated Value of Present Stock

The estimated value of the merchandise stock at the time of data collection varied from

less than Rs 100,000 to Rs 500,000 and above. 31.8% of the shops/business points

possessed present stock of less than Rs 100,000 value, 27% shops had stock value

from Rs 100,001 to Rs 200,000. The values ranging between Rs 200,001 and Rs

300,000 and Rs 300,001 and Rs 400,000 were 4.7 % and 12.8 % respectively. While

stock value ranging from Rs 400,001 to Rs Rs 500,000 were 6.8% and 16.2%

businessmen/shop holders were above Rs 500,000. Details are given in the (Table A-


Number of Persons Working on Business Activities

Commercial manpower has been estimated through survey by counting actual number of

workers in the lower riparian area which is shown in (Table A-4.64, Annexure A-4). The

number of persons working on shops varied from 1 to 6 and above.

Modes of Payments

70% of the businessmen sold their merchandise in cash while 39.9 % were practicing

both cash and credit modes (Table A-4.65, Annexure A-4).

Average Daily Sales of Goods/Services

The volume of average daily sales ranged between less than Rs 500 to Rs 5000 and

above. The majority 26.4 % of daily sales were Rs 5000 and above. Details are given in


Average Daily Profit Earned

Average daily profit of 61.5% of the businessmen was up to Rs 1000. Whereas, 7.4%,

5.4 % and 8.1 % of the business men were earning profit / per day between Rs 1001 to

Rs1500, Rs1501 and Rs 2000 and Rs 2001 and above respectively. The detail is given


5.6 Commercial Activities - Residential Hotels

For the purpose, a detailed census of residential hotels and a sample survey was carried

out. The inventory is given in (Table A-2.6, Annexure A-2).

5.6.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Hotels

Age

88.2% of the shopkeepers were less than 50 years old. Only two respondents 12 % were

above 50 years (Table A-4.68, Annexure A-4).

Education

The illiterate respondents accounted for 35.3%. Educated up to secondary level 47.1%,

whereas 17.6% were graduates (Table A-4.69, Annexure A-4).

Tribes

Businessmen belonging to Shamat Khail were 41.2%. Details for other tribes are given in


5.6.2 Hotels - Findings

Number of Rooms

Number of rooms available in the hotels is given in (Table A-4.71, Annexure A-4) which


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indicates that majority of hotels 41.2% were having 11-15 rooms.

Sizes of Hotels

35% of the hotels were constructed on an area of one kanal or less, whereas, 23.5 % of

the hotels were constructed on 1 to 2 kanals. Other details are given in (Table A-4.72,

Annexure A-4).

Numbers of Floors

Most of the hotels 70.6 % were having double floor, whereas, single floor hotels were

29.4% (Table A-4.73, Annexure A-4).

Estimated value of Plots of the Hotels

The estimated cost of 17.6% of the plots of hotel as reported, ranged between Rs

500,001 and Rs 1,000,000 whereas, the cost of 5.9% of the land was Rs 1,500,001 to

Rs 2,000,000 while 76.5% of the hotels land valued Rs 2,500,001 and above(Table A-


Estimated value of Building of the Hotels

The estimated cost of 11.8% of the buildings of hotels as reported ranged between Rs

500, 000 and less whereas, the cost of 17.6% of the building was Rs 500,001 to Rs

1,000,000 building cost of and 47.1% of the hotels was Rs 5,000,001 and above (Table

A-4.75, Annexure A-4).

Estimated value of Fixtures in the Hotels

The estimated cost of the fixtures in17.6% hotels was Rs 200,000 and less. Whereas ,

the cost of 23.5% was Rs 200,001 to Rs 400,000 and cost of the fixtures of 41.2%

hotels was Rs 400,001 to 600,000 while the cost of 17.6% was Rs 600,001 and above


Estimated value of Other Items in the Hotels

The estimated cost of other items in 11.8% of the hotels was Rs 100,000 and less.

Whereas, the cost of 5.9% was Rs 100,001 to Rs 200,000 while 82.4% had no such

items (Table A-4.77, Annexure A-4).

Components Available in the Hotels

The number of components i.e. kitchen, dining hall, restaurant, reception etc available in

hotel business was assessed. As per information gathered from sample survey, only

5.9% had components like reception, dinning hall, kitchen and provision of shops in the

hotels, whereas three hotels 17.6 % had only kitchen (Table A-4.78, Annexure A-4).

Facilities Available in the Rooms of the Hotels

A survey about different facilities available i.e. attached bath, fans, air cooler, hot water,

telephone etc available in the rooms of the hotels was conducted. The majority of hotels

47.1 % had attached baths, telephone, hot water and electric facilities available with the

rooms (Table A-4.79, Annexure A-4).

Number of Clients

Numbers of clients who avail the room facilities in winter and summer seasons were

recorded during the field visit and recorded in (Table A-4.80 and A-4.81, Annexure A-4).

Room Rent per Day in the Hotels

Different slabs of room rent were charged for single bed room and double bed room by

hotel management. Room rents per day in rupees are given in(Table A-4.82 and A-4.83,

Annexure A-4).


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Business Experience


collection were 5.9%. Whereas, 47.1%, 11.8% and 35.3% of the businessmen had

established their business since 1–5 years,6-10 years and more than 10 years

respectively (Table A-4.84, Annexure A-4).

Number of Persons Working on Business Activities

Manpower working on business activities was estimated through survey by counting

actual number of workers in the lower riparian area which is shown in (Table A-4.85,

Annexure A-4). The number of persons working with hotels varied from 1 to 16 and

above.

Average Monthly Profit Earned

Average monthly profit of 35.4% of the businessmen was up to Rs 50,000 per month.

Whereas, 23.5%, 41.2% of the owners of the hotels were earning profit / per month

Rs 50,001 to Rs75, 000 and Rs 75,001 and above respectively. The detail is given in


5.7 Village Profile

Questionnaires given in Table 5 were filled in by interviewing one respondent each of the

5 out of 7 villages/settlements of the lower riparian area. A list of respondent’s names

(Village Profile) is given in Table A-2.7, Annexure A-2.

5.7.1 Characteristics of Respondents

Age

About 20% each of the respondents were of the age group of 31 to 35 and 36 to 40

years. Majority 60 percent of the respondents were 41 to 45 years of age (Table A-4.87,

Annexure A-4).

Education

All respondents were educated and not less than secondary level. The education level

was in different proportions as shown in (Table A-4.88, Annexure A-4).

5.7.2 Characteristics of Villages

Tribes

Affiliation of the respondents residing in the villages in the area was with the owner tribes

i.e. Eiskal, Shamat Khail, Boot Khail and Jalkoti. As regards non-owner tribes, small

number of Pattans were residing in these villages.

Languages Spoken

Kohistani and Shina were the main languages spoken almost in all the villages. Pashtoo

and Urdu were the other languages spoken in different proportions (Table A-4.89,

Annexure A-4).

Accessibility

There were different kinds of accessibilities to village from KKH. The people of two

villages 20% used track. Whereas 20 % and 40% were used un-metalled and metalled

roads (Table A-4.90, Annexure A-4).

Population of Villages

The population of villages varied from less than 200 to 5000 and above individuals. The

villages having population between 201 to 300 persons were 20 %.Whereas 20 % of the


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villages were populated with 1001-2000 and 40 % with 3001 to 4000 persons. One

village 20% has population above 5000 persons (Table A-4.91, Annexure A-4).

Housing Units in the Villages

Number of housing units in the villages varied from 30 to 1000. Villages with housing

units up to 500 were 80%. Whereas, only one village 20% was with housing units

between 501-1000 (Table A-4.92, Annexure A-4).

Educational Facilities

Government primary schools for boys had been established in all the 5 villages of the

area. There were three government high schools and one middle school for boys in the

area. Whereas, there were three primary and high schools for girls in the area and two

villages had no educational facilities (Table A-4.93 and A-4.94, Annexure A-4).

Institutional Facilities

All institutional facilities i.e. hospital, basic health unit, bank, post office etc had been set

up only in one village. Village wise facilities available and given in (Table A-4.95,

Annexure A-4).

Civic Facilities

Grocery shops selling items of daily household consumption, electricity and graveyard

had been set up in all the villages. Lined drainage and street light facilities were not

available in any of the five villages. Medical store is available in 40 percent of the

villages/settlements. Telephone facilities were available in 60% villages/settlements


Sources of Water

Water supply system through springs was the major sources 60% in the

villages.Whereas, spring water and nullah was being used by 20% each of the residents

of the villages in lower riparian area (Table A-4.97, Annexure A-4).

Common Diseases

Majority of the diseases that commonly occurred in the lower riparian area i.e. Common

Cold, Malaria, Diahorea, Typhoid, TB and Hepatitis were reported by the respondents.

Child Birth Attendant

Most of the child births took place at homes attended by elderly ladies, who had little or

no formal training. The facility of a trained birth attendant was not available in any of the

villages (Table A-4.98 and A-4.99, Annexure A-4).

NGO’s

In three villages/settlements there were small numbers of NGO’s working on different

projects (Table A-4.100, Annexure A-4).

Historical Places

There is only one old village Seo 20 % located in lower riparian area where there is one

grave yard which is about 400 years old and one beautiful old mosque built with wooden

pillars and beams with carving and floral motif on these. No religious and historical site

shrines temples etc were observed in the rest 80% of the villages(Table A-4.101,

Annexure A-4).

Ownership Rights

Owner tribes had the full rights to sell/purchase the land/property in the area as reported

by the respondents.


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Influential Persons

Tribal heads were considered influential in the area under study.

Dispute Resolution

The disputes relating to property, control of natural resources and other domestic

matters were mostly settled by Jirgah. Head of tribes were also involved in resolving

these disputes.

Grains and Livestock Markets

Formal grain and livestock markets were not available in the villages of the area. In

majority 80 % of the cases the villagers had to go to nearby settlement (Komila) for sale

and purchase of grains/livestock (Table A-4.102, Annexure A-4).

5.8 Public Health

The people in the lower riparian area have a tendency to get treatment from traditional /

faith– healers due to lack of suitable and sufficient health facilities. Bad sanitary

conditions, insufficient medical facilities and meager parental care, contribute to the

prevalence of poor health and mortality in the area.

There are 41 health units in Kohistan District given below.

Rural Health Unit 3

Basic Health Unit 34

Leprosy Centre 2

T .B. Centre 1

Civil Dispensary 1

Total 41

There are only seven doctors and three lady health visitors working in whole of the

district. Respondents in the area informed that there is no lady doctor in the area and

female patients are facing problems to go to male doctor for medical treatment due to the

observance of pardah (veil) system.


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6. GENERAL FINDINGS

6.1 Role of Women

The women have no formal role in the authority structure of the villages in the Study

Area. There are no maternity homes or trained lady health visitors (LHVs) in the villages.

This is the main reason of infant and maternal mortality. Most of the women stay at

home. They travel outside the home/village only when they are in a serious condition and

need to get urgent treatment from the hospitals in Dasu, Mansehra and Abbottabad city

or to attend weddings of relatives. Women in the Study Area are responsible for food

preparation and to look after the children and family which keeps them fully occupied for

14-16 hours a day. Pardah (veil) is observed by all the families. The role of women will

assume greater importance due to the increased activity in all the socio-economic and

socio-cultural fields in the Study Area after completion of the Project. On the whole, the

local culture has allocated lower status to women as compared to men. This is reflected

in placing little value to the education of females and giving them little role in decision

making particularly in respect of issues that relate to their own life.

6.2 Indigenous People and Women Headed Households

During the social field survey of the Project, efforts were made to identify the indigenous

and women headed households along the Project corridor but no such group of people

was identified which comes under the definition of “Indigenous People” as per W.B.O.P.

4.20.

6.3 Tourism

Dasu Hydropower Project area in NWFP is located on way to Northern Area along Kara

Koram Highway. With the creation of a big reservoir at Dasu the place will become a

cherished site for tourists on their journey to northern areas.

Northern Pakistan has the greatest concentration of highest peaks. It has 5 peaks over

8000 m including worlds second highest K-2, 29 peaks over 7500 m and 121 over 7000

m. These are challenging to Mountaineers and Climbers all over the world. Karakoram

Highway passing through project area is the famous centuries old Silk Route used for

trade and pilgrimage between China, Subcontinent, Middle East and West. Two of the

famous religions i.e. Islam and Buddhism traveled and spread in China through this

route. There are several archeological sites all over the route between Mansehra and

Gilgit. Dasu Project area too has its share in the form of clusters of ancient stone carving

(Petro Ghlyphs) near Shatyal at upstream end of Dasu reservoir. The project area can

be turned into a favourite staging/stoppage point for thousands of tourists on their way

provided suitable facilities and infrastructure for comfortable stay are developed.

Facilities such as good hotels, motels, water sports, fishing/angling etc are required for

the purpose. The tourism will have a positive effect on socio-economy, create

employment opportunities, and help boost business and trade.

6.4 Archaeological, Historical and Religious Sites

Dasu Hydropower Project lies along Karakoram Highway which has been the fabulous

Silk Route for thousands of years along which trade between China, Middle East and

Europe took place. Chinese pilgrims Fahyan and Haven Tsany also used this route to

visit Buddhist University at Taxila, other seats of religions learning and relics of Buddha.

(During their journey preachers priests and etched images of activities and sayings of

Buddha on the rocks and boulders all along the road from Swat to Gilgit and beyond).

The 73 km long stretch of the proposed Dasu reservoir along KKH has its own share of


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ancient pictographs. There is a cluster of about 46 numbers carvings along road near

Shatial on left bank of the Indus river. These depict Buddha spreading knowledge and

wisdom among his disciples and locals during his stay and sermons in this area. These

are sites of archeological importance in the proposed reservoir area dating back from 6th

to 7th century A.D. Fifteen mosques also exist in Project area which will be submerged

due to the proposed project. No other historical or religious sites like shrines, temples

etc. exist in the Project area.

6.5 Relocation Concern

The area, which will be directly affected by the construction of the Dasu Project, is

reservoir area. About 278 housing units, 30 shops/driver hotels, 15 mosques, 3 schools

and 84 acres of agriculture land and 27 km section of KKH road will be submerged. The

people residing in those houses and commercial activities will be relocated. A

resettlement policy framework and entitlements have to be established to compensate

the affectees. Proper compensation will be given to the affectees in a judicious manner.


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7. Anticipated Socio-Economic Impacts

7.1 Construction Stage Impacts

This section describes the impacts of the proposed Project on local communities,

construction workers, indigenous and vulnerable people as well as on structures or sites

of cultural and religious significance.

Mobility of Locals

During the construction phase the general mobility of the local residents and their

livestock in and around the Project Area will be hindered. This will have adverse impact

on the locals.

Cultural Issues

Induction of outside workers in the Contractors labor may cause cultural issues related to

social and gender due to their unawareness of local customs and norms, of the local

community. This issue may also affect the construction stage of the project adversely.

Loss of Livelihood

Main asset and livelihood of people i.e. agriculture will be greatly affected during

construction stage of the Project in the reservoir area.30 numbers of commercial

activities will also be affected, as land acquisition will start prior to the construction stage.

Security and Accidental Risks

Unmonitored construction activities, e.g. blasting may create an accidental risk for the

local residents particularly their children.

The Project Area is sensitive from the law and order point of view and security of

Contractor and Consultant staff will need to be ensured.

Job Opportunities

During the construction period, local workers will get opportunity to work on semi-skilled

and labor work jobs; hence they will get experience of construction works resulting in

human resource development for future uplift activities. The Project will greatly affect the

lifestyle of the people. Local people will find themselves in a new era of prosperity. The

Project will have major effects on local economy, employment and income. These will be

positive impacts. Such developmental activities will bring more business to the area

boosting its economy. The income level of the local residents will increase providing

relief to the local residents and elevating poverty.

Socio-economic analysis is essential for assessment of the impacts of the Project on

people and communities in the vicinity. During construction stage employment

opportunities would increase resulting into increased per capita income and many other

facilities. During the field investigations some of the locals expressed that mostly

beneficial impacts of the project will occur.

7.2 Operational Stage Impacts

Socio-economic analysis for the impact assessment is more important in the operational

stage of the proposed Project, some of which are given below:

Socio-economic Uplift

The socio-economic impacts like business activities, employment, education, living

standard and cultural uplift are the direct benefits during this stage for the people of the

Study Area. Hence direct and indirect benefits will be occurring to local people through


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increased activity as a result of this Project.

Employment Activities

The Project would create a lot of employment opportunities for the local population

during its construction spreading over a considerable number of years and thereafter as

well. Locals will be hired for different jobs and other facilities like commodity market and

medical facilities.

Development of Skilled Labor

Human resources will be developed at local level for future development activities in the

area.

Mobility of Locals

During the operational stage the general mobility of the local residents and their livestock

of right and left bank of the river Indus already using five suspension bridges in the

reservoir area will be greatly affected. This will have a negative impact on the locals.

Availability of Institutional Activities

The institutional facilities like electricity, roads, dispensaries, proper drainage and

sewerage will help improve the lot of the people.

Agriculture

Agricultural development by generation of demand for fruits, vegetables and poultry will

occur during construction or post construction stage. It would give impetus to agro-

based, small scale and cottage industries, dairy and poultry development, rise in the

economic activities, rise in living standards of the general public and several other

aspects of socio-economic development.

Health Facilities

Health facilities will get a big boost in the Post project era to cater for the increased

population needs. It is expected that with the general development of the Project Area,

the need for educational facilities will also increase manifolds. This could be met from

improved resources generated from the proposed Project.


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8. Group Discussions and Scoping Sessions 8.1 Methodology

In accordance with the World Bank guidelines, consultation process was carried out with

the stakeholders/public in the Study Area. The outcome of the public consultations held

with different stakeholders is discussed in this section. The consultations were carried

out keeping in view the following major objectives:

Sharing of information with stakeholders/general public on the proposed Project activities

and expected impacts on the socio-economic conditions of the Project corridor.

Understanding the stakeholders’ concerns regarding various aspects of the project,

including the existing situation, construction works and the potential impacts of

construction-related activities and operation of the Project.

The public consultations include:

- Scoping sessions with stakeholders and general public.

- Focus group discussions with local communities.

Public participation and support, which is based on close interaction and awareness

about the objectives of the Project, is one of the critical factors for its success.

Consultations with stakeholders of Reservoir and Lower Riparian area have been carried

out during the field visits.

The objectives of stakeholder consultation were to share the perceptions and develop a

better understanding and contribution towards preparation of the report. Special efforts

were made to ensure that communication with the public was efficient and well balanced.

The main stakeholder groups were identified during the visits and consultations.

During the scoping session, people were informed about the Project objectives; in

particular, apprehensions of the locals regarding the proposed project were shared and

discussed. Extensive question and answer sessions were held to clarify the project

related works and activities in detail.

8.2 Scoping Sessions with the Community

The proceedings of the scoping sessions and main concerns of the people of the villages

of the Study Area about the proposed project are given below:

i) Date : April 29, 2007

Venue : Village Seo (at that time when Axis -2

was favoured) (Now in Lower Ripartian Area)

No. of Participants : 11

Name of Participants :

Mr. Haji Umar Khan Mr. Faiz Muhammad

Mr. Malik Distar Mr. Malik Ahmad Khan

Mr. Azizur Rehman Mr. Faqir Shah


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Mr. Malik Siraj Mr.Khalid

Mr. Sher Ghazi Mr. Umar Khan

Mr. Haji Abdul Saboor

Major Concerns of Locals: Loss of houses due to reservoir. Graves of our forefathers

and family members will be submerged. 400 years old wooden mosque will be

submerged. Not in favour of construction of dam at Axis – 2, otherwise we will protest

strongly.

Disruption of livelihood. Adverse impact on infrastructure. Loss of agricultural land and

orchards.

Livestock will suffer greatly. To become strangers/outsiders, homeless and landless is a

fear provoking situation for them. Great loss of social relationships. In case dam not

shifted from Axis – 2, resettle all families at one common place. Dispersal of society in

case of relocation.

In case of loss of agricultural land, houses and shops, compensation should be paid by

taking suggestion of the owner of the property.

ii) Date : June 24, 2007

Venue : Village Segal (Reservoir Area)



Mr. Shah Zaman Mr. Juma Saeed

Mr. Abdul Baqi Mr. Muhammad Hussain

Mr. Abdul Rafiq Mr. Abdul Qadir

Mr. Abdul Ghaffar Mr. Abdul Khalik

Mr. Asad Ullah Mr. Shahid Nazir

Mr. Noor Muhammad Mr. Noor Wali

Mr. Ibrahim Mr. Sher Gazab

Mr. Fazal Rehman

Major Concerns of Locals: Loss of houses due to reservoir. Disruption of livelihood.

Adverse impact on infrastructure. Loss of agricultural land and orchards. Livestock will

suffer greatly. To become strangers/outsiders, homeless and landless is a fear provoking

situation for them.

Great loss of social relationships. In case of resettlement, efforts shall be made to

resettle all families at one common place, if it is not possible then compensation should

be paid by taking suggestion of the owner of the property.

iii) Date : November 04, 2007

Venue : Village Kaigah (Reservoir Area)



Mr. Failqoos Malik Mr. Qazi Malook


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Mr. Mulvi Amir Zada Mr. Ahmed Sher

Mr. Sawal Bacho Mr. Sahib Zada

Mr. Kamil Mr. Shahzada

Mr. Badshah Mr. Subah Khan

Mr. Noor Afzal Mr. Noor Said

Mr. Hikmat Khan Mr. Sahib Jan


Adverse impact on infrastructure. To become strangers/outsiders, homeless and

landless is a fear provoking situation for them.

Loss of social relationships. In case of resettlement, efforts be made to resettle all

families at one common place, if it is not possible then compensation should be paid by

taking suggestion of the owner of the property.

iv) Date : November 06, 2007

Venue : Village Sazin (Reservoir Area)

No.of Participants : 10


Mr. Nosher Khan Mr. Malk Maskeen

Mr. Muhammad Safa Mr. Muhammad Beraj

Mr. Malik Zahoor Mr. Haji Enjeel

Mr. Sultan Mr. Shah Nawaz

Mr. Muhammad Nawaz Mr. Asil Khan

Major Concerns of Locals: Loss of houses due to reservoir.Los of agricultural land.

Disruption of livelihood. To become strangers/outsiders, homeless and landless is a fear

provoking situation for them.

Loss of social relationships. Dispersal of society in case of relocation. In case of loss of

agricultural land, houses and shops, compensation should be paid by taking suggestion

of the owner of the property.

v) Date : November 06, 2007

Venue : Village Shatial (Reservoir Area)



Mr. Ashdar Mehmood Mr. Khuma

Mr. Zaman Mr. Raham Dil

Mr. Rajab Khan Mr. Dil Muhammd

Mr. Farid Ullah Mr. Afsar Khan

Mr. Qadeer Khan Mr. Haji Narena

Mr. Dil Muhammad Mr. Jalil Khan

Mr. Badar Mr. Qamar Khan

Mr. Muhammad Nabi


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Major Concerns of Locals: Loss of houses due to reservoir. Loss of agricultural land.

Disruption of livelihood. Livestock will greatly suffer. To become strangers/outsiders,

homeless. In case of loss of agricultural land, houses and shops, compensation should

be paid by taking suggestion of the owner of the property.

vi) Date : November 06, 2007

Venue : Village Darel Bridge (Reservoir Area)



Mr. Nazeer Mr. Mujawar

Mr. Muhammad Saleem Mr. Raziman

Mr. Bawar Khan Mr. Hejab Khan

Mr. Abdul Mateen Mr. Sunar Khan

Mr. Jahangeer Khan Mr. Rustam

Major Concerns of Locals: Loss of houses due to reservoir. Loss of agricultural land.

Disruption of livelihood. To become strangers/outsiders, homeless. In case of loss of

agricultural land, houses and shops, compensation should be paid by taking suggestion

of the owner of the property.

vii) Date : November 06, 2007

Venue : Village Sammar Nullah and Commercial Activities

(Reservoir Area)



Mr. Muhammad Niaz Mr. Shamsher

Mr. Fareed Khan Mr. Dama

Mr. Syed Shah Mr. Muzamil Shah

Mr. Manzar Mr. Malik Noor Nabi

Mr. Muhammad Jamil Mr. Telawat Khan

Mr. Said Wali Mr. Fazal Naeem

Mr. Abdul Khaliq Mr. Shakuat Amin

Mr. Rehmat Ullah Mr. Muhammad Younas

Mr. Said Gul Badishah

Major Concerns of Locals: Loss of houses due to reservoir. Los of agricultural land.

Disruption of livelihood. Adverse impact on infrastructure. Business will completely

destroy. In case of loss of shops, hotels, houses, compensation should be paid by taking

suggestion of the owner of the property. Labour opportunities and other jobs for locals

should be given on priority basis.

viii) Date : November 03, 2007

Venue : Village Seglo (Reservoir Area)



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Mr. Malik Serbaz Mr. Malik Yousaf Khan

Mr. Muzamil Khan Mr.Dr. Fazal ur Rehman

Mr. Samandar Khan Mr. Duraj Khan

Mr. Muhammad Mustafa Mr. Muhammad Nabi

Mr. Muhammad Shahzad Khan Mr. Agal Khan

Mr. Hassan Wali Mr. Rasul Shah Khan

Mr. Said Azim Khan Mr. Molvi Taj

Mr. Haji Afsar Khan Mr. Haleem Khan

Mr. Haji Wali Dad Mr. Molvi Bhadar Shah

Mr. Hazrat Nabi Mr. Malik Aman Ullah

Mr. Haji Pir Wali Shah Mr. Haji Muhakam Shah


Adverse impact on infrastructure. Loss of agricultural land. Disruption of livelihood.

Livestock will suffer greatly. Loss of social relationships. Dispersal of society in case

relocation. In case of loss of agricultural land, and houses, compensation should be paid

by taking suggestion of the owner of the property.

Labour opportunities and other jobs for locals should be given on priority basis.

Establish training centers for locals.

ix) Date : November 04, 2007

Venue : Village Khashai and Chhochang

(Lower Riparian Area)



Mr. Molvi roshan Mr. Haji Jamroz

Mr. Ashraf Mr. Gul Zareen

Mr. Budamen Mr. Arba Shah

Mr. Boraq Mr. Gul Khan

Mr. Alif Said Mr. Afser Khan

Mr. Fazal Bari Mr. Passand Khan

Mr. Pir Zada Mr. Qayyum Khan

Mr. Mumtaz Khan Mr. Mumtaz Khan

Mr. Shafiq ur Rehman Mr. Zahoor ul Haq

Mr. Malik Sherdad Mr. Asghar Khan

Major Concerns of Locals: Labour opportunities and other jobs on priority basis. Clean

drinking water and health facilities, free electricity. Instutitonal and civic facilities,

Metalled road, Education facilities.

x) Date : November 03, 2007

Venue : Village Seo

(Lower Riparian Area)



A-41


Mr. Gul Namir Mr. Bakht Biland

Mr. Gul Dad Mr. Baga

Mr. Abdul Rehman Mr. Sirtaj

Mr. Ahmed Taj Mr. Haqeeb Ullah

Mr. Muhammad Uzair Mr. Umar Khan

Mr. Taj Muhammad Mr. Saraj

Mr. Akram Shah Mr. Ajmal

Mr. Fazal ur Rehman Mr. Rakhu

Mr. Abdar Mr. Aziz ur Rehman

Mr. Jumia Mr. Malik Distar

Mr. Sher Muhammad Mr. Haji Mukham Shah

Mr. Qadir Mr. Sher Ghazi

Mr. Said Muhammad

Major Concerns of Locals: Institutional and civic facilities, labour opportunities and

other jobs on priority basis. Clean drinking water and health facilities. Metalled road,

Irrigation channels, free electricity supplies.

8.3 Pressing Needs

After the analysis and assessment of the pressing needs and concerns shown by the

local community during public consultations / scoping sessions, following basic

requirements of the Study Area people were identified.

- Employment / labor opportunities

- Hospital/basic health units (BHUs)

- Schools for girls

- College for boys

- Metalled road

- Water for drinking and irrigation

- Electricity supplies on cheaper rate

These appear to be the genuine needs of locals of the Study Area which need to be

addressed.


A-42

9. MITIGATION MEASURES

9.1 Construction Stage

In general terms, the people affected will be compensated for the loss of their properties,

land and trees, and assisted financially to restore their affected structures/assets and

livelihoods, at least to pre-project levels. Households headed by women and other

vulnerable households if available will be eligible for further cash assistance for

relocation and house or structure reconstruction.

Plans for these resettlement will be based on a full census and detailed valuation

surveys which will provide a complete list of all those affected together with the type and

size of losses, along with the amount of compensation and/or financial assistance

assessed for each person affected.

- This process should be done at the time of relocation and at pre-construction

stage of the Project.

- An alternative to the portion of the KKH which will be submerged in the reservoir

should be established prior to the filing of reservoir. Cost of the road relocation

should be included in the cost of Project.

- Vocational training programs should be started to promote local employment. It is

very important to give priority to local community for employment in this Project.

- In order to raise the educational level of the people, it is essential to build more

schools in the Study Area.

- To develop social awareness of the people of the Study Area, it is necessary to

take the services of a social development officer during construction stage of the

Project.

- Long term planning should be made for welfare of the people of the Study Area.

- Health facilities should be provided to the people of the Study Area during

construction phase of the Project.

- Clean water supply is to be ensured through piped water supply from the natural

source (spring etc.) and by creating awareness among the users regarding the

significance of clean water usage.

- The contractor should use the local skilled and un-skilled labor as much as

possible.

9.2 Operational Stage

- To promote local employment, vocational training programs are necessary for

local community during the operation phase of the Project.

- It is equally necessary to give employment opportunities and involve the local

labor force during the operational stage of the Project.

- The services of a social development officer are essentially required during

operational stage for the social development and education of the people.


A-43

- The provision of alternative access to the suspension bridge which will be

submerged in the reservoir. Bridges are essential during operational stage for the

local communities residing on right bank of the river Indus for access to KKH.

Due to prevalent cultural and social norms, women are confined to home for providing

food and services to family and bringing up children. Rarely are they exposed to outside

of the village, except in medical emergencies and wedding functions. Adequate

educational and health facilities are not available to them. They have little role in vital

family affairs and decisions. Strongly male dominated norms subdued their talents and

faculties.

With the setting up of Project need for skilled workers, educationists, health workers etc

will increase manifold. In order to cope with anticipated demand it is imperative that

vocational and technical training institutions like stitching, embroidery, home making,

prenatal and pediatric care etc be set up especially for women. Schools and higher

educational institutions too need to be set up. Lately there has been a realization for

such needs and skills.

Women trained in various skills will not only cater the demand for skilled workers but with

increased income their standard of living will improve and their housekeeping techniques

will also improve. They will become self-confident, to some extent self-reliant and useful

members of society in addition to contributing to national reconstructions. Community

development organizations of women and children is another mitigation measure for

betterment of women’s lot. Good mothers always give good nation.


A-44

10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The implementation of the proposed project will generate a few adverse impacts,

especially during the construction stage, but these impacts are only temporary. However,

resettlement, compensation and submergence of the suspension bridges are the main

adverse impacts that need effective mitigation measures to be adopted.

Mitigation measures as identified in the analysis of all these identified adverse impacts

are discussed above. A Resettlement Action Plan would be required which should

include Focus Census Survey of Project Affected Person, Valuation of Assets,

Compensation Policy and Framework, Implementation Schedule and Grievances and

Redressal Mechanism.

However, based on the data available and with the implementation of proposed

mitigation measures to be verified during the EIA study, it can be safely concluded that

“Dasu Hydropower Project” will bring economic improvement for the locals and other

parts of the country and its construction is the need of Pakistan.

As part of development project, the following is recommended.

- The household having no toilets in house should be helped by the Project for

provision of the same.

- Birth attendant ladies/Lady Health Visitor (LHV) be trained and stationed in

strategic villages.

- Financial strength shall grow when compensations are paid. This can lead to

increase of crimes. Protection mechanism be provided.

PHOTOLOG

of 4

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY DASU HYDROPOWER PROJECT

Plate A-1 Commercial Activities survey at Khoshi area

Plate A-2 Socio-economic survey at Segal

Plate A-3 Socio-economic survey at village Barseen (Reservoir Area)

Plate A-4 Socio-economic survey at Seo Village

of 4

Plate A-5 Socio-economic Survey at Barseen

Plate A-6 Socio-economic survey at village Kot Gul (Reservoir Area)

Plate A-7 Commercial Activities survey at Khoshi area.

Plate A-8 Socio-economic survey at Village Kaigah (Reservoir Area)

of 4

Plate A-9 Socio-economic survey at village Gumo (Reservoir Area)

Plate A-10 Socio-economic survey at Village Gumo (Reservoir Area)

Plate A-11 Scoping session Village Khoshi and Chuchung

Plate A-12 Participants of scoping session at Village Siglo

of 4

Plate A-13 Scoping session at Village Seo Plate A-14 Scoping session at Village Seo

ANNEXURE A – 1

QUESTIONNARIRE OF

SOCIO – ECONOMIC SURVEY

Annexure A – 1.1 Demographic Profile

Annexure A – 1.2 Commercial Activities (Shops)

Annexure A – 1.3 Commercial Activities (Hotels)

Annexure A – 1.4 Village Profile

Annexure A – 1.5 Women Sample Survey

Annexure A – 1.6 Checklist of Scoping Sessions

Annexure A–1.1

Page 1 of 8

Dasu Hydropower Project – Feasibility Report

Form SEBS - 01 Serial No. ______________

Dasu Hydropower Consultants A joint venture of NESPAK,ACE,MWH,CPE in association with BINNIE

Dasu Hydropower Project

Socioeconomic, Resettlement and Environmental Baseline

Survey of the Project Area

(District Kohistan)

Name of Interviewer ___________________________

Date ___________________________

1. Tehsil __________________________

2. Union Council __________________________

3. Valley / Nullah __________________________

4. Village / Town __________________________

Demographic Profile of the Respondent

Q.1 What is your name? __________________________________________

Q.2 What is your father’s name? ____________________________________

Q.3 Sex: 1. Male 2. Female

Q.4 What is your age? ___________________Years

Q.5 What is your marital status: 1. Single 2. Married

Q.6 What are your educational qualifications?

1. Illiterate 2. Primary 3. Middle

4. Secondary 5. Higher Secondary 6. Graduate

7. Professional Graduate 8. Post Graduate 9. Deeni Uloom

Q.7 To which tribe do you belong?

1. Jalan Khail 2. Gujars 3. Udin Khail 4. Narang Khail

5. Kashmiri 6. Mula Khail 7. Sheen 8. Shukar Khail

9. Swati 10.Shadi Khail 11.Sirkhan Khail 12.Durab Khail

13.Lohar 14.Pathan 15.Sheda Khail 16.Other

Q.8 What are your occupational activities?

a.Agriculture Farming b. Milk Seller c. Cattle Farming

d. Poultry e. Trade f. Wood Cutter

g. General Labor h. Service i. Unemployed

j. Gold Collection k. Fishing l. Other _______________________

Annexure A–1.1

Page 2 of 8


Q.9 Which of the languages do you speak?

a. English b. Gujri c. Hindko d. Kalochi

e. Kashmiri f. Kohistani g. Pushtoo h. Shina

i. Urdu j. Other____________

Socio-economic Profile

Q.10 How many family members live in your house?

Q.11 Do your married family members live with you in the same house?

1. Yes (Joint Family) 2. No (Nuclear Family)

Q.12 Do you marry children outside your tribe?

1. Yes (Exogamy) 2. No (Endogamy)

Q.13 Number of Child Births in the family during Last ONE Year ________________________

Q.14 Number of Deaths in the family during the last ONE year. _________________________

1. Cause of Death -------------------------------- 2. Cause of Death ---------------------------------

3. Cause of Death --------------------------------- 4. Cause of Death ---------------------------------

Q.15 How many school-going children are in your house?

1. School Going a. Boys (below 18 years) ______b. Girls (below 18 years)______

2. Non School Going a. Boys (below 18 years) ______b. Girls (below 18 years)______

Q.16 How many members of your family have any of the following educational qualifications?

Sex Less than 5

years

5 to 18

years

18 to 45

years

46 to 60

years

61 years and

above.

Total

Male

Female

Total

Education Level Sex

Illiterate Primary Middle/

Matric

Intermediate/

Graduation

Professional/Post

Graduation

Deeni

Uloom

Male (18+)

Female (18+)

Total

Annexure A–1.1

Page 3 of 8


Q.17 What type of main vocational skills do your family members have?

Sex 1 2 3 4

Male

Female

Q.18 What type of (Additional) vocational skills would you like to impart to your family

members?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Q.19 How many members of your family have the following working statuses?

Family Members Total

Adults (18+)

Sr.No Employment Status

Male Female

(a) Govt. Employee

(b) Private Employee

(c) Self Employed

(d) Unemployed

(e) Household

Q.20 What are your major sources of income:

a. Agriculture b. Cattle (meat, hides & wool)

c. Trade/Business d. Poultry (eggs & meat)

e. General labor f. Milk / Ghee Selling

g. Service h. Gold Collection

i. Fishing j. Fruit Trees

k. Other (specify) _________________________________________________________

Q.21 What is your average family income from all sources?

a. ______________Rs. (per month) b. _______________Rs. (per annum)

Q.22 What is your average income from all sources?


Q.23 How much is your (average) family expenditure?


Q.24 How much is your (average) expenditure?


Annexure A–1.1

Page 4 of 8


Q.25 What is the mode of payment of your monthly household expenditure?

a. Cash b. Credit / Deferred c. In kind

Q.26 What is the type of the ownership of your house?

1. Self Owned 2. Rented 3. Relative House Free

4. Rented from Government 5. Leased 6. Free on Landlord property

7. Provided by the Employer

Q.27 Nature of construction of your house:

1. Katcha 2. Pacca 3. Semi-pacca

Q. 28 How many rooms and bath rooms are in your house?

(i) Number of Rooms_________________ (ii) Number of Bathrooms________________

Q.29 How much is the area of your house? _____________________ (sq. feet)

Q.30 Period since construction of your house? ______________ (Years)

Q.31 Current estimated value of your house _________________Rs.

Q.32 Do you have separate room for animals in your house?

1. Yes _____________ (Number) 2. No

Q.33 If yes, nature of construction:


Q.34 Do you own any other building(s)?

1. Yes _____________ (Number) 2. No

Q.35 If yes, nature of construction:


Q.36 Current estimated value of that building(s) ______________Rs.

Q.37 Which of the following facilities are available in your house?

a. Electricity b. Water Supply c. Gas

d. Telephone f. Sewerage

Annexure A–1.1

Page 5 of 8


Q.38 What type of fuel do you use for illuminating, heating and cooking etc.?

1. Illumination a. Electricity b. Kerosene c. LPG d. Firewood

2. Heating a. Electricity b. Kerosene c. LPG d. Firewood

3. Cooking a. Electricity b. Kerosene c. LPG d. Firewood

Q.39 Estimated cost of fuel consumed, including firewood:

a. Summer ___________ Rs. b. Winter ____________ Rs. c. Total _____________Rs.

Q.40 Which of the following household items do you have?

a. TV b. Motor Vehicle c. V.C.R./ V.C.D.

d. Cassette Player/Radio e. Fridge/Freezer f. Air Conditioner/Cooler

g. Motor Cycle h. Bicycle i. Sewing Machine

j. Washing Machine k. Geezer l. Power Generator

m. Iron n. Fan o. Furniture

p. Other ________________ q. Other____________

Q.41 What are the sources of water for your domestic and agricultural use?

Sources of Water Sr.No Nature of Use

Spring Nullah Channel Public Water Supply

(a) Drinking

(b) Household Washing / Bathing

(c) Agricultural Irrigation

(d) Livestock /Animals (Drinking &

Bathing)

Q.42 What is the size of your cultivated land with its approximate price:

Area of land Sr.No Agricultural Land

(in kanal) (in acre)

Approximate

Price (Rs.)

A Cultivated Area

B Uncultivated Area

C Cultivable Waste

D Fruit Orchard Area

Total

Q.43 What is the nature of your agricultural farming?

a. Owner b. Lessee c. Owner-cum-tenant

d. Tenant e. Lessor f. Share cropper

Annexure A–1.1

Page 6 of 8


Q.44 Which of the following agricultural implements do you have?

a. Plough for oxen b. Plough for tractor c. Tractor

d. Trolley for tractor e. Thresher f. Other____________

Q.45 What do you grow mostly in your agricultural land?

a. Wheat b. Maize c. Sorgrum d. Vegetable

e. Fruits f. Fodder g. Others (specify) ____________________

Q.46 Please provide information about the inputs for growing various crops in your agricultural

land.

Purchasing status

Sr.

No

Items

Yes No

Source (use code) 1=own, 2=market,

3=Govt., 4=other

Estimate

total cost

(Rs.)

A Seeds 1 2

B Fertilizers 1 2

C Pesticides 1 2

D Manure 1 2

E Other growing and

harvesting costs 1 2

Q.47 How many animals do you have?

Animals Buffalo

Cow

Goat/

Sheep

Poultry

Donkey/

mule

Ox

Horse Other

(specify)

Total

Number

Q.48 Do you purchase fodder / feed for animals?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.49 If yes, estimated cost for purchasing feed / fodder for your animals:

Q.50 Do you keep any written evidence of Sale/Purchase of your property?

1. Yes 2. No

Sr. No. Items of Feed / Fodder Average Cost Per Annum

(Rs.)

A Dry fodder

B Green fodder

C Animal minders

D Medicines

Total

Annexure A–1.1

Page 7 of 8


Q.51 If Yes, What kind of evidence?

1. Govt. Stamp Paper 2. Plain Paper 3. Personal Evidence

4. Other (specify)_________________________________________________________

Q.52 Did you borrow money during the last one year?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.53 If yes, please provide the detail as below:

I amount Borrowed______________Rs.

II amount yet to pay______________Rs.

III Source: 1. Bank 2. Friend 3. Relative

4. Private organization 5. Other (specify)________________

IV Purpose to borrow money: ___________________________________________

Q.54 Do you depend on localities across left and right banks of the River Indus for the

fulfillment of your various needs?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.55 If yes, what types of your needs are related with the localities located across the river?

Please provide the details as below:

a. Family Relations b. Markets, Business and Trade centers

c. Access to KKH d. Natural Resources & Pastures on Mountains

e. Religious, Educational, Health and Recreational Facilities

Q.56 In your opinion, how will you be affected by the construction of Dasu Dam?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Q.57 If your agricultural land / shop are to be acquired for Dasu Hydropower Project, do you

have any other source of income?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.58 If yes, specify the source: _________________________________________

Q.59 Do you have any other place of residence to move?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.60 If yes;

a. Name of locality_______________________________________________________

b. Distance from present residence _______________________________________Km

Annexure A–1.1

Page 8 of 8


Q.61 In case of relocation, where will you prefer to resettle?

1. With in the distt. Kohistan 2. 2. Dasu 3. Down to the country

4. Don’t know 5. Any other place (specify) ___________________

Q.62 What mode of compensation for land / building will be your choice?

Cash Alternative Land Building Other (specify)

1 2 3 4

Comments of the Interviewer

a. Capability of the respondent to provide information:

_______________________________________________________________________

b. Exaggeration in providing information:

_______________________________________________________________________

c. Attitude of the respondent:

_______________________________________________________________________

--- END ---

Annexure A–1.2

Page 1 of 2







(District Kohistan)


SECTION – A (Shops)


Date ___________________________

1. Tehsil __________________________

2. Union Council __________________________

3. Valley / Nullah __________________________

4. Village / Town __________________________

Q.1 Name of the Respondent _______________________

Q.2 Father’s Name ________________________________

Q.3 Age (years) __________________________________

Q.4 Education ___________________________________

Q.5 Tribe _______________________________________

Q. 6 How many shop(s) do you have to run your business?

(a) Self Owned __________ (b) Rented __________

Q. 7 What is the nature of your business in your shops.

(a) Grocery Shop (b) Medical Store (c) Medical Clinic

(d) Driver Hotel (e) Cloth/Garments (f) Shoes Store

(g) Fertilizers/Pesticides (h) Grains/Flour Shop (i) Fruit/Vegetables

(j) P.C.O. (k) Gold Smith (l) Black Smith

(m) Driver Hotel (n) Auto Workshop (o) Dry Fruits Store

(p) Precious Stones (q) General Store (r) Other________.

Q. 8 What is the approximate distance of your shop from KKH __________ feet.

Annexure A–1.2

Page 2 of 2


Q. 9 What is the size of plot, nature of construction and the estimated cost of your shop(s)?

Shop

No.

Size of Plot

(sq. ft)


1. Pucca

2. Semi-Pucca

3. Kachha

4. Wooden Cabins

Estimated Cost

(Rs)

1

2

3

Q. 10 For how many years are you running your business here? ______________ years.

Q. 11 What is the estimated value of your present stock of goods in your shop? Rs.________

Q. 12 How many persons are working in your shops? No.____________

Q. 13 What is the dominant mode of payment of your goods & services?

(a) Cash Payment (b) Deferred / Credit Payments

(c) Kind (d) All

Q. 14 How much is your estimated daily sale of goods / services on an average? Rs.________

Q. 15 How much do you earn profit on an average in a month? Rs._________

--- END ---

Annexure A–1.3

Page 1 of 2







(District Kohistan)


SECTION – B (Hotels)


Date ___________________________

1. Tehsil __________________________

2. Union Council __________________________

3. Valley / Nullah __________________________

4. Village / Town __________________________

Q.1 Name of the Respondent _______________________

Q.2 Father’s Name ________________________________

Q.3 Age (years) __________________________________

Q.4 Education ___________________________________

Q.5 Tribe _______________________________________

Q.6 (1) Name of the Hotel ___________________________ (2) Category _____________

Q.7 Name of the owner of the Hotel _____________________________________________

Q.8 Name of the Manager of the Hotel ___________________________________________

Q.9 Location of the Hotel: 1. Address ____________________________________________

2. Telephone No._______________________________________

3. Distance from KKH________________________________(feet)

Q. 10 Total area of the Plot ________________ sq.ft / kanals.

Q. 11 1. Total Covered area: (a) Ground Floor _____ sq.ft (b) 1st Floor_________sq.ft.

(c) 2nd

Floor _________ sq.ft. (d) Total ___________sq.ft.

Nature of construction (a) Pucca (b) Semi Pucca (c) Katcha

Q.12 Do you have the building map / construction plan of hotel building?

1. Yes 2. No.

Q.13 What is the present estimated value / cost of the hotel?

S. No. Items Value / Cost (Rs)

1 Plot of the hotel

2 Building of the hotel

3 Fixtures

Annexure A–1.3

Page 2 of 2


6 Others (specify)

7 Total

Q.14 How many of the following components of building are available in your hotel?

a. Reception with lobby b. Dinning Hall c. Restaurant

c. Kitchen d. Ceremonial Halls e. Shops

f. Single Bed g. Double Bed h. Laundry

i. Others (specify) _____________________________________

Q.15 What types of facilities are available with the rooms in your hotel?

a. Air conditioner b. Air Cooler c. Attached Bath

d. Telephone/Intercom e. Hot water f. Electric fans

g. Others (specify) _________________________

Q.16 How many customers/Clients avail the hotel/Restaurant room facilities per month during

winter and summer seasons?

a. Winter season (November – March) ________________________________________

b. Summer Season (April – October ) _________________________________________

Q.17 What are the category-wise per day room rent charges?

1. Category I a. Single bed______________ Rs

b. Double bed_____________ Rs

2. Category II a. Single bed ______________ Rs

b. Double bed _____________ Rs

3. Category III a. Single bed______________ Rs

b. Double bed_____________ Rs

Q.18 How many employees are working in your hotel? No. ________________

Q.19 How much estimated monthly income (net profit) do you earn from Hotel?

Rs._______________

Q.20 Since how long have you been in this business? ___________________ years.

Annexure A–1.4

Page 1 of 7







(District Kohistan)

Village Profile

Interviewer’s Name _________________________

Date _________________________

Name of the Respondent _______________________

Father’s Name _______________________

Age (years) _______________________

Education _______________________

Q.1 Name of Tehsil: ____________________________________

Q.2 Name of Union Council: ____________________________________

Q.3 Name of Valley: ____________________________________

Q.4 Name of the Village: ____________________________________

Q.5 Names of Tribes in the Village:

Q.6 Languages Spoken in the Village:

Q.7 Accessibility from KKH to Village:

Q.8 Distance from KKH to Village: ______________(km)

Q.9 Approximate area of the Village: ______________(km2)

Q.10 Approximate population of the Village __________________

Q.11 Total Houses in the Village __________________

6. Swati 5. Soniwal

3. Udin 2. Jalan 1. Sheen

8.Durab 7.Shadi

9. Khilochi 10.Jalkot

2. Urdu 1. Shina 3. Gujri

4. Others 3. Metalled Road

2. Unmetalled Road 1. Track

4.Narang

11. Others

4. Pashtoo 5. Hindco

9. Others

6. Kilochi

7. Kohistani 8. English

Annexure A–1.4

Page 2 of 7


Q.12 Educational Facilities Available in the Village.

If yes then reply

Sr.

No

Facilities Yes No Govt. Private Boys

(M)

Girls

(F)

Co-

Education

(a) Primary School

(b) Middle School

(c) High School

(d) College

(e) Vocational Training Centers

(f) Deeni Madrassa

(g) Others

Q.13 Institutional Facilities Available in the Village.

If yes then reply

Sr.

No

Facilities Yes No Govt

.

Private Name

(a) Hospital

(b) Dispensary

(c) Basic Health Unit

(d) Post Office

(e) Mosque

(f) Banks

(g) Others

Q.14 Means of Transport Available in the Village.

LOCAL INTERCITY

1. Public Transport 1. Public Transport

2. Private Transport 2. Private Transport

3. Pedestrian 3. Pedestrian

4. Others 4. Others

Q.15 Civic Facilities Available in the Village

Sr. No Facilities Yes No Remarks if Any

A Lined Drainage System 1 2

B Street Lights 1 2

C Grocery Shops 1 2

D Recreational / Games Facilities (clubs,

grounds) 1 2

Annexure A–1.4

Page 3 of 7


E Medical Stores 1 2

F Graveyards 1 2

G Electricity 1 2

H Telephone 1 2

I Public Water Supply 1 2

J Others 1 2

Q. 16 Source of Water in the Village

Storage Pit Channel Spring Nullah Other _______________

A B C D E

Q.17 If Channel,

Q.18 Nature of water supply

1. Public Mode of supply of water: (a) Self Carried

2. Private (b) Tapped

(c) By Channel

(d) By Tanker

Q. 19 Common Diseases in the Village

a. Common cold b. Diahorrea c. Typhoid

d. Stomach Worms e. TB f. Malaria

g. Goitoir h. Dysentery i. Hepatitis

j. Other (specify) _________________________________________________________

Q.20 Does a Child Birth Attendant Available in the Village?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.21 If Yes: 1 Trained 2 Untrained

Q. 22 Does any NGO exists in the Village?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.23 If Yes:

Sr.No Name Status

A 1. Local

2. National

3. International

B 1. Local

2. National

3. International

C 1. Local

2. National

3. International

1 Kacha 2 Partly Lined 3 Completely Lined

Annexure A–1.4

Page 4 of 7


Q.24 Major development projects run by different organizations in the village?

1. ____________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________

Q.25 Who has the ownership rights of the mountains, pastures, jungles and natural

resources of the area?

a. Owner Tribes b. Non Owner Tribes c. Individual

d. Others (Specify) _______________________________________________________

Q.26 Who has the right to allow the people to get benefits from natural resources

(Forest trees, Mountains, Pastures, Herbs etc)?

a. Owner Tribes b. Non Owner Tribes c. Owner

d. None e. Others (Specify) ________________________________

Q.27 Who has the rights of selling and purchasing the agriculture land, residential and

Commercial property?

a. Owner Tribes b. Non Owner Tribes c. Individual

d. Anyone e. Others (Specify) _______________________________

Q.28 What are the preferences to sell the personal immoveable property like houses,

agriculture land, shops etc. to:

a. Owner Tribes b. Non Owner Tribes

c. Immediate Neighbor d. Anyone

e. Others (Specify) _______________________________________________________

Q.29 What are the prevalent units of measurement of agricultural land in your village?

a. Marlas b. Kanals c. Dolo

d. Dolee e. Sq Feet f. Sq. Haath

g. Others (Specify) _______________________________________________________

Q.30 What are the prevalent units of measurement of agricultural produce in your

village?

a. Kilogram b. Mounds c. Haa

d. Sinn e. Others (Specify) __________________________

Q.31 Who are the influential in your village?

a. Head of the Tribe b. Councilors

c. Religious Scholars d. Heads of Families

e. Government Servants f. Lumberdar

g. Others (Specify) _________________________________________________

Annexure A–1.4

Page 5 of 7


Q.32 How the matters related to property, dispute about the control and

consumption of the natural resources of the area are settled?

1. Jirgah 2. Head of the Tribes

3. Council of Ulamahs 4. Heads of Families

5. Government Officials 6. Others (Specify) _________________

Q.33 What types of migration exists in your village?

Patterns of local migration

Nature of Migration Duration of Migration Radius of Migration

1 2 3

(a) Permanent (a) Seasonal (a) Within the same valley at higher elevation

(b) Temporary (b) Yearly (b) Within the local neighboring valleys

(c) Voluntary (c) Monthly (c) Within the neighboring districts

(d) Involuntary (d) Other (d) In NWFP

(e) Individual (e) Other parts of the country

(f) With family /

sub-tribe

(g) Other

Q.34 What are the reasons of local migration in your village?

a. __________________________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________________________

c. __________________________________________________________________

Q.35 What are the major problems of your area?

Sr.No Types of Problems Proposed Solutions

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

Annexure A–1.4

Page 6 of 7


Q.36 Do rock carvings / historical places exist in the village?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.37 If yes:

Sr.No Name Number Location (use codes) In Village = 1 Near Village = 2

A Rock Carvings

B Historical Ruins

C Old Graveyard

D Others

Q.38 Are there markets for grains and livestock in the village?

A. Grains 1. Yes 2. No

B. Livestock 1. Yes 2. No

Q.39 If No, where do people sell their agricultural produce and livestock?

A. Grains

1. Nearby Village 2. Dasu 3Chailas

4. Rawalpindi / Islamabad 5. Other Cities

B. Livestock

1. Nearby Village 2. Dasu 3Chailas

4. Rawalpindi / Islamabad 5. Other Cities

Q.40 What types of trees are in your area:

Fruit Trees Sr. No Non-Fruit Trees (Timber / Firewood) Sr. No

Name Yes No % Name Yes No %

(a) Apple 1 2 (a) 1 2

(b) Walnut 1 2 (b) 1 2

(c) Mulberry 1 2 (c) 1 2

(d) Apricot 1 2 (d) 1 2

(e) Pomegranate 1 2 (e) 1 2

(f) Peaches 1 2 (f) 1 2

(g) Grapes 1 2 (g) 1 2

(h) Almonds 1 2 (h) 1 2

(i) Fig 1 2 (i) 1 2

(j) Pear 1 2 (j) 1 2

(k) Alucha 1 2 (k) 1 2

(l) Locat 1 2 (l) 1 2

(m) Oranges 1 2 (m) 1 2

(n) Amblook 1 2 (n) 1 2

(p) Others 1 2 (p) 1 2

Trees: Deodar, Kail, Spruce, Far, Chir pain, Junipers, Birch, Cupresis, Thuja, Wild willow,

Olea cuspidate, Populus, Platanus oriental, Robini, Elegnus, Herbal Plants etc.

Annexure A–1.4

Page 7 of 7


Q.41 What kinds of wild animals are found in your village area?

Sr. No Name of Wild Animals

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

Q.42 What type of cottage industry exists in your village?

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

4. None



_______________________________________________________________________


______________________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________________

--- END ---

Annexure A–1.5

Page 1 of 4







(District Kohistan)

Women Sample Survey


Date _________________________

Q.1 Name of Valley: ____________________________________________

Q.2 Name of the Village/Settlement: ________________________________

Q.3 Wife / Daughter of ______________________________________

Q.4 Name of Tribe ___________________________________________

Q.5 Relationship with Head of Household

1. Wife 2. Mother 3. Sister

4. Daughter 5. Daughter in Law 6. Sister in Law

7. Other

Q.6 Languages

Q.7 Marital Status

1. Married 2. Single

Q.8 How many years are of your marital life? Years _______________

Q.9 How many children do you have?

a. Boys b. Girls c. Total

Q.10 Does a Child Birth Attendant Available in the Village?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.11 If Yes: 1. Trained 2. Untrained

b. Urdu a. Shina d. Pashtoo c. Gujri e. Hindco

i. Others f. Kilochi g. Kohistani h. English

Annexure A–1.5

Page 2 of 4


Q.12 Level of Education

1. Illiterate 2. Literate 3. Primary 4. Middle

5. Metric 6. Graduate 7. Postgraduate 8. Other

Q.13 Do you know any skills?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.14 If yes, which skills? __________________________________________

Q.15 Would you like to learn some additional skills?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.16 If yes, which skills? __________________________________________

Q.17 Do you do any work other than household?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Only when required

Q.18 If yes, please specify __________________________________________

Q.19 Do you work in the farms?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.20 If yes; what type of activities are you involved in?

a. Routine (Specify) _______________________________________________________

b. Seasonal (Specify) _____________________________________________________

c. Average working hours per day? ___________________________________________

Q.21 In your opinion should girls work:

(a) In agriculture farms 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know

(b) For animal raring 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know

Q.22 In your family are girls encouraged to:

(a) Go to school 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t Know

(b) Learn some skills 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t Know

Q.23 Do you own property in your name?

1. Yes 2. No

Q.24 If yes, do you have authority to sell or purchase property?

1. With consultation of male family member

2. Without any consultation

3. Others (specify) __________________________________

Annexure A–1.5

Page 3 of 4


Q.25 To what extent do you think you have a good health?

1. To great extent 2. To some extent 3. Not at all

Q.26 In case of sickness, which of the facilities are available to you for treatment?

a. None b. Hospital c. Dispensary

d. B H U e. Medical Camp f. Private Doctor

g. Hakeem h. Other

Q.27 In case of sickness, who takes you to medical practitioner for treatment?

a. Father b. Mother c. Brother

d. Sister e. Husband f. Go alone

g. Along with a child h. Mother in law i. Father in law

Q.28 Are you a member of any women organization in your village?

1. Yes 2. No 3. No women organization in village

Q.29 If answer 3: Do you think there should be a women organization?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know

Q.30 In your opinion what are some of the pressing needs of women in your area?

Sr. No. Rank Description

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Q.31 Are you aware about the construction of Dasu Dam?

1. Yes 2. No

Annexure A–1.5

Page 4 of 4




_______________________________________________________________________


______________________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________________

--- END ---

Annexure A–1.6

Page 1 of 4







(District Kohistan)

Check List for Scoping Sessions


Date _________________________

Place of Interview _________________________

Q.1 Name of the Participant: Father’s Name:

1______________________ _________________________

2______________________ _________________________

3______________________ _________________________

4______________________ _________________________

5______________________ _________________________

6______________________ _________________________

7______________________ _________________________

8______________________ _________________________

9______________________ _________________________

10_____________________ _________________________

Topics Responses

Q.2 Social Stratification:

(i) Tribal

(ii) Ownership Rights

(iii) Occupation

(iv) Religion

(v) Ethnic & Minority Groups

Annexure A–1.6

Page 2 of 4


Topics Responses

Q.3 Agriculture

(i) Inputs Procurement:

Seed

Fertilizer

Pesticides

(ii) Use of implements

(iii) Patterns of Farming & Tenancy

(iv) Produce

(v) Marketing

Q.4 Timber / Trees

(i) Procurement Source

(ii) Processing of Products

(iii) Marketing

Q.5 Fruit Trees

(i) Types of Fruit

(ii) Processing

(iii) Marketing

Q.6 Livestock

(i) Types

(ii) Management

a. Disease Control

b. Feed / Fodder

(iii) Marketing of livestock products

a. Milk

b. Meat

c. Hides

d. Wool

e. Ghee

Q.7 Poultry

(i) Marketing

a. Meat

b. Eggs

Annexure A–1.6

Page 3 of 4


Topics Responses

Q.8 Natural Resources

(1) Types & Precious

a. Procurement

(i) Precious Stones / Slajeet

(ii) Pastures / Jungles / Timber

(iii) Gold Collection from Indus River

b. Marketing

(i) Precious Stones / Slajeet

(ii) Pastures / Jungles / Timber

(iii) Gold Collection from Indus River

Q.9 Means & modes of Indus River crossing

before the constructin of suspension

bridges

Q.10 Zakat & Usher System

(i) Patterns of distribution

(ii) Preferences & Practices

(iii) Beneficiaries

(iv) Dependency Relationships of

Beneficiaries with Community

Q11 Health Status & facilities

(i) Health beliefs

(ii) Types of common Diseases & health

hazards

(iii) Health care seeking preferences

(iv) Types of available health facilities

(v) Types of felt needs of health services

Q.12 Education

(i) Views regarding nature & level of

education

(ii) Views regarding female education

(iii) Views regarding utility of education

(iv) Vocational & Technical education

a. Facilities

b. Employment Opportunities

Q.13 Development schemes completed in

your locality

Annexure A–1.6

Page 4 of 4


Topics Responses

Q.14 Credit

(i) Sources

(ii) Uses

Q.15 What are the anticipated benefits of

The Dasu Dam Project

Q.16 what are the potential negative

impacts of The Dasu Dam Project.

Q.17 what are the expectations of the local

regarding development and

compensations.

ANNEXURE A – 2

INVENTORIES OF

SOCIO – ECONOMIC SURVEY

Annexure A–2

Page 1 of 16


TABLE A – 2.1 INVENTORY OF HOUSEHOLD

RESERVOIR AREA

Sr.No Name of Respondent Father's Name Village

1 Abdul Malik Noor Wali Hatoki / Segal

2 Mohammad Noor Mohammad Afsar Hatoki / Segal

3 Abdul Jalil Roshan Hatoki / Segal

4 Mohammad Yousaf Juma Said Segal

5 Juma Said Bada Shah Segal

6 Mumtaz Khan Juma Said Segal

7 Noor Mohammad Mohammad Afsar Segal

8 Haji Qalandar Shir Ahmad Segal

9 Juma Said Salam Segal

10 Gul Sher Sher Dad Segal

11 Ibrahim Pot Sher Segal

12 Abdul Rauf Rooshim Segal

13 Sayyed Jamil Haji Qalandar Segal

14 Abdul Hakeem Mohammad Afsar Segal

15 Noor Wali Mohammad Afsar Segal

16 Alam Sher Soroom Khan Segal

17 Gul Bar Shah Abdul Hameed Segal

18 Abdul Wadood Razmal Segal

19 Zaboor Jad Sher Sad Segal

20 Asar Jan Daroom Khan Segal

21 Shah Alam Noor Jan Logro

22 Hakeem Khan Saboot khan Logro

23 Noor Malik Pir Saeed Logro

24 Umar Hayat Moamar Khan Logro

25 Hakim Said Mirza Khan Logro

26 Habib ur Rehman Alif Said Logro

27 Mohammad Khan Narang Shah Logro

28 Mumtaz Khan Alif Said Logro

29 Abdul Hakeem Sarfraz Logro

30 Fazal Rehman Dilbar Jan Logro

31 Sherzada Sheran Logro

32 Mohammad Amin Khan Jehan Logro

33 Alif Said Mirza Khan Logro

34 Zarwar Ahmad Ali Logro

35 Zanwar Ahmed Ali Logro

36 Miser Khan Ahmed Ali Logro

37 Amer Khan Ahmed Ali Logro

38 Waliur Rehman Amiz Khan Logro

39 Ahmad Ali Said Wali Logro

40 Said ur Rehman Amiz Khan Logro

41 Idaraman Bagha Barseen

42 Jandar Shah Sher Zaman Barseen

43 Molvi Sabar Jamil Tahir Khan Barseen

44 Maazullah Khan Habibullah Khan Barseen

45 Toeen Habibullah Khan Barseen

46 Zarin Jadan Barseen

47 Abdul Hadi Zarin Barseen

48 Ahsam-ud-din Zarin Barseen

49 Noca Thoka Barseen

50 Hazro Nola Barseen

51 Abdul Ghaffar Thoka Barseen

Annexure A–2

Page 2 of 16


52 Gul Bayan Tumar Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

53 Rasool Shah Suleman Shah Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

54 Manan Shah Yunus Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

55 Fazal Rehman Naqeeb Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

56 Abdul Jalil Bizal Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

57 Saipur Tamoor Khan Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

58 Sher Ghazab Tota Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

59 Zar Bayan Tumar Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

60 Bora Amal Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

61 Sudoom Soon Gali Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

62 Iman Shah Mulah Younas Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

63 Abdul Haseeb Mir Wali Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

64 Pir Said Sher Ghazab Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

65 Kuptan Sofaid Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

66 Zakir Shah Naqeeb Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

67 Obaidullah Yameel Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

68 Syed Muhammad Pancho Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

69 Muhammad Iqbal Shah Tumar Khan Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

70 Razual Shah Machar Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

71 Abdul Rahim Pan Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

72 Abdul Ghani Sar Mir Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

73 Muhammad Nabi Naqal Shah Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

74 Yarmaloon Ismail Kaigah

75 Shah Akbar Barkat Shah Kaigah

76 Shazada Mian Qalandar Shah Kaigah

77 Dildar Shah Syed Jan Kaigah

78 Manzar Nasir Khan Kaigah

79 Usman Ghani Nasir Khan Kaigah

80 Abdul Satar Qalandar Shah Kaigah

81 Malak Jan Nasir Khan Kaigah

82 Malook Abeel Kaigah

83 Didar Shah Sahib Jan Kaigah

84 Aslam Sahib Jan Kaigah

85 Jander Shah Sahib Jan Kaigah

86 Qalar Shah Sahib Jan Kaigah

87 Shoib Sher Akbar Kaigah

88 Fazal Rehman Shah Akbar Kaigah

89 Fazal Karim Shah Akbar Kaigah

90 Nawaz Hussain Shah Akbar Kaigah

91 Sahib Jan Nasir Kaigah

92 Mir Alam Shah Akbar Kaigah

93 Filkoos Khan Qalandar Shah Kaigah

94 Iqbal Khan Abdul Hai Kaigah

95 Akthar Manzar Kaigah

96 Shahzada Mian Qalandar Shah Kaigah

97 Abdul Rehman Filkoos Khan Kaigah

98 Shabab Khan Akbar Shah Kaigah

99 Abdul Sattar Qalandar Shah Kaigah

100 Akbar Shah Garib Shah Kaigah

101 Abdul Rehman Abdul Sattar Kaigah

102 Abdul Samad Ali Haider Largani Bridge

103 Abdul Malik Ali Haider Largani Bridge

104 Rahat Mian Ali Haider Largani Bridge

105 Abdul QAdir Ali Haider Largani Bridge

106 Ali Haider Swab Khan Largani Bridge

107 Abdul Quyum Ali Haider Largani Bridge

Annexure A–2

Page 3 of 16


108 Abdul Jalal Ali Haider Largani Bridge

109 M.Wakeel Qazi Gumo

110 Bakht Ali Gul Noor Gumo

111 Sher Muhammad Achi Gumo

112 Abdul Majeed Jamat Ali Gumo

113 Sharif Ahmad Gumo

114 Gul Muhammad Hachi Gumo

115 Ayub Hachi Gumo

116 Abdul Rahim Mir Wali Gumo

117 Juma Gul Name Salar Gumo

118 Said Rehman Khast Ali Gumo

119 Abdul Jabbar Khast Ali Gumo

120 Muhammad Zaman Khast Ali Gumo

121 Naeem Salad Fazal Noor Gumo

122 Charaguddin Abdul Majeed Gumo

123 Ghulab Shah Charaguddin Gumo

124 Sher Afzal Mohammad Haleem Sazeen

125 Musheer Ahmed Keema Gul Sazeen

126 Imtiaz Alam Naqdeel Khan Sazeen

127 Said Rehman Hazrat Ali Gayal

128 Gul Badsha Sarbaz Malik Gayal

129 Aslam Khan Sarbaz Malik Gayal

130 Muhammad Karim Said Umar Gayal

131 Noor Muhammad Saadullah Gayal

132 Taj Muhammad Sahibullah Gayal

133 Muhammad Rahim Said Alam Gayal

134 Abdul Aziz Muhammad Gayal

135 Khan Wazeer Hazrat Ali Gayal

136 Abdullah Chakair Malik Gayal

137 Said Alam Muhammad Farash Gayal

138 Muhammad Wali Sahib Malik Gayal

139 Said Ahmed Said Faqeer Gayal

140 Said Rasheed Said Faqeer Gayal

141 Fazal Ahmed Muzamil Khan Gayal

142 Noman Khan Muhammad Bilal Khan Gayal

143 Husain Ahmed Ghulam Eissa Gayal

144 Haji Abdul Qayyum Abdul Haq Gayal

145 Zamir Qinsar Gayal

146 Ismail Taj Muhammad Gayal

147 Gul Muhammad Saadullah Gayal

148 Shaheen Shah Taj Muhammad Gayal

149 Mir Salam Khan Haji Bradar Gayal

150 Gul Mir Khan Haji Bradar Gayal

151 Shamsul Haq Khalil Gayal

152 Fazal Kareem Chakair Malik Gayal

153 Abdul Malik Ghulam Essa Gayal

154 Jabbal Noor Bakhano Gayal

155 Sanaullah Bakhano Gayal

156 Mohammad Noor Bakhano Gayal

157 Abdullah Chakair Malik Gayal

158 Taj-ud-din Mohammad Idrees Gayal

159 Rashid Ahmad Nawab Khan Kai Doga

160 Dusham Khan Samundar Khan Kai Doga

161 Gul Dad Hakim Khan Kai Doga

162 Kishwar Mira Khan Kai Doga

163 Fazul-ur-Rehman Shamtoo Kai Doga

Annexure A–2

Page 4 of 16


164 Pir Dad Haji Nawab Kai Doga

165 Wali Dad Haji Nawab Kai Doga

166 Haji Mir Dad Haji Nawab Kai Doga

167 Karim Dad Haji Nawab Kai Doga

168 Mushraf Khan Keshu Kai Doga

169 Lal Marjan Fazal Kai Doga

170 Liaquat Raza Shatyal

171 Sher Ahmad Dil Muhammad Shatyal

172 Abdul Wakil Nosherwan Shatyal

173 Samad Khan Muhammad Shah Shatyal

174 Faisal Khan Liaquat Shatyal

175 Raham Dil Liaquat Shatyal

176 Sahib Zer Khuma Shatyal

177 Khuma Mir Ahmad Shatyal

178 Zaman Sher Ahmad Shatyal

179 Sahib Zada Sartoal Shatyal

180 Bashir Haiwan Shah Shatyal

181 Abdul Jan Babar Khan Darail Bridge

182 Hajab Khan Azeem Darail Bridge

183 Shahalim Khasta Khan Darail Bridge

184 Nazeer Khan Sher Wali Darail Bridge

185 Rozi Mand Rustam Darail Bridge

186 Soom Khan Saboor Khan Darail Bridge

187 Jahangir Khan Zahidullah Darail Bridge

188 Muhammad Raza Muhammad Wali Khan Darail Bridge

189 Abdul Majeed Bira Khan Darail Bridge

190 Abdul Mateen Jalil Darail Bridge

191 Majuar Rustum Darail Bridge

192 Babar Saboor Khan Darail Bridge

193 Hussain Wali Muhammad Ayub Adam Banda

194 Sher Ghazi Muhammad Ayub Adam Banda

195 Jamal Khan Said Ali Doondar

196 Ghaffar Jabbar Doondar

197 Rosham Khan Jebsali Doondar

198 Jamal Said Ali Doondar

199 Bashir Daulat Khan Pani Bah

200 Malik Sakhawat Khan Khan Zada Pani Bah

201 Muhammad Akram Khan Faramas Khan Pani Bah

202 Haji Framas Khan Khan Zada Pani Bah

203 Afzal Khan Sakhawat Khan Pani Bah

204 Abdul Jabbar Sakhawat Khan Pani Bah

205 Mir Alam Said Wali Pani Bah

206 Hukam Draz Khan Said Wali Pani Bah

207 Sarbaz Khan Khan Zada Pani Bah

208 Sabaro Lochar Pani Bah

209 Muhammad Noor Pani Bah

210 Noor Shahzada Walayat Sahib Pani Bah

211 Ezhar ul Haq Sar Mir Pani Bah

212 Ilyas Mir Subhan Pani Bah

213 Qadir Khan Gul Din Pani Bah

214 Hukam Draz Sardar Ali Pani Bah

215 Gulzar Mir Subhan Pani Bah

216 Gul Faraz Said Wali Pani Bah

217 Darman Khan Abdul Khaliq Soomar Nullah

218 Noor Mehmood Naqal Shah Uchar Nullah

219 Habib ul Nabi Naqal Shah Uchar Nullah

Annexure A–2

Page 5 of 16


220 Muhammad Ali Naqal Shah Uchar Nullah

221 Mahtab Khan Sher Wali Shah Looter

222 Hakmat Khan Shan Sher Looter

223 Mohammad Wakeel Atiqullah Looter

224 Gulab Khan Machu Millar Doga

225 Hanser Qalash Mir Millar Doga

226 Shahzada Khan Ali Dad Millar Doga

227 Muhammad Nabi Mushraf Khan Millar Doga

228 Hukmat Wakil Qalash Mir Millar Doga

229 Muhammad Ayaz Bhoot Millar Doga

230 Badisha Haji Akbar Millar Doga

231 Ghulab Khan Mohammad Yousaf Millar Doga


233 Anis Khan Darwish Millar Doga

234 Malik Taj Muhammad Yar Dad Siglo

235 Malik Bahadar Shah Molvi Jamdar Khan Siglo

236 Shamssur Rehman Malik Mukhtiar Siglo

237 Molana Sikandar Malik Shah Dad Siglo

238 Dr Fazal Rehman Malik Shah Dad Siglo

239 Muhammad Mujtaba Malik Wali Dad Siglo

240 Muhammad Nasir Malik Mukhtiar Siglo

241 Shah Jhan Malik Shah Dad Siglo

242 Malik Sirbaz Khan Pir Dad Siglo

243 Ahmed Nabi Malik Shah Dad Siglo

244 Mir Baz Khan Pir Dad Siglo

245 Habibur Rehman Malik Shah Dad Siglo

246 Rasool Shah Raj Bullah Siglo

247 Restulah Noriaman Siglo

248 Mumtaz Shah Shabir Shah Siglo

249 Mir Jan Khan Raj Bullah Siglo

250 Abdul Qahir Bolia Siglo

251 Abdul Sattar Bolia Siglo

252 Mohammad Mustafa Haji Karim Dad Siglo

253 Siraj Kaisar Siglo

254 Hussain Wali Said Umar Siglo

255 Muhammad Yousaf Shah Dad Malik Siglo

256 Azim Khan Qadeer Khan Siri Shal

257 Maroof Khan Juma Khan Lachi Nullah

258 Abdur Rehman Haji Mohammad Jan Wali Abad

259 Mirza Hazar Khan Haji Jaffar Kot Gul

260 Gul Dad Shah Gi Kot Gul

261 Abbas Hajat Harban Cool

262 Shakil Abbas Harban Cool

Annexure A–2

Page 6 of 16


TABLE A-2.2: INVENTORY OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES

RESERVOIR AREA

Sr.No Name of Respondent Father's Name Location

1 Mohammad Mumtaz Kala Khan Lachi

2 Gulzar M.Shafee Shatial

3 Usman Ghani Accha Lachi

4 M.Jamil Mayoon Summar

5 AJab Khan Amir Khan Summar

6 Sher Jamil Daud Summar

7 Liaqat Ali Molvi Noor Ali Summar

8 Shahzada Daud Summar

9 Shams ud din Khangir Summar

10 Barkat Shah M.Jamil Summar

11 Sher Jamil Daud Summar

12 M.Jamil Daud Summar

13 Fareed Khan M.Ayub Summar

14 Muzamil Shah Mohammad Ayub Summar

15 Jamdar Wali Zabar Khan Summar

16 Jahangir Khan Ajab Khan Summar

17 Shah Badsha Tore Khan Summar

18 Abdul Sattar Rehmat Khan Summar

19 Jamal Khan Eissa Summar

20 Hussain Juma Khan Summar

TABLE A-2.3: INVENTORY OF VILLAGE PROFILE

RESERVOIR AREA

Sr. No Name of Respondents Father' Name Village

1 Zarwar Ahmad Ali Logro

2 Noor Wali Muhammad Afsar Segal

3 Abdul Ghaffar Thoka Barseen

4 M.Zaman Khast Ali Gummu

5 Shah Akbar Barkat Shah Kaigah

6 Mir Alam Said Wali Panibah

7 Mohd Nasir Malik Mukktiar Siglo

8 Gul Dad Hakim Khan Kai Doga


10 Zaman Sher Ahmad Shatyal

11 Abdullah Chaikan Malik Gayal

12 Imtiaz Alam Naqdeel Khan Sazeen

13 Abdul Jalil Bizal Gul-e-Bagh/Maidan

Annexure A–2

Page 7 of 16


TABLE A-2.4: INVENTORY OF HOUSEHOLD

LOWER RIPARIAN AREA

Sr. No. Name of Respondent Father's Name Village

1 Shukrat Khan Ghulam Jan Chalgah/Khoshi

2 Barkat Ghulam Jan Chalgah/Khoshi

3 Noor Mohammad Ghulam Jan Chalgah/Khoshi

4 Ghulam Jan Paind Khan Chalgah/Khoshi

5 Hajat Nabi Loosh Khoshi

6 Ameer Hamza Abdul Qadeer Khoshi

7 Ijaz Ul Haq Alaf Syed Khoshi

8 Dosham Khan Malik Lala Khan Khoshi

9 Molvi Roshin Khan Malik Lala Khan Khoshi

10 Haji Mohsin Khan Malik Lala Khan Khoshi

11 Lal Said Mirza Khan Khoshi

12 Gul Zarin Naqibullah Khoshi

13 Samar Khan Mumar Khan Khoshi

14 Lal Zar Mohibullah Khoshi

15 Manzar Mohibullah Khoshi

16 Pir Wali Shah Sher Gazab Khoshi

17 Sher Bahadar Mohammad Sheer Khoshi

18 Afsar Khan Summandar Khan Khoshi

19 Abdul Aziz Khushal Khoshi

20 Abdul Rehman Abdul Samad Lower Chuchang

21 Mohammad Shah Sudoor Lower Chuchang

22 Noor Mohammad Din Multan Malik Lower Chuchang

23 Abdul Jalil Shir Ghazi Lower Chuchang

24 Mohammad Ali Naqal Shah Lower Chuchang

25 Ahmed Shah Multan Malik Lower Chuchang

26 Sudoor Khan Farza Khan Lower Chuchang

27 Mohammad Shah Multan Malik Lower Chuchang

28 Sarmand Nasir Khan Lower Chuchang

29 Sher Ghazi Matoo Khan Lower Chuchang

30 Jamdad Ghulam Ali Lower Chuchang

31 Abdul Qadoos Jamdad Lower Chuchang

32 Abdul Salam Ghulam Ali Lower Chuchang

33 Mahmood Khan Abdur Rahim Seo

34 Tota Bahadar Khan Seo

35 Rakho Bulia Seo

36 Abdul Hai Sarwar Shah Seo

37 Mohammad Munir Sarwar Shah Seo

38 Farooq Shah Sarwar Shah Seo

39 Ahmad Bulia Seo

40 Zarin Jan Hazrat Shah Seo

41 Sial Jan Mir Ahmad Seo

42 Fazalur Rehman Kacho Seo

43 Mohammad Daood Naqib Khan Seo

44 Fazal Mahmood Meer Jalal Seo

45 Haji Janas Khan Hazrat Shah Seo

46 Khasra Numash Seo

47 Pir Wali Shah Rahim Shah Seo

48 Mahkam Shah Gandal Shah Seo

49 Fazal Hakeem Shah Muhammd Seo

50 Habib-ur-Rehman Haji Malik Bukhtiar Seo

51 Abdul Rehman Haji Malik Bukhtiar Seo

Annexure A–2

Page 8 of 16


52 Fazal Rabi Shah Muhammad Seo

53 Muhammad Mustafa Muhammad Yousaf Seo

54 Abdul Rahim Fazal Ahmad Seo

55 Mukhtar Khan Jamu Seo

56 Ghulamullah Faqeer Jan Seo

57 Aslam Abdar Seo

58 Shah Faisal Gul Khan Seo

59 Akhtar Munir Hakeem Khan Seo

60 Haji Bukhtiar Chammo Seo

61 Fazal-ur-Rehman Haji Malik Bukhtiar Seo

62 Sabir Khan Sahib Zada Seo

63 Muhammad Nawaz Sharmula Seo

64 Faiz-ur-Rehman Amir Khan Seo

65 Nosher Sharaf Seo

66 Khan Zada Abdul Qadim Seo

67 Sher Zada Abdul Qadim Seo

68 Mujtaba Chamou Malik Seo

69 Muhammad Ayyoub Sher Dad Seo

70 Faizul Bari Dhag Shah Seo

71 Khalil-ur-Rehman Shamtoo Seo

72 Noor Muhammad Muhammad Hussain Seo

73 Dugham Khan Sahib Khan Seo

74 Hamish Gul Bahadar Seo

75 Noor Muhammad Dari Khan Seo

76 Gul Sher Umra Khan Seo

77 Mukhtar Umra Khan Seo

78 Sher Zahab Borra Seo

79 Ismail Gul Sher Seo

80 Mir Muhammad Nazimu Seo

81 Mumtaz Rahim Gul Seo

82 Haji Sahabzada Haji Khadim Khan Seo

83 Abdul Karim Sharan Dasu

84 Amir Said Said Noor Dasu

85 Asghar Khan Ibrahim Dasu

86 Haji Shah Khasro Sayyed Anwar Shah Dasu

87 Haji Muhammad Amin Haji Jamal Malik Dasu

88 Muhammad Ayyoub Malik Charagud Din Dasu

89 Abdul Karim Baqi Haji Lal Khan Dasu

90 Abdul Wakil Haji Lal Khan Dasu

91 Muhammad Noor Ibrahim Khalil Dasu

92 Fazal Shah Hikidad Dasu

93 Muhammad Jameel Noor Wali Shah Dasu

94 Sher Wali Ahmad Khan Dasu

95 Ahsan Ayyoub Malik Charaghuddin Dasu

96 Noor Muhammad Furqan Dasu

97 Hubab Shah Malik Charaghuddin Dasu

98 Muhammad Sulaiman Ahmad Khan Dasu

99 Muhammad Afzal Haje Malik Sakhi Dasu

100 Noor Mehmood Naqal Shah Dasu

101 Muhammad Faqeer Muhammad Qadeer Khan Dasu

102 Amjad Khan Muhammad Qadeer Khan Dasu

103 Amir Shah Haq Dad Dasu

104 Hikmat Shah Mirza Khan Dasu

105 Taoos Mirza Khan Dasu

106 Abdul Malik Haji Sekandar Dasu

107 Abdul Rehman Said Yousaf Dasu

Annexure A–2

Page 9 of 16


108 Ibrar Khan Ibrahim Dasu

109 Hanar Khan Zubal Dasu

110 Sher Muhammad Sabeel Dasu

111 Jamrooz Haji Jamal Khan Dasu

112 Abdul Rhaman Mir Ghayyaz Dasu

113 Molve Jamdad Raja Dasu

114 Abdul Qayum Ali Akbar Dasu

115 Muhammad Manzoor Haji Yar Zada Dasu

116 Fazal Rahman Sageer Dasu

117 Fazal Shah Haq Dad Dasu

118 Faiz-ur-Rahman Muhammad Ayyoub Dasu

119 Javed Iqbal Muhammad Qadir Khan Dasu

120 Malak Shah Rasool Malak Toota Dasu

121 Iqbal Ahmad Mir Wali Dasu

122 Noor-ul-Haq Shah Zaman Dasu

123 Lal Bahadar Dilbar Khan Dasu

124 Hazrat Khan Gul Sher Dasu

125 Sulaman Shah Muhammad Ramzan Dasu

126 Sais Naser Said Yousaf Dasu

127 Wali Khan Said Amir Dasu

128 Shah Naser Haje Jamal Dasu

129 Khan Zada Haje Malik Sakhi Dasu

130 Kimia Malak Malook Shah Dasu

131 Feradoon Sefat Khan Dasu

132 Sarfraz Kimia Malan Dasu

133 Abdul Hanan Ibrahim Dasu

134 Iqbal Ibrahim Dasu

135 Abdul Karim Lal Khan Dasu

136 Abdur Rehman Malik Abdul Samad Dasu

137 Muhammad Amir Jumal Malik Dasu

138 Malik Noor Wali Shah Malik Abdul Samad Dasu

139 Hijab Khan Malik Said Amir Dasu

140 Malik Said Amir Malik Jamal Khan Dasu

141 Abdul Manan Malik Abdul Samad Dasu

142 Subar Shah Pir Said Dasu

143 Shir Mahmood Gul Zar Malik Dasu

144 Malik Gulzar Malik Mulla Khan Dasu

145 Abdullah Malin Mulan Khan Dasu

146 Pir Said Zarain Kaan Dasu

147 Shah Bad Shah Tore Khan Dasu

148 Shah Hussain Faqeer Muhammad Dasu

149 Madad Shah Mosam Khan Dasu

150 Qainoos Sadoor Dasu

151 Shah Zaman Sadoor Dasu

152 Muhammad Saeed Mian Gull Dasu

153 Muhammad Faqeer Batullah Dasu

154 Hakmat Shah Nazim Shah Dasu

155 Abdul Qadeer Haje Sekander Dasu

156 Afzal Shah Juma Said Dasu

157 Saghar Shoban Dasu

158 Hakim Khan Said Noor Dasu

159 Abdul Qudoos Haji Ghandle Shah Dasu

160 Muhammad Ali Naqal Shah Dasu

161 Haji Ghandle Shah Malik Abdul Samad Dasu

162 Pir Mahammad Said Noor Dasu

163 Kalash Mir Gholia Dasu

Annexure A–2

Page 10 of 16


164 Abdul Qadir Jahando Dasu

165 Haji Shah Der Jahan Dasu

166 Gul Namir Bechou Komila

167 Sahibzada Malik Komila

168 Hashmat Bicho Komila

169 Samad Khan Haji Akoo Komila

170 Gul Zareen Bagur Komila

171 Abdul Manan Akbar Khan Komila

172 Gul Dad Bagur Komila

173 Gul Muhammad Ilyas Komila

174 Jan Khan Ilyas Komila

175 Lal Khan Ilyas Komila

176 Taj Muhammad Wali Aman Komila

177 Muhammad Siddique Saiful Malook Komila

178 Abdul Mateen Patti Khan Komila

179 Abdul Rauf Alif Said Komila

180 Shamsul Haq Alif Said Komila

181 Gul Faqeer Alif Said Komila

182 Muhammad Yousaf Zamin Khan Komila

183 Abdul Wahid Yasin Komila

184 Abdul Baqi Yasin Komila

185 Muhammad Hayjan Zamin Khan Komila

186 Shafiqur Rehman Said Wali Komila

187 Nakeer Hazar Komila

188 Muhammad Wakeel Zamin Khan Komila

189 Fida Hussan Lajbar Komila

190 Hameed ul Haq Malik Mohd Qasim Komila

191 Abdullahi Alif Said Komila

192 Chalu Wajee Komila

193 Muhammad Jamil Noor Ul Huda Komila

194 Hafeez ul Haq Noor ul Huda Komila

195 Nazamuddin Shamsul Huda Komila

196 Haq Ul Mobin Mulvi M.Noor Komila

197 Abdul Haq Noor Ul Huda Komila

198 Abdur Rehman Noor Alam Komila

199 Shamsur Rehman Noor Alam Komila

200 Abdul Haseeb Noor ul Huda Komila

201 Hazrat Bilal Ali Akbar Komila

202 Khan Shir Gul Marjan Komila

203 M.Fareen Khan M.Gulzar Komila

204 Mumtaz Khan Gul Muhammad Komila

205 Sabber Khan Chalu Komila

206 Qaimat Zar Chalu Komila

207 Jani Malak Bisharan Komila

208 Muhammad Jameel Shah Zareen Komila

209 M.Iqbal Gul Muhammad Komila

210 Gul Zarin Naimat Khan Komila

211 Shar Wali Zaban Komila

212 Muhammad Wakeel Haji Samiullah Komila

213 Haji Abdul Shakoor Malik Ghazali Komila

214 Ahmad Khan Malik Jamu Komila

215 Afreen Khetab Komila

216 Juma Khan Rusham Khan Komila

217 Pir Muhammad Khan Haji Multan Khan Komila

218 Karim Baksh Abdul Qhar Komila

219 Abdul Jamal Saraj Komila

Annexure A–2

Page 11 of 16


220 Abdul Manan Suta Khan Komila

221 Baga Abdul Wahab Komila

222 Sarwar Suta Khan Komila

223 Raja Suta Khan Komila

224 Abdul Karim Rosham Khan Komila

225 Rosham Khan Abdul Wahab Komila

226 Tota Nush Noaman Komila

227 Gul Namir Noaman Komila

228 Sahib Zada Malik Qadam Khan Komila

229 Gul Sher Muhammad Hafeez Komila

230 Shamsuddin Noor Muhammad Komila

231 Haji Akram Haji Ibrahim Komila

232 Muhammad Amin Suleman Shah Komila

233 Abdul Manan Haji Yarmanoon Komila

234 Tora Zaban Komila

235 Ajam Khan Ahmed Jee Komila

236 Wasil Khan Ahmad Ali Komila

237 Haji Manan Shah Haji Younas Komila

238 Malik Inam Shah Haji Younas Komila

239 Khadim Shah Sulman Shah Komila

240 Rasool Shah Sulman Shah Komila

241 Said Faqeer Mir Aman Komila

242 Muhammad Gulzar Haji Loban Khan Komila

243 Zafar Shah Yasir Komila

244 Didar Khan Mohabat Khan Komila

245 Qasmat Shah Sufi Komila

246 Gul Zada Mecho Komila

247 Sarwar Shah Gul Samar Komila

248 Muhammad Sharif Molvi Sajid Komila

249 Muhammad Jan Haji Ibrahim Komila

250 Sher Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Komila

251 Mursaleen Haji Akram Komila

252 Shar Zada Mecho Komila

253 Farmas Khan Umar Khan Komila

254 Abdul Aziz Haji Dusham Khan Komila

255 Fazal Rahim Haji Yazeed Komila

256 Furqan Mir Abdullah Komila

257 Muhammad Jameel Malik Younas Komila

258 Haji Masta Khan Malik Gharali Komila

259 Saif-ul-Malook Muhammad Ilyas Komila

260 Wali Aman Ghari Bullah Komila

261 Wali Muhammad Ghari Bullah Komila

262 Safi Ullah Abdullah F/C Chapto Komila

263 Ahmad Khan Ghareeb-Ullah Komila

264 Faiz-ur-Rehman Wali Aman Komila

265 Abdul Rehman Haji Akbar Komila

266 Aziz-ur-Rehman Wali Aman Komila

267 Younas Juma Said Komila

268 Hikmat Khan Muhammad Khan Komila

269 Jameer Juma Said Komila

270 Namat Zar Muhammad Khan Komila

271 Abdul Hanan Juma Said Komila

272 Ibrahim Ilyas Komila

273 Abdul Ghani Yasin Komila

274 Yasin Malik Habib Khan Komila

275 Abdul Rashid Yasin Komila

Annexure A–2

Page 12 of 16


276 Wali-ur-Rehman Hazar Komila

277 Zameen Khan Awan Komila

278 Lajbar Bagdur Komila

279 Raja (Serageo Din) Bagdur Komila

280 Shamas Rehman Sarzat Komila

281 Umar Yar Molvi Kehkul Komila

282 Muhammad Ilyas Bardullah Komila

283 Said Mir Tabier Komila

284 Fazal Rahim Zamin Khan Komila

285 Afeer Khan Mahar Dullah Komila

286 Framas Khan Afeer Khan Komila

287 Malok Jan Abdul Razaq Komila

288 Ghulam Sarwar Haji Sikandar Jal Kot

289 Abdul Haq Sona Mian Jal Kot

290 Zia ul Haq Ghazi Khan Jal Kot

291 Ghulam Rasool Said Imam Jal Kot

292 Abdul Manan Haji Shah Alam Jal Kot

293 Haji Shah Alam Haji Mirza Khan Jal Kot

294 Syed Imran Sadbar Jal Kot

295 Abdul Salam Syed Imran Jal Kot

296 Muhammad Bashir Rahmat Ullah Jal Kot

297 Malik Summundar Haji Mirza Khan Jal Kot

298 Gulzar Haji Summundar Jal Kot

299 Abdul Rasheed Qadam Khan Jal Kot

300 Shazada Khan Gull Namair Jal Kot

301 Bakhtiaqr Shah Jahan Jal Kot

302 Rahmatullah Abdul Majeed Jal Kot

303 Mian Gul Haji Summundar Jal Kot

304 Abdullah Haji Summundar Jal Kot

305 Haji Sikandar Chaqoo Jal Kot

306 Abdul Manan Sabir Khan Jal Kot

307 Gulab Shah Nadir Jal Kot

308 Fazal Rehman Zaloo Jal Kot

309 Khatib ur Rehman Zaloo Jal Kot

310 Zaloo Khan Sawab Khan Jal Kot

311 Abdul Karim Khan Bahadar Jal Kot

312 Abdur Rahim Ghazi Khan Jal Kot

313 Saif ur Rehman Molvi Ali Dad Jal Kot

314 Muhammad Sher Sher Gul Khan Jal Kot

315 Hazrat Khan Gul Sher Jal Kot

316 Sher Zaman Rahat Mukhtar Jal Kot

317 Sabir Khan Tarro Jal Kot

318 Abdul Hakeem Zaloo Jal Kot

319 Zahoor Sawab Khan Jal Kot

320 Manak Haji Akbar Jal Kot

321 Hadan Malik Habib Jal Kot

322 Muhammad Javed Haji Akbar Jal Kot

323 Haji Gul Rehman Haji Jadid Jal Kot

324 Awat Khan Haqiq Jal Kot

325 Ghulam Said Sear Shah Jal Kot

326 Mohibbullah Jadid Jal Kot

327 Abdul Haq Muhammad Naseer Jal Kot

328 Shamsur Rehman Muhammad Naseer Jal Kot

329 Muhammad Naseer Malik Jadid Jal Kot

330 Jadid Haji Akbar Jal Kot

331 Mujeeb ur Rehman Jadid Jal Kot

Annexure A–2

Page 13 of 16


332 Malik Saroom Haji Akbar Jal Kot

333 Umar Yar Shah Rasool Malik Jal Kot

334 Ghulam Rasool Sear Shah Jal Kot

335 Mir Ayaz Shah Rasool Malik Jal Kot

336 Shah Rasool Malik Tota Malik Jal Kot

337 Mariam Furqan Jal Kot

338 Sabir Jamil Sufaid Jal Kot

339 Said ul Haq Malik Saroom Jal Kot

340 Abdul Malik Malik Saroom Jal Kot

341 Fazal Haq Malik Saroom Jal Kot

TABLE A-2.5: INVENTORY OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES (SHOPS)

LOWER RIPARIAN AREA

Sr. No Name of Respondent Father's Name Location

1 Abdul Sattar Raj Khan Chuchang

2 Mohammad Javed Kalishmir Chuchang

3 Karim Dad Raj Khan Chuchang

4 Wakeel Mirza Khan Khoshi

5 Harbab shah Badar Khoshi

6 Anwar ul Haq Satwal Khoshi

7 Fazal Azeem Harbab Shah Khoshi

8 Ghulam Rasool Sear Shah Komila

9 Muhammad Taj Sajjad Komila

10 Haqul Mobeen Muhammad Alam Komila

11 Furqan Abdullah Komila

12 Muhammad Jamil Haji Mohd Zaman Komila

13 Muhammad Shoaib Haji Ghulia Komila

14 Summar Khan Mamar Khan Komila

15 Shafiqur Rehman Habib ur Rehman Komila

16 Shahzad Ahmad Komila

17 Hafizur Rehman Taj Muhammad Komila

18 Nowsher Pir Dad Komila

19 Noor Muhammad Haji Fazal Komila

20 Faroze Din Hakeem Said Komila

21 Mohib ur Rehman Ishaq Komila

22 Mujeeb ur Rehman Lal Mian Komila

23 Asif Shah Sultan Komila

24 Fazal Rahim Bakht Taj Komila

25 Farmas Khan Umar Khan Komila

26 Muhammad Munir Habib Ur Rehman Komila

27 Abdul Qadoos Bora Komila

28 Mehmood Abdul Rahim Komila

29 Muhammad Yaqoob Subhan Haji Komila

30 Shams ul Haq Shah Jahan Komila

31 Yazidur Rehman Muhammad Munir Komila

32 Gul Namir Noaman Komila

33 Dr.Taj Muhammad Jan Muhammad Komila

34 Muhammad Shafiq Shareen Muhammad Komila

35 Muhammad Ehsan Muhammad Hanif Komila

36 Muhammad shar Japur Khan Komila

37 Sher Khan Dar Jhan Komila

38 Nur Saleem Haji Akram Komila

39 Razwan Ullah Janat Nazeer Komila

40 Muhammad Riaz Sher Ghazi Komila

41 Hikmat Shah Hejab Khan Komila

Annexure A–2

Page 14 of 16


42 Iqbal Shah Ghulam Jan Komila

43 Sher Ghazi Ghulam Jan Komila

44 Mir Alam Ghulab Shah Komila

45 Yaseen Khan Jalander Komila

46 Abdul Sattar Bora Komila

47 Mujadad Said Umar Komila

48 Rahim Shah Ahmad Wali Komila

49 Shamsul Haq Khalil Komila

50 Muhammad Sadiq Laiq Komila

51 Subar Shah Gul Samar Shah Komila

52 Saf ur Rehman Shafat Komila

53 Aqil Abdul Razak Komila

54 Jamshed Ali Kaky Komila

55 Muhammad Younas Haji Mast Khan Komila

56 Haris Shah Pir Wali Shah Komila

57 Shahzada Sharifullah Komila

58 Sher Badishah Mukhtar Komila

59 Shah Nawaz Haji Shazareen Komila

60 Abdul Basir Rusham Khan Komila

61 Ehsan ul Haq Sher Muhammad Khan Komila

62 Aurang Zaib Jahan Zaib Komila

63 Badar Jamil Saiful Malook Komila

64 Abdur Rahim Mohsin Mian Komila

65 Umar Khan Molvi Badar Komila

66 Dsham Khan Habib Khan Komila

67 Mutber Shah Aderman Komila

68 Abdul Mateen Muhammad Siddique Komila

69 Shahid Irshad Muhammad Nazir Komila

70 Muhammad Irshad Muhammad Nazeer Komila

71 Fazal Qadir Amir Nawab Komila

72 Gulzar Muhammad Khan Komila

73 Sher Ali Anayat Ali Komila

74 Gul Shahzada Mustahan Komila

75 Sher Ghazi Liaquat Komila

76 Umair Chenar Komila

77 Bakht Rawan Aziz ur Rehman Komila

78 Abdul Rehman Khan Badsha Komila

79 Umar Yar Kachul Komila

80 Mashore Haibat Khan Komila

81 Bakht Zada Waqar Zada Komila

82 Molvi Abdur Rehman Ibrahim Khalil Komila

83 M.Farid Khan Sher Zaman Komila

84 Umar Rehman Fazal Rehman Komila

85 Taj Muhammad Ali Muhammad Komila

86 Bahauddin Mian Abad Shah Komila

87 Syed Rehmat Daulat Mand Komila

88 Noor Nabi Brader Komila

89 Sher Zaman Muhammad Komila

90 Abdul Qayyum Abdul Hakim Komila

91 Shahbaz Gul Sher Komila

92 M. Nazeer Sarmad Komila

93 Sher Zada Abdul Qadeem Komila

94 Zar Mian Buraq Komila

95 Abdul Malik Fazal Rehman Komila

96 Gul Zaman Said Majeed Komila

97 Fazal Shah Hakim Dad Komila

Annexure A–2

Page 15 of 16


98 Zia Ul Haq Gul Sher Komila

99 Muhammad Noor Abdul Jamil Komila

100 Shahzada Mecho Komila

101 Saeed ur Rahim Abdul Qadeer Komila

102 Noor Jan Saidu Jan Komila

103 Babar Jan Said Abdul Qayyum Komila

104 Bakht Zada Hayat Khan Komila

105 Gulzada Mecho Komila

106 Shahi Mulik Bakhat Zaman Komila

107 Ismail Sardar Komila

108 Asmat Ali Muhammad Amin Komila

109 Narang Chenar Komila

110 Bejab Khan Shera Komila

111 Jahanzaib Amir Aftab Komila

112 Gul Badsha Jabu Komila

113 Abdul Hai Alif Syed Komila

114 Gul Dad Muhammad Irfan Komila

115 Sher Badsha Mir Aftab Komila

116 Muhammad Taj Abdul Wakil Komila

117 Gulzar Ahmad Swab Khan Komila

118 M. Basharat Muhammad Aslam Komila

119 Dar Jahan Shah Umar Komila

120 Bakhtzada Badsha Khan Komila

121 Gul Faraz Karim Dad Komila

122 Gul Khan Sheikh Ali Komila

123 Taurat Khan Didar Shah Komila

124 Syed Malook Shah Zaman Komila

125 Sumbul Shah Abdul Razaq Komila

126 Gohar Malook Bakht Malook Komila

127 Ahsamul Haq Gul Zarin Komila

128 M.Younas Must Khan Komila

129 Gul Khan Riaz Mahmood Komila

130 Faradoon Shafat Dasu

131 Faiz ur Rehman Faradoon Dasu

132 Juma Said Muhammad Ajmir Dasu

133 Mustafa Abdul Manan Dasu

134 Syed Zar Muhammad Faqeer Dasu

135 Fazal Amin Pir Said Dasu

136 Akbar Azam Gulzar Dasu

137 Muhammad Wakil Juma Said Dasu

138 Shah Zareen Habib Ullah Dasu

139 Raj Mir Juma Said Dasu

140 Amir Nawaz Haji Chafat Komila

141 Shabaz Raj Wali Komila

142 Lashkar Kucha Komila

143 Muhammad Ali Muhammad Munir Komila

144 Murad Ali Muhammad Munir Komila

145 Hayat Khan Abdul Sattar Komila

146 Muhammad Ayub Ahmad Ali Komila

147 Haji Yarmanoon Malik Channu Komila

148 Hakam Khan Summandar Khan Komila

Annexure A–2

Page 16 of 16


TABLE A-2.6: INVENTORY OF RESIDENTIAL HOTELS

LOWER RIPARIAN AREA

Sr. No Name of Respondent Father's Name Name of

Village/Settlement

1 Haji Abdul Latif Naimat Gul Dasu

2 Wahid Zada Salar Dasu

3 Muhammad Abrar Muhammad Ehsan Dasu

4 Abdul Malik Haji Sikandar Dasu

5 Khanzada Malik Sakhi Dasu

6 Charaguddin Abdul Majeed Dasu

7 Shahroom Muhammad Din Dasu

8 Hayat Khan Abdul Sattar Dasu

9 Abdul Baqi Lal Khan Dasu

10 M.Zabbor Abdul Malik Dasu

11 Shah Nasir Jamal Malik Dasu

12 Abdul Karim Khan Bahadar Komila

13 Haq Nawaz Shah Nawaz Komila

14 Shah e Room Haji Muhammad Din Komila

15 Gul Zarin Namat Khan Komila

16 Badshah Salam dar Komila

17 Bakhtiar Sar Zamin Komila

TABLE A-2.7: INVENTORY OF VILLAGE PROFILE

LOWER RIPARIAN AREA

Sr. No Name of Respondent Father's Name Name of

Villages/Localities

1 Malik Gulzar Malik Mulla Khan Dasu

2 Sher Zada Malik Micho Komila

3 Abdul Malik Saroom Malik Jalkot

4 Noor Ul Hadi Muzammil Khan Seo

5 Ahmad Shah Multan Malik Lower Chuchang

ANNEXURE A – 3

FREQUENCY TABLES

RESERVOIR AREA

Annexure A–3

Page 1 of 24


TABLE A-3.1: SUMMARY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS IN RESERVOIR

AND LOWER RIPARIAN AREAS

Sr. No. Description Reservoir Area Lower

Riparian Area

1 Number of Housing 278 1950

2 Number of House Hold 417 2925

3 Number of Interviewed 262 341

4 Average Family Size 8.8 10.5

5 Marital Status (Married) 96.90% 97.90%

6 Education Qualification

Illiterate 59.50% 45.70%

Literate 40.50% 54.30%

School going children (Male) Below 18 Years 57.30% 75.70%

(Female) 30.50% 56.00%

7 Occupation Status

Farming 29.40% 15.00%

Trade 24.40% 32.80%

Service 22.50% 34.30%

Other 23.70% 17.90%

8 Population (Male)

Less than 5 Year 35.60% 34.40%

6 – 18 Years 41.80% 41.60%

19 – 45 Years 17.80% 19.50%

Above 4.90% 4.50%

9 Population (Male)

Less than 5 Year 28.60% 31.00%

6 – 18 Years 28.00% 34.90%

19 – 45 Years 32.20% 26.30%

Above 11.10% 7.80%

10 Structure of the Family

Joint Family 26.70% 39.00%

Nuclear 73.30% 61.00%

Exogamy 57.30% 60.40%

Endogamy 42.70% 39.60%

11 Major Source of Income

Agriculture 21.80% 4.40%

Trade / Agriculture 18.70% 14.10%

Agriculture / Service 15.60% 11.10%

Other Sources 43.90% 70.40%

12 Average Monthly Income (Income Groups)

Rs. 3001 – Rs. 5000 16.00% 9.70%

Rs. 5001 – Rs. 7000 17.60% 19.40%

Rs. 7001 – Rs. 9000 14.50% 19.10%

Rs. 9001 – Rs. 11000 17.60% 18.50%

Other Groups 34.30% 33.30%

13 Average Monthly Family Expenditure (Income Group)

Rs. 3001 – Rs. 5000 17.60% 12.90%

Rs. 5001 – Rs. 7000 24.80% 23.50%

Rs. 7001 – Rs. 9000 16.40% 20.20%

Rs. 9001 – Rs. 11000 17.90% 16.10%

Other Groups 23.30% 27.30%

14 Ownership Status of House

Self Owned 99.20% 98.20%

Rented / Rent free 0.80% 1.80%

Annexure A–3

Page 2 of 24



Riparian Area

15 Nature of Construction of House

Kaccha / Mud House 52.30% 33.70%

Pacca / Cemented 12.20% 47.50%

Semi Cemented 35.50% 18.80%

16 Number of Rooms in House

One Room 22.90% 15.00%

Two Rooms 27.10% 33.40%

Three Rooms 22.10% 20.50%

More than three 27.90% 31.10%

17 Number of Bath Rooms in the House

One Bath 44.70% 35.80%

Two Bath 21.00% 37.80%

Three Bath 9.90% 10.30%

More than three Baths 6.10% 11.70%

No Bath Room Facility 18.30% 4.40%

18 Period Since Construction of House (Years)

0 – 5 Years 20.60% 19.10%

5 – 10 Years 30.90% 30.50%

10 – 15 Years 23.30% 19.10%

15 – 20 Years 14.90% 20.80%

Above 20 Years 10.30% 10.60%

19 Estimated Value of the House

Less than Rs. 100,000 9.20% 2.60%

Rs. 100,001 to Rs. 200,000 11.50% 6.20%

Rs. 200,001 to Rs. 300,000 13.70% 4.10%

Rs. 300,001 to Rs. 400,000 19.10% 5.00%

Above Rs. 400,000 46.60% 82.10%

20 Facilities Available in the House

Electricity & Water Supply 63.40% 97.10%

No Facility 36.60% 2.90%

21 Type of Fuel for Illumination, Heating & Cooking

Illumination Electricity 62.20% 96.40%

Kerosene 34.00% 1.80%

LPG & Other 3.80% 1.80%

Heating Kerosene 0.40% 1.20%

Fire Wood 99.60% 98.80%

Cooking Fire Wood 100% 99.40%

Other - 0.60%

22 Source of Water for Drinking

Public Water Supply 40.10% 85.90%

Water Channel 26.00% 2.10%

Nullah 22.10% 1.50%

Spring 10.30% 10.30%


23 Source of Water for Agriculture / Animals

Water Channel 58.40% 53.40%

Nullah 21.40% 3.50%

Spring 11.10% 14.10%


24 Kind of Evidence of Property

Personal Evidence 96.90% 77.40%

Government Stamp / Plain Paper 3.10% 22.60%

Annexure A–3

Page 3 of 24



Riparian Area

25 Nature of Farming

Owner 62.20% 42.80%

Owner Cum Tenant 16.80% 10.90%

Tenant 3.40% 12.90%

Share Croppers 1.50% 0.30%

No Agriculture Land 16.00% 33.10%

26 Major Agricultural Crops

Wheat, Maize & Vegetable 67.60% 58.90%

Other Crops 16.40% 8.00%

27 Approximate Price of Cultivated Land (Rs.)

Rs. 100,000 to Rs. 150,000 24.40% 4.10%

Rs. 150,001 to Rs. 200,000 54.20% 3.30%

More than Rs. 200,000 4.40% 55.50%

No Agriculture Land 16.00% 33.10%

28 Average Number of Cows 4 3

29 Average Number of Goat / Sheep 42 29

30 Amount Borrowed 15.30% 9.40%

31 Amount No Borrowed 84.70% 90.60%

32 Mode of Compensation

Cash 93.50% -

Alternative Land / Building 6.50% -

TABLE A-3.2 AVERAGE FAMILY SIZE - RESERVOIR AREA VILLAGEWISE

Sr. No. Name of Villages Number of Interviews Total

Population

Average

Family Size

1 Segal 20 168 8.4

2 Logro 20 132 6.6

3 Barseen 11 110 10.0

4 Gule Bagh / Maidan 22 166 7.5

5 Kaigah 28 216 7.7

6 Largani Bridge 7 36 5.1

7 Gumo 15 111 7.4

8 Sazeen 3 51 17.0

9 Gayal 32 342 10.7

10 Kai Doga 11 121 11.0

11 Shatyal 11 108 9.8

12 Drail Bridge 12 91 7.6

13 Adam Banda 2 33 16.5

14 Doondar 4 37 9.3

15 Panibah 18 94 5.2

16 Soomar Nullah 1 7 7.0

17 Uchar Nullah 3 13 4.3

18 Looter 3 21 7.0

19 Millar Doga 10 136 13.6

20 Siglo 22 246 11.2

21 Siri Shal 1 6 6.0

22 Lachi Nullah 1 6 6.0

23 Waliabad 1 7 7.0

24 Kot Gul 2 22 11.0

25 Harban Cool 2 25 12.5

Total 262 2305 8.8

Annexure A–3

Page 4 of 24


TABLE A-3.3 AGES OF THE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS

Age Groups Frequency Percent

Less Than 20 Yrs 7 2.7

21 - 30 Yrs 73 27.9

31 - 40 Yrs 87 33.2

41 - 50 Yrs 47 17.9

51 - 60 Yrs 23 8.8

61 Yrs and Above 25 9.5

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.4 MARITAL STATUS OF THE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS

Marital Status Frequency Percent

Single 8 3.1

Married 254 96.9

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.5 EDUCATION OF THE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS

Education

Qualification Frequency Percent

Illiterate 156 59.5

Primary 29 11.1

Middle 5 1.9

Secondary 40 15.3

Higher Secondary 13 5.0

Graduate 8 3.1

Post Graduate 5 1.9

Deeni Uloom 5 1.9

Professional

Graduate 1 0.4

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 5 of 24


TABLE A-3.6 NAME OF TRIBES OF THE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS

Tribes Frequency Percent

Toray Khail 30 11.5

Kharza Khail 26 9.9

Shamat Khail 21 8.0

Narang Khail 20 7.6

Pathan 16 6.1

Bohi Khail 13 5.0

Sheen 13 5.0

Nasir Khail 11 4.2

Gujars 11 4.2

Kamin Khail 11 4.2

Sirkhan Khan 10 3.8

Eiska Khail 9 3.4

Chalees Khail 9 3.4

Udin Khail 9 3.4

Ushar Khail 8 3.1

Sheda Khail 8 3.1

Soniwal 8 3.1

Bada Khail 7 2.7

Shukar Khail 7 2.7

Shilkan Khail 7 2.7

Boot Khail 3 1.1

Durab Khail 2 0.8

Chuta Khail 1 0.4

Judan Khail 1 0.4

Taman Khail 1 0.4

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.7 OCCUPATIONAL STATUS

Occupations Frequency Percent

Agricultural Farming 77 29.4

General Labor 21 8.0

Trade 64 24.4

Service 59 22.5

Cattle Farming 10 3.8

Unemployed 12 4.6

Gold collection 7 2.7

Driver 4 1.5

Teacher 3 1.1

Self Employed 5 1.9

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 6 of 24


TABLE A-3.8 LANGUAGES SPOKEN BY THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS

Languages Frequency Percent

Kohistani 111 42.4

Shina 75 28.6

Pushtoo 8 3.1

Kohistani & Shina 68 26.0

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.9 TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX

Male Female Both Sexes Age Groups

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Less Than 5 Years 421 35.6 321 28.6 742 32.2

6 - 18 years 494 41.8 314 28.0 808 35.1

19 - 45 Years 210 17.8 362 32.3 572 24.8

46 - 60 Years 27 2.3 100 8.9 127 5.5

61 and Above 31 2.6 25 2.2 56 2.4

Total 1,183 100 1,122 100 2,305 100

TABLE A-3.10 SIZE OF FAMILY

Family Size Frequency Percent

0 - 5 69 26.3

6 - 10 119 45.4

11 - 15 45 17.2

16 - 20 23 8.8

21 - 25 6 2.3

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.11 STRUCTURE OF THE FAMILY

Family System Frequency Percent

Joint Family 70 26.7

Nuclear 192 73.3

Total 262 100

Exogamy 150 57.3

Endogamy 112 42.7

Total 262 100

TABLE A-3.12 CHILD BIRTHS IN THE FAMILY DURING LAST ONE YEARS

Number of Births Frequency Percent

1 103 39.3

2 13 5.0

More Than 2 3 1.1

No Child Births 143 54.6

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 7 of 24


TABLE A-3.13 DEATHS IN THE FAMILY DURING LAST ONE YEAR

Number of Deaths Frequency Percent

1 8 3.1

2 1 0.4

No Deaths 253 96.5

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.14 CAUSES OF DEATHS

Causes Frequency Percent

Accident 1 0.4

During Delevery 1 0.4

Eat Poison 1 0.4

Fell in River 1 0.4

Murder 1 0.4

Oldage Factor 1 0.4

Typhoid 2 0.8

Not Known 1 0.4

No Deaths 253 96.6

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.15 SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN IN THE FAMILY

BOYS BELOW 18 YEARS

Number Frequency Percent

1 46 17.6

2 42 16.0

3 24 9.2

4 18 6.9

5 11 4.2

6 4 1.5

7 4 1.5

10 1 0.4

No Child 112 42.7

Total 262 100.0


GIRLS BELOW 18 YEARS


1 26 9.9

2 34 13.0

3 11 4.2

4 4 1.5

5 4 1.5

8 1 0.4

No Child 182 69.5

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 8 of 24


TABLE A-3.17 VOCATIONAL / TECHNICAL SKILLS OF THE FAMILY

Male Female Nature of Skills

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Carpenter 2 0.8 0 0.0

Driving 1 0.4 0 0.0

Electrician 1 0.4 0 0.0

Gold Collection 1 0.4 0 0.0

Tailoring / Embroidery 3 1.1 108 41.2

Did not have any skill 254 96.9 0 0.0

Household Activities 0 0.0 154 58.8

Total 262 100.0 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.18 ASPIRED VOCATIONAL / TECHNICAL SKILLS FOR FAMILY MEMBERS

Male Female Nature of Desired Skills

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Computer 2 0.8 0 0.0

Dirving / Macanic 3 1.1 0 0.0

Driving 4 1.5 0 0.0


Gold Collection 1 0.4 0 0.0

Macanic 1 0.4 0 0.0

Tailoring / Embroidery 8 3.1 86 32.8

Tailoring / Driving 1 0.4 0 0.0

Tailoring / Driving /

Machanic 7 2.7 0 0.0

Undecided 233 88.9 0 0.0

Household Activities 0 0.0 176 67.2

Total 262 100.0 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.19 MAJOR SOURCES OF INCOME OF THE FAMILY

Source of Income Frequency Percent

Agriculture 57 21.8

General Labor 9 3.4

Agri and Labor 25 9.5

Trade 18 6.9

Trade and Agri 49 18.7


Agri & sevice 41 15.6

Self Employed 6 2.3

Service 15 5.7

Gold Collection 7 2.7

Trade & Service 1 0.4

Agri,Service & Trade 23 8.8

No Source of Income 1 0.4

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 9 of 24


TABLE A-3.20 AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME FROM ALL SOURCES

Income Groups Frequency Percent

0 - 3000 12 4.6

3001 - 5000 42 16.0

5001 - 7000 46 17.6

7001 - 9000 38 14.5

9001 - 11000 46 17.6

11001 - 13000 21 8.0

13001 - 15000 29 11.1

15001 and Above 26 9.9

Unemployed 2 0.8

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.21 AVERAGE MONTHLY FAMILY EXPENDITURE


0 - Rs.3000 14 5.3

3001 - Rs.5000 46 17.6

5001 - Rs.7000 65 24.8

7001 - Rs.9000 43 16.4

9001 - Rs.11000 47 17.9

11001 - Rs.13000 15 5.7

13001 - Rs.15000 15 5.7

Rs.15001 and Above 15 5.7

No Income 2 0.8

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.22 MODE OF PAYMENT ON HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE

Mode of Payment Frequency Percent

Cash 187 71.4

Credit / Deferred 75 28.6

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.23 OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE

Ownership Status Frequency Percent

Self Owned 260 99.2

Rented 1 0.4

Relative House Free 1 0.4

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 10 of 24


TABLE A-3.24 NATURE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSES

Nature of

Construction Frequency Percent

Katcha 137 52.3

Pacca 32 12.2

Semi - pacca 93 35.5

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.25 NUMBER OF ROOMS IN THE HOUSE

Numbers Frequency Percent

1 60 22.9

2 71 27.1

3 58 22.1

4 38 14.5

5 13 5.0

More than 5 rooms 22 8.4

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.26 NUMBER OF BATHROOMS IN THE HOUSE


1 117 44.7

2 55 21.0

3 26 9.9

4 11 4.2

5 3 1.1

More Than 5 2 0.8

No Bathroom Facility 48 18.3

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.27 AREA OF THE HOUSE IN MARLAS

Area (Marlas) Frequency Percent

Less Than 5 Marla 21 8.0

5 to 10 Marla 8 3.1

10 to 20 Marla 3 1.1

Not Known 230 87.8

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 11 of 24


TABLE A-3.28 PERIOD SINCE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE (YEARS)

Years Frequency Percent

0 - 5 Years 54 20.6

5 - 10 Years 81 30.9

10 - 15 Years 61 23.3

15 - 20 Years 39 14.9

20 Years and above 27 10.3

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.29 ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE HOUSE (RS)

Estimated Value Frequency Percent

Less Than Rs.100000 24 9.2

100001 - Rs.200000 30 11.5

200001 - Rs.300000 36 13.7

300001 - Rs.400000 50 19.1

400001 - Rs.500000 17 6.5

Above Rs.500000 105 40.1

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.30 NUMBER OF SEPARATE ROOMS FOR ANIMALS IN THE HOUSE

Response Frequency Percent

Yes 209 79.8

No 53 20.2

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.31 NATURE OF CONSTRUCTION OF ANIMAL ROOM

Nature of Construction Frequency Percent

Katcha 213 81.3

Semmi Pacca 1 0.4

No Separate room for animals 48 18.3

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.32 FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE HOUSE

Facilities Frequency Percent

Electricity 58 22.1

Water Supply 2 0.8

Elect & Water Supply 99 37.8

Elect,W.Supply & T.Phone 7 2.7

No Facility 96 36.6

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 12 of 24


TABLE A-3.33 TYPE OF FUEL FOR ILLUMINATION, HEATING AND COOKING

Purpose Frequency Percent

Illumination

Electricity 163 62.2

Kerosene 89 34.0

LPG 10 3.8

Total 262 100.0

Heating

Kerosene 1 0.4

Firewood 261 99.6

Total 262 100.0

Cooking

Firewood 262 100.0

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.34 ESTIMATED COST OF FUEL CONSUMED INCLUDING

FIREWOOD IN WHOLE YEAR

Estimated Cost Frequency Percent

5001 - Rs.10000 44 16.8

10001 - Rs.15000 57 21.8

15001 - Rs.20000 35 13.4

Above Rs.20000 80 30.5

No Cost 46 17.6

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.35 HOUSEHOLDS ITEMS AVAILABLE IN THE HOUSE

Household Items Yes Percent No Percent

TV 27 10.3 235 89.7

Motor Vehicle 37 14.1 225 85.9

Vcr /Vcd 13 5.0 249 95.0

Cassette Player / Radio 111 42.4 151 57.6

Fridge / Freezer 11 4.2 251 95.8

AC / Air Cooler 6 2.3 256 97.7

Motor Cycle 7 2.7 255 97.3

Bicycle 11 4.2 251 95.8

Sewing Machine 131 50.0 131 50.0

Washing Machine 13 5.0 249 95.0

Geezer 9 3.4 253 96.6

Power Generator 31 11.8 231 88.2

Iron 136 51.9 126 48.1

Fan 132 50.4 130 49.6

Furniture 162 61.8 100 38.2

Other 1 0.4 261 99.6

Annexure A–3

Page 13 of 24


TABLE A-3.36 SOURCES OF WATER FOR DRINKING

Sources Frequency Percent

Spring 27 10.3

Nullah 58 22.1

Channel 68 26.0

Public Water Supply 105 40.1

River 1 0.4

Electric Motor 3 1.1

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.37 SOURCES OF WATER FOR WASHING AND BATHING


Spring 29 11.1

Nullah 54 20.6

Channel 75 28.6


River 1 0.4


Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.38 SOURCES OF WATER FOR AGRICULTURE,

LIVESTOCK AND ANIMALS


Spring 29 11.1

Nullah 54 20.6

Channel 75 28.6


River 1 0.4


Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.39 EVIDENCE OF SALE / PURCHASE OF PROPERTY


Yes 8 3.1

No 254 96.9

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.40 KINDS OF EVIDENCE OF PROPERTY


Govt.Stamp Paper 6 2.3

Plain Paper 2 0.8

Personal Evidence 254 96.9

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 14 of 24


TABLE A-3.41 NATURE OF FARMING

Nature of Farming Frequency Percent

Owner 163 62.2

Tenant 9 3.4

Owner-cum tenant 44 16.8

Share cropper 4 1.5

No Agriculture Land 42 16.0

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.42 SIZE OF CULTIVATED LAND

Area in Kanals Frequency Percent

0 - 1 12 4.6

1 - 2 10 3.8

2 - 3 7 2.7

3 - 4 9 3.4

4 - 5 28 10.7

5 - 10 64 24.4

Above 10 Kanal 90 34.4


Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.43 OWNERSHIP OF AGRICUTURAL IMPLEMENTS

Implements Frequency Percent

Plough for oxen 186 71.0

Plough & Thresher 34 13.0

Having no Implement 42 16.0

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.44 MAJOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS


Maize 3 1.1

Vegetable 1 0.4

Wheat,Maize and Vegetable 177 67.6

Wheat.Maize & Fodder 1 0.4

Wheat,Maize & Fruit 6 2.3

Wheat & Maize 26 9.9

Maize & Sorghum 2 0.8

Wheat,Maize & Sorghum 4 1.5


Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 15 of 24


TABLE A-3.45 APPROXIMATE PRICE OF CULTIVATED LAND (Rs)


Less Than Rs.100000 6 2.3

100000 - Rs.150000 64 24.4

150001 - Rs 200000 142 54.2

200001 - Rs.250000 3 1.1

250000 - Rs.300000 5 1.9


Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.46 ESTIMATED TOTAL COST ON SEED PURCHASE

Cost Frequency Percent

0 - Rs.500 7 2.7

501 - Rs.1000 44 16.8

1001 - Rs.1500 16 6.1

1501 - Rs.2000 49 18.7

Above Rs.2000 26 9.9

Own Farm Produce 78 29.8


Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.47 ESTIMATED TOTAL COST ON FERTILIZER


0 - Rs.500 2 0.8

501 - Rs.1000 40 15.3

1001 - Rs.1500 25 9.5

1501 - Rs.2000 27 10.3

Above Rs.2000 117 44.7


Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.48 ANIMALS KEPT

Animals Numbers

Buffalo 53

Cow 1,141

Goat / Sheep 11,046

Poultry 2,816

Donkey / Mule 302

Ox 196

Horse 78

Others 12

Total 15,644

Annexure A–3

Page 16 of 24


TABLE A-3.49 ESTIMATED COST OF FODDER FOR ANIMALS (RUPEES)


Less Than Rs 2000 12 4.6

2001 - Rs 4000 33 12.6

4001 - Rs.6000 34 13.0

6001 - Rs.8000 20 7.6

8001 - Rs.10000 21 8.0

Above Rs.10000 51 19.5

No Expenditure 91 34.7

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.50 AMOUNT BORROWED

Amount Frequency Percent

0 - Rs.25000 11 4.2

25001 - Rs.50000 13 5.0

50001 - Rs.100000 9 3.4

100001 - Rs.200000 4 1.5

200001 - Rs.300000 1 0.4

300001 - Rs.400000 2 0.8

Did not borrow 222 84.7

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.51 SOURCE OF BORROWING AMOUNT

Source Frequency Percent

Bank 1 0.4

Friend 6 2.3

Relative 33 12.6


Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.52 PURPOSE OF BORROWING AMOUNT


Domestic Problems 19 7.3

Medical Treatment 7 2.7

Construction of House 5 1.9

Business 4 1.5

For Marriage 3 1.1

Other 2 0.8


Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 17 of 24


TABLE A-3.53 DEPENDENCE ACROSS INDUS RIVER


Yes 112 42.7

No 150 57.3

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.54 REASONS OF DEPENDENCY


Family Relation 9 3.4

Market / Business 42 16.0

Access to KKH 57 21.8

Religious,Education

and Health Facilities 4 1.5

No Need 150 57.3

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.55 PREFERENTIAL RESETTLEMENT LOCALITIES


Kohistan District 56 21.4

Dasu 34 13.0

Down to the Country 95 36.3

Don't Know 67 25.6

Any Suitable Place 10 3.8

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.56 MODE OF COMPANSATION


Cash 245 93.5

Alternative Land 2 0.8

Alt Land & Building 14 5.3

Cash & Alternate

Land 1 0.4

Total 262 100.0

TABLE A-3.57 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CONSTRUCYION OF DAM


Yes 220 84.0

No 42 16.0

Total 262 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 18 of 24


FREQUENCY TABLES OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES (SHOPS)

TABLE A-3.58 AGE OF RESPONDENT

Age Group Frequency Percent

0 - 20 Years 1 5.0

21 - 25 Years 3 15.0

26 - 30 Years 4 20.0

31 - 35 Years 3 15.0

36 - 40 Years 4 20.0

41 - 45 Years 2 10.0

46 - 50 Years 1 5.0

51 Years And Above 2 10.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.59 EDUCATION QUALIFICATON OF THE RESPONDENT


Illiterate 10 50.0

Middle 1 5.0

Secondary 4 20.0


Graduate 2 10.0

Post Graduate 1 5.0

Deeni Uloom 1 5.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.60 TRIBES OF RESPONDENT


Sheen 6 30.0

Tandoli 1 5.0

Mughal 1 5.0

Shamat Khail 7 35.0

Sheda Khail 3 15.0

Durab Khail 1 5.0

Others 1 5.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.61 TYPES OF SHOPS

Types Frequency Percent

Self Owned 9 45.0

Rented 11 55.0

Total 20 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 19 of 24


TABLE A-3.62 OCCUPANCY STATUS

Occupancy Frequency Percent

1 16 80.0

2 3 15.0

More than 3 1 5.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.63 NATURE OF BUSINESS

Nature of Business Frequency Percent

Grocery Shop 1 5.0

Driver Hotel 11 55.0

General Store 7 35.0

Cold Drink Shop 1 5.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.64 SIZE OF COVERED AREA OF SHOPS

Size Frequency Percent

Less Than 250 Sqf 11 55.0

251 - 500 sq ft 6 30.0

501 - 1000 sq ft 3 15.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.65 NATURE OF CONSTRUCTION

Nature of


Pucca 1 5.0

Semi-Pucca 8 40.0

Kachha 2 10.0

Wooden 9 45.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.66 ESTIMATED COST OF COMMERTIAL ACTIVITIES

Costs Frequency Percent

Less Than 100000 Rs. 1 5.0

100001 - 200000 Rs. 7 35.0

200001 - 300000 Rs. 1 5.0

300001 - 400000 Rs. 2 10.0

400001 - 500000 Rs. 2 10.0

500001 Rs. and Above 7 35.0

Total 20 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 20 of 24


TABLE A-3.67 HOW MANY YEARS RUNNING THE BUSINESS


Less Than 1 Year 1 5.0

2 - 5 Years 2 10.0

6 - 10 Years 9 45.0

Above 10 Years 8 40.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.68 PRESENT STOCK OF GOODS IN THE SHOP / HOTEL

Stocks in Rupees Frequency Percent

Less than 100000 Rs. 9 45.0

100001 - 200000 Rs. 7 35.0

200001 - 300000 Rs. 2 10.0

300001 - 400000 Rs. 1 5.0

400001 - 500000 Rs. 1 5.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.69 NUMBER OF PERSONS WORKING IN SHOPS / HOTELS

Number of Persons Frequency Percent

1 7 35.0

2 3 15.0

3 3 15.0

5 1 5.0

6 and Above 6 30.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.70 DOMIINENT MODE OF PAYMENT


Cash Payment 14 70.0

Cash and Credit 6 30.0

Total 20 100.0

TABLE A-3.71 AVERAGE DAILY SALE OF GOODS AND SERVICES

Sale in Rupees Frequency Percent

Less Than 500 Rs. 1 5.0

501 - 1000 Rs 1 5.0

1501 - 2000 Rs. 6 30.0

3501 - 4000 Rs. 1 5.0

4501 - 5000 Rs. 2 10.0

5001 Rs. and Above 9 45.0

Total 20 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 21 of 24


TABLE A-3.72 AVERAGE DAILY PROFIT

Profit in Rupees Frequency Percent


201 - 400 Rs. 1 5.0

401 - 600 Rs. 5 25.0

601 - 800 Rs. 1 5.0

801 - 1000 Rs. 4 20.0

1001 - 1500 Rs. 2 10.0

1501 - 2000 Rs. 3 15.0


Total 20 100.0

FREQUENCY TABLES OF VILLAGE PROFILE

TABLE A-3.73 AGE OF RESPONEDENT


21 - 25 Years 2 15.4

26 - 30 Years 2 15.4

36 - 40 Years 4 30.8

41 - 45 Years 1 7.7

46 - 50 Years 2 15.4


Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.74 QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS


Illiterate 8 61.5

Primary 1 7.7

Secondary 1 7.7

Graduate 1 7.7

Post Graduate 1 7.7

Deeni Uloom 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.75 MAJOR LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN VILLAGE



Kohistani,Shina and

Urdu 4 30.8

Kohistani,Shina,Pashto

and Urdu 6 46.2

Total 13 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 22 of 24


TABLE A-3.76 ACCESSIBILITY OF VILLAGE FROM KKH

Accessibility Frequency Percent

Track 8 61.5

Un-Metalled 1 7.7

Dolly 3 23.1

Suspansion Bridge 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.77 APPROXIMATE POPULATION OF VILLAGES


Less Than 100 2 15.4

101 - 200 4 30.8

201 - 300 4 30.8

301 - 400 2 15.4

1001 - 2000 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.78 APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF HOUSES IN VILLAGE


10 -20 3 23.1

21 - 30 3 23.1

30 - 40 4 30.8

40 - 50 2 15.4

51 - 100 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.79 MALE EDUCATION FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN VILLAGE

Education Facilities Frequency Percent

Primary 4 30.8

High 1 7.7

Deeni Madrassa 1 7.7

No Facility 7 53.8

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.80 FEMALE EDUCATION FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN VILLAGE


Primary 3 23.1

No Facility 10 76.9

Total 13 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 23 of 24


TABLE A-3.81 INSITUTIONAL FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN VILLAG


Hospital 1 7.7

Mosque 11 84.6

BHU & Mosque 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.82 FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE VILLAGE

Response Yes Percent No Percent

Drainage 0 0.0 13 100.0

Electricity 10 76.9 3 23.1

Street Lights 0 0.0 13 100.0

Grocery Shops 3 23.1 10 76.9

Medical Store 1 7.7 12 92.3

Graveyard 9 69.2 4 30.8

Telephone 0 0.0 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.83 SOURCES OF WATER IN VILLAGE


Channel 4 30.8

Water Supply 3 23.1

Spring 2 15.4

Nullah 4 30.8

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.84 CHILD BIRTH ATTENDENTS AVAILABLE IN VILLAGE


Yes 3 23.1

No 10 76.9

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.85 OWNERSHIP RIGHTS OF MOUNTAIN AND NATURAL

RESOURCES IN VILLAGE

Ownership Rights Frequency Percent

Owner Tribes 12 92.3

Indivisual 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

Annexure A–3

Page 24 of 24


TABLE A-3.86 INFLUENTIAL PERSONS IN VILLAGE

Influential Persons Frequency Percent

Head Of Tribe 12 92.3

Head Of Families 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.87 HOW THE MATTER SOLVED BY LOCALS IN VILLAGE

Resonse Frequency Percent

Jirgah 11 84.6

Head Of Tribe 2 15.4

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.88 TYPES OF MIGRATION BY LOCALS


Seasonal 12 92.3

Not Migrate 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.89 REASON OF MIGRATION BY LOCALS


Hot weather 12 92.3

Not Migrate 1 7.7

Total 13 100.0

TABLE A-3.90 AREA OF SELLING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AND LIVE STOCK

Area of Selling Frequency Percent

Nearby Village 8 61.5

Dasu 1 7.7

Other Cities 1 7.7

Do Not Sell 3 23.1

Total 13 100.0

ANNEXURE A – 4

FREQUENCY TABLES

LOWER RIPARIAN AREA

Annexure A–4

Page 1 of 26


FREQUENCY TABLES OF HOUSEHOLD SAMPLE SURVEY

TABLE A-4.1 AVERAGE FAMILY SIZE

Name Of

Villages

Number Of

Interviews

Total

Population

Average

Family Size

Chalgah/Khoshi 4 42 10.5

Khoshi 15 134 8.9

Lower Chuchang 13 121 9.3

Seo 50 664 13.3

Dasu 83 1,006 12.1

Komila 122 1,114 9.1

Jal Kot 54 484 9.0

Total 341 3,565 10.5

TABLE A-4.2 AGE OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD


Less Than 20 Yrs 7 2.1

21 - 30 Yrs 78 22.9

31 - 40 Yrs 118 34.6

41 - 50 Yrs 66 19.4

51 - 60 Yrs 45 13.2

61 Yrs and Above 27 7.9

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.3 MARITAL STATUS OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS

Marital Status Frequency Percent

Single 6 1.8

Married 334 97.9

Widow 1 0.3

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.4 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS

Educational


Illiterate 156 45.7

Primary 32 9.4

Middle 16 4.7

Secondary 83 24.3


Graduate 12 3.5

Post Graduate 2 0.6

Deeni Uloom 9 2.6

Professional

Graduate 5 1.5

Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 2 of 26


TABLE A-4.5 NAME OF TRIBES OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS


Shamat Khail 121 35.5

Eiska Khail 25 7.3

Ushar Khail 5 1.5

Bohi Khail 3 0.9

Chalees Khail 35 10.3

Udin Khail 16 4.7

Shilkan Khail 4 1.2

Judan Khail 7 2.1

Boot Khail 3 0.9

Bada Khail 1 0.3

Sheda Khail 38 11.1

Shukar Khail 45 13.2

Durab Khail 3 0.9

Narang Khail 11 3.2

Pattan 6 1.8

Lohar 3 0.9

Jot Khail 1 0.3

Zaga Khail 5 1.5

Awan 2 0.6

Sayyed 1 0.3

Other 6 1.8

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.6 OCCPATIONAL STRUCTURE

Occupations Frequency Percent

Agricultural Farming 51 15.0

General Labor 24 7.0

Trade 112 32.8

Service 117 34.3


Driver 9 2.6

Teacher 4 1.2

Carpenter 2 0.6

Tailor 1 0.3

Poultry 2 0.6

Doctor 1 0.3

Self Employed 3 0.9

Unemployed 11 3.2

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.7 LANGUAGES SPOKEN BY THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS


Kohistani 36 10.6

Shina 51 15.0


Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 3 of 26


TABLE A-4.8 TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX

Male Female Total Age Groups

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Less Than 5 Years 619 34.4 485 27.5 1104 31.0

6 - 18 years 749 41.6 496 28.1 1245 34.9

19 - 45 Years 352 19.5 586 33.2 938 26.3

46 - 60 Years 49 2.7 155 8.8 204 5.7

61 and Above 33 1.8 41 2.3 74 2.1

Total 1,802 100.0 1,763 100.0 3,565 100.0

TABLE A-4.9 SIZE OF FAMILY

Family Size Frequency Percent

0 - 5 70 20.5

6 - 10 127 37.2

11 - 15 79 23.2

16 - 20 41 12.0

21 - 25 19 5.6

26 - 30 4 1.2

31 and above 1 0.3

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.10 STRUCTURE OF THE FAMILY

Family System Frequency Percent

Joint Family 133 39.0

Nuclear 208 61.0

Total 341 100.0

Exogamy 206 60.4

Endogamy 135 39.6

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.11 CHILD BIRTHS IN THE FAMILY LAST ONE YEARS

Number of Births Frequency Percent

1 140 41.1

2 20 5.9

More Than 2 11 3.2

No Child Births 170 49.9

Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 4 of 26


TABLE A-4.12 DEATHS IN THE FAMILY DURING LAST ONE YEAR

Number of Deaths Frequency Percent

1 17 5.0

2 5 1.5

3 1 0.3

No Deaths 318 93.3

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.13 CAUSES OF DEATHS

Causes Frequency Percent

Accident 1 0.3

During Delivery Case 2 0.6

Fever 1 0.3

Hypatites B 1 0.3

Kidney Failure 1 0.3

Oldage 1 0.3

T.B. 1 0.3

Typhoid 7 2.1

Not Known 8 2.3

No Deaths 318 93.3

Total 341 100.0


BOYS BELOW 18 YEARS


1 78 22.9

2 74 21.7

3 48 14.1

4 28 8.2

5 11 3.2

6 9 2.6

7 7 2.1

8 1 0.3

10 1 0.3

15 1 0.3

No Child 83 24.3

Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 5 of 26



GIRLS BELOW 18 YEARS


1 66 19.4

2 66 19.4

3 36 10.6

4 16 4.7

5 3 0.9

6 1 0.3

7 1 0.3

8 2 0.6

No Child 150 44.0

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.16 VOCATIONAL / TECHNICAL SKILLS OF THE FAMILY

Nature of Skill Frequency Percent

Computer 1 0.3

Driving / Mecanic 1 0.3

Driving 8 2.3

Engineer / Doctor 1 0.3

Mason 2 0.6

Carpenter 2 0.6

Tailoring 9 2.6

Teaching 1 0.3

Did not have any skill 316 92.7

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.17 ASPIRED VOCATIONAL / TECHNICAL SKILLS FOR FAMILY MEMBERS

Male Female Nature of Desired

Skills Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Doctor 1 0.3 0 0.0

Driving / Mecanic 1 0.3 0 0.0

Driving 6 1.8 0 0.0


Electrician/Tailoring 1 0.3 0 0.0

Macanic 1 0.3 0 0.0

Tailoring 7 2.1 0 0.0

Tailoring / Cooking 1 0.3 113 33.1

Tailoring / Driving 4 1.2 0 0.0

Any Technical 1 0.3 0 0.0

Undecided 315 92.4 228 66.9

Total 341 100.0 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 6 of 26


TABLE A-4.18 MAJOR SOURCES OF INCOME OF THE FAMILY

Source of Income Frequency Percent

Agriculture 15 4.4

Labor 24 7.0

Business 53 15.5

Service 75 22.0


Driving 6 1.8

Tailoring 1 0.3

Poultry 1 0.3

Agriculture and Labor 14 4.1

Agriculture and Service 38 11.1

Business and Service 43 12.6

Business and Agriculture 48 14.1

Labor and Service 2 0.6

Agriculture,Service &

Business 11 3.2

Self Employed 6 1.8

Information not Provided 2 0.6

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.19 AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME FROM ALL SOURCES


0 - 3000 11 3.2

3001 - 5000 33 9.7

5001 - 7000 66 19.4

7001 - 9000 65 19.1

9001 - 11000 63 18.5

11001 - 13000 18 5.3

13001 - 15000 20 5.9

15001 and Above 63 18.5


Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.20 AVERAGE MONTHLY FAMILY EXPENDITURE


0 - Rs.3000 10 2.9

3001 - Rs.5000 44 12.9

5001 - Rs.7000 80 23.5

7001 - Rs.9000 69 20.2

9001 - Rs.11000 55 16.1

11001 - Rs.13000 18 5.3

13001 - Rs.15000 15 4.4

Rs.15001 and Above 48 14.1


Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 7 of 26


TABLE A-4.21 MODE OF PAYMENT ON HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE


Cash 230 67.4

Credit / Deferred 111 32.6

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.22 OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE

Ownership Status Frequency Percent

Self Owned 335 98.2

Rented 6 1.8

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.23 NATURE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSES

Nature of


Katcha 115 33.7

Pacca 162 47.5

Semi - pacca 64 18.8

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.24 NUMBER OF ROOMS IN THE HOUSE


1 51 15.0

2 114 33.4

3 70 20.5

4 51 15.0

5 17 5.0

More than 5 rooms 38 11.1

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.25 NUMBER OF BATHROOMS IN THE HOUSE


1 122 35.8

2 129 37.8

3 35 10.3

4 23 6.7

5 5 1.5

More Than 5 12 3.5

No Bathroom Facility 15 4.4

Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 8 of 26


TABLE A-4.26 AREA OF THE HOUSE IN MARLAS

Area (Marlas) Frequency Percent

Less Than 5 Marla 5 1.5

5 to 10 Marla 3 0.9

10 to 20 Marla 3 0.9

Above 20 Marla 2 0.6

Not Known 328 96.2

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.27 PERIOD SINCE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE (YEARS)


0 - 5 65 19.1

5 - 10 104 30.5

10 - 15 65 19.1

15 - 20 71 20.8

Above 20 36 10.6

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.28 ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE HOUSE (RS.)

Estimated Value Frequency Percent


100001 - Rs.200000 21 6.2

200001 - Rs.300000 14 4.1

300001 - Rs.400000 17 5.0

400001 - Rs.500000 19 5.6

Above Rs.500000 261 76.5

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.29 NUMBER OF SEPARATE ROOMS FOR ANIMALS IN THE HOUSE


Yes 255 74.8

No 86 25.2

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.30 NATURE OF CONSTRUCTION OF ANIMAL ROOM

Nature of Construction Frequency Percent

Katcha 253 74.2

Pacca 1 0.3

Semi Pacca 1 0.3

No Seprate room for animals 86 25.2

Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 9 of 26


TABLE A-4.31 FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE HOUSE


Electricity 39 11.4

Water Supply 1 0.3

Electricity and Water Supply 249 73.0

Electricity,WaterSupply and

Telephone 42 12.3

No Facility 10 2.9

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.32 TYPE OF FUEL FOR ILLUMINATION, HEATING AND COOKING


Illumination

Electricity 329 96.5

Kerosene 6 1.8

LPG 4 1.2

Kerosene & Firewood 2 0.6

Total 341 100.0

Heating

LPG 1 0.3

Firewood 337 98.8


LPG & Firewood 1 0.3

Total 341 100.0

Cooking

Firewood 339 99.4


LPG & Firewood 1 0.3

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.33 ESTIMATED COST OF FUEL CONSUMED INCLUDING

FIREWOOD IN WHOLE YEAR

Estimated Cost Frequency Percent

Less than Rs.5000 3 0.9

5001 - Rs.10000 10 2.9

10001 - Rs.15000 58 17.0

15001 - Rs.20000 64 18.8

Above Rs.20000 206 60.4

Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 10 of 26


TABLE A-4.34 HOUSEHOLDS ITEMS AVAILABLE IN THE HOUSE

Household Items Yes Percent No Percent

TV 74 21.7 267 78.3

Motor Vehicle 74 21.7 267 78.3

Vcr /Vcd 15 4.4 326 95.6

Cassette Player / Radio 236 69.2 105 30.8

Fridge / Freezer 66 19.4 275 80.6

AC / Air Cooler 55 16.1 286 83.9

Motor Cycle 9 2.6 332 97.4

Bicycle 20 5.9 321 94.1

Sewing Machine 235 68.9 106 31.1

Washing Machine 82 24.0 259 76.0

Geezer 21 6.2 320 93.8

Power Generator 66 19.4 275 80.6

Iron 307 90.0 34 10.0

Fan 320 93.8 21 6.2

Furniture 317 93.0 24 7.0

Other 9 2.6 332 97.4

TABLE A-4.35 SOURCES OF WATER FOR DRINKING


Spring 35 10.3

Nullah 5 1.5

Channel 7 2.1


River 1 0.3

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.36 SOURCES OF WATER FOR WASHING AND BATHING


Spring 37 10.9

Nullah 5 1.5

Channel 9 2.6


River 1 0.3

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.37 SOURCES OF WATER FOR AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK / ANIMALS


Spring 48 14.1

Nullah 12 3.5

Channel 182 53.4


River 1 0.3

Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 11 of 26


TABLE A-4.38 EVIDENCE OF SALE / PURCHASE OF PROPERTY


Yes 85 24.9

No 256 75.1

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.39 KINDS OF EVIDENCE OF PROPERTY


Govt.Stamp Paper 56 16.4

Plain Paper 21 6.2

Personal Evidence 264 77.4

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.40 NATURE OF FARMING

Nature of Farming Frequency Percent

Owner 146 42.8

Tenant 44 12.9

Lessee 1 0.3

Owner-cum tenant 37 10.9

No Agricultural Land 113 33.1

Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.41 SIZE OF CULTIVATED LAND


0 - 1 21 6.2

1 - 2 24 7.0

2 - 3 15 4.4

3 - 4 13 3.8

4 - 5 16 4.7

5 - 10 35 10.3

Above 10 Kanal 104 30.5


Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.42 OWNERSHIP OF AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS


Plough for oxen 134 39.3

Plough for Oxen & Thresher 36 10.6

Having No Implements 58 17.0


Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 12 of 26


TABLE A-4.43 MAJOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS


Vegetable 11 3.2

Fruits 3 0.9

Wheat,Maize and Vegetable 201 58.9

Wheat.Maize & Fodder 2 0.6

Wheat,Maize & Fruit 1 0.3

Wheat & Maize 8 2.3

Maize & Sorghum 2 0.6


Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.44 APPROXIMATE PRICE OF CULTIVATED LAND ( RS )



100000 - Rs.150000 14 4.1

150001 - Rs 200000 25 7.3

200001 - Rs.250000 47 13.8

250000 - Rs.300000 31 9.1

Rs.300000 - Rs.350000 108 31.7


Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.45 ESTIMATED TOTAL COST ON SEED PURCHASE


0 - Rs.500 14 4.1

501 - Rs.1000 19 5.6

1001 - Rs.1500 5 1.5

1501 - Rs.2000 38 11.1

Above Rs.2000 50 14.7



Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.46 ESTIMATED TOTAL COST ON FERTILIZER


0 - Rs.500 11 3.2

501 - Rs.1000 28 8.2

1001 - Rs.1500 25 7.3

1501 - Rs.2000 27 7.9

Above Rs.2000 100 29.3



Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 13 of 26


TABLE A-4.47 ANIMALS KEPT

Animals Numbers

Buffalo 102

Cow 1,137

Goat / Sheep 9,972

Poultry 3,609

Donkey / Mule 326

Ox 268

Horse 130

Total 15,544

TABLE A-4.48 ESTIMATED COST OF FODDER FOR ANIMALS (RUPEES)


Less Than Rs 2000 6 1.8

2001 - Rs 4000 15 4.4

4001 - Rs.6000 28 8.2

6001 - Rs.8000 16 4.7

8001 - Rs.10000 34 10.0

Above Rs.10000 152 44.6


Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.49 AMOUNT BORROWED

Amount (Rupees) Frequency Percent

0 - Rs.25000 6 1.8

25001 - Rs.50000 9 2.6

50001 - Rs.100000 8 2.3

100001 - Rs.200000 2 0.6

200001 - Rs.300000 2 0.6

300001 - Rs.400000 1 0.3

Above Rs.400000 4 1.2


Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.50 SOURCE OF BORROWING AMOUNT


Bank 4 1.2

Friend 7 2.1

Relative 20 5.9

Private Organization 1 0.3


Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 14 of 26


TABLE A-4.51 PURPOSE OF BORROWING AMOUNT


Domestic Problems 16 4.7

Medical Treatment 6 1.8

Construction of House 3 0.9

Business 2 0.6

For Marriage 2 0.6

Education 1 0.3

Other 2 0.6


Total 341 100.0

TABLE A-4.52 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CONSTRUCTION OF DAM


Yes 313 91.8

No 28 8.2

Total 341 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 15 of 26


FREQUENCY TABLES OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES (SHOPS)

TABLE A-4.53 AGE OF RESPONDENTS


0 - 20 Years 10 6.8

21 - 25 Years 24 16.2

26 - 30 Years 24 16.2

31 - 35 Years 30 20.3

36 - 40 Years 18 12.2

41 - 45 Years 15 10.1

46 - 50 Years 14 9.5


Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.54 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENT


Primary 10 6.8

Middle 13 8.8

Secondary 24 16.2


Graduate 10 6.8

Deeni Aloom 1 0.7

Medical Graduate 1 0.7

Illiterate 77 52.0

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.55 TRIBES OF RESPONDENT


Shamat Khail 18 12.2

Sheda Khail 18 12.2

Sawati 14 9.5

Pattan 11 7.4

Eiska Khail 9 6.1

Shukar Khail 8 5.4

Mughal 6 4.1

Boot Khail 5 3.4

Chilees Khail 5 3.4

Syed 4 2.7

Jorey Khail 3 2.0

Adam Khail 3 2.0

Awan 2 1.4

Sheen 1 0.7

Narang Shah 1 0.7

Other 40 27.0

Total 148 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 16 of 26


TABLE A-4.56 OWNERSHIP STATUS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Ownership Frequency Percent

Self Owned 31 20.9

Rented 117 79.1

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.57 OCCUPANCY STATUS

Occupancy Frequency Percent

1 97 65.5

2 25 16.9

3 8 5.4

More than 3 18 12.2

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.58 NATURE OF BUSINESS

Nature of Business Frequency Percent

General Store 41 27.7

Grocery Shop 10 6.8

Driver Hotel cum Residential 18 12.2

Cold Drink Shop 11 7.4

Macanic / Black Smith 9 6.1

Barber Shop 8 5.4

PCO / Photostat / Computer 8 5.4

Cloth / Garments 8 5.4

Tailoring 7 4.7

Auto Work Shop 6 4.1

Vegitable & Fruit Shop 5 3.4

Tyre Repair Shop 4 2.7

Clinic / Medical Store 3 2.0

Poultary 3 2.0

Building Material 2 1.4

Shoes Shop 2 1.4

Video Shop 2 1.4

Dry Fruit 1 0.7

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.59 SIZE OF COVERED AREA OF SHOPS

Size in Sqf Frequency Percent

Less Than 250 Sqf 106 71.6

251 - 500 sq ft 30 20.3

501 - 1000 sq ft 8 5.4

1001 sq ft and Above 4 2.7

Total 148 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 17 of 26


TABLE A-4.60 NATURE OF CONSTRUCTION

Nature of


Pucca 115 77.7

Semi-Pucca 8 5.4

Kachha 5 3.4

Wooden 20 13.5

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.61 ESTIMATED COST OF COMMERTIAL ACTIVITIES

Costs in Rupees Frequency Percent

Less Than 100000 Rs. 14 9.5

100001 - 200000 Rs. 9 6.1

200001 - 300000 Rs. 5 3.4

300001 - 400000 Rs. 6 4.1

400001 - 500000 Rs. 26 17.6

500001 Rs. and Above 88 59.5

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.62 HOW MANY TEARS RUNNING THE BUSINESS



1 - 2 Years 12 8.1

2 - 3 Years 10 6.8

3 - 4 Years 7 4.7

4 - 5 Years 14 9.5

5 - 10 Years 37 25.0


Under Construction 2 1.4

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.63 PRESENT STOCKS OF GOODS IN THE

COMMERTIAL ACTIVITIES

Stocks in Rupees Frequency Percent

Less than 100000 Rs. 47 31.8

100001 - 200000 Rs. 40 27.0

200001 - 300000 Rs. 7 4.7

300001 - 400000 Rs. 19 12.8

400001 - 500000 Rs. 10 6.8

500001 Rs. and Above 24 16.2

Not Answer 1 0.7

Total 148 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 18 of 26


TABLE A-4.64 NUMBER OF PERSONS WORKING IN SHOPS / HOTELS

Number of Persons Frequency Percent

1 33 22.3

2 66 44.6

3 21 14.2

4 12 8.1

5 6 4.1

6 and Above 9 6.1

Not Answer 1 0.7

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.65 DOMINENT MODE OF PAYMENT


Cash Payment 87 58.8

Deferred / Credit Payments 1 0.7

Both Cash and Credit 59 39.9

Not Answer 1 0.7

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.66 AVERAGE DAILY SALES OF GOODS AND SERVICES

Sales in Rupees Frequency Percent


501 - 1000 Rs 15 10.1

1001 - 1500 Rs. 15 10.1

1501 - 2000 Rs. 12 8.1

2001 - 2500 Rs. 6 4.1

2501 - 3000 Rs. 9 6.1

3001 - 3500 Rs. 2 1.4

3501 - 4000 Rs. 23 15.5

4001 - 4500 Rs. 1 0.7

4501 - 5000 Rs. 16 10.8

5001 Rs. and Above 39 26.4

Not Answer 1 0.7

Total 148 100.0

TABLE A-4.67 AVERAGE DAILY PROFIT



201 - 400 Rs. 24 16.2

401 - 600 Rs. 22 14.9

601 - 800 Rs. 25 16.9

801 - 1000 Rs. 32 21.6

1001 - 1500 Rs. 11 7.4

1501 - 2000 Rs. 8 5.4


Not Answer 1 0.7

Total 148 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 19 of 26


FREQUENCY TABLES OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES

(RESIDENCIAL HOTELS)

TABLE A-4.68 AGE OF RESPONDENTS


21 - 25 Years 3 17.6

26 - 30 Years 3 17.6

31 - 35 Years 2 11.8

36 - 40 Years 3 17.6

46 - 50 Years 4 23.5


Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.69 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS


Middle 2 11.8

Secondary 6 35.3

Graduate 3 17.6

Illiterate 6 35.3

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.70 TRIBE OF RESPONDENTS


Shamat Khail 7 41.2

Udin Khail 2 11.8

Sheda Khail 2 11.8

Narang Shah 1 5.9

Afridi 1 5.9

Chilees Khail 1 5.9

Swati 1 5.9

Syed 1 5.9

Pattan 1 5.9

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.71 NUMBER OF ROOMS IN THE HOTEL

Number of Rooms Frequency Percent

0 - 5 2 11.8

6 - 10 5 29.4

11 - 15 7 41.2

16 - 20 2 11.8

21 and Above 1 5.9

Total 17 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 20 of 26


TABLE A-4.72 SIZE OF PLOT OF THE HOTEL


Less Than 1 Kanal 6 35.3

1 - 2 Kanal 4 23.5

2 - 3 Kanal 3 17.6

3 - 4 Kanal 2 11.8

4 - 5 Kanal 1 5.9

5 - 10 Kanal 1 5.9

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.73 NUMBER OF FLOORS IN THE HOTEL


Single Floor 5 29.4

Double Floor 12 70.6

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.74 ESTIMATED COST OF PLOT OF THE HOTEL

Cost in Rupees Frequency Percent

500001 - 1000000 Rs. 3 17.6

1500001 - 2000000 Rs. 1 5.9

2500001 Rs. and Above 13 76.5

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.75 ESTIMATED COST OF BUILDING OF THE HOTEL


Less than 500000 2 11.8

500001 - 1000000 3 17.6

1000001 - 1500000 1 5.9

1500001 - 2500000 3 17.6

5000001 & Above 8 47.1

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.76 ESTIMATED COST OF FIXTURES IN THE HOTEL


Less Than 200000 3 17.6

200001 - 400000 4 23.5

400001 - 600000 7 41.2

600001 & Above 3 17.6

Total 17 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 21 of 26


TABLE A-4.77 ESTIMATED COST OF OTHER ITEMS


0 - 100000 2 11.8

100001 - 200000 1 5.9

Nil 14 82.4

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.78 NUMBER OF COMPONENTS AVAILABLE IN THE HOTEL


Dinning Hall & Kitchen 2 11.8

Kitchen 3 17.6

Kitchen & Shop 1 5.9

Reception with Lobby,Dinning Hall, Kitchen,

Shop 1 5.9

Reception,Dinning Hall, Kitchen,Shop 1 5.9

Restaurant & Kitchen 5 29.4

Restaurant,Dinning & Kitchen 1 5.9

Restaurant,Dinning,shop & Kitchen 2 11.8

Restaurant,Shop & Kitchen 1 5.9

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.79 FACILITIES AVAILABLE WITH THE ROOM IN THE HOTEL


Air Cooler,Attached Bath,Hot Water &

Electric Fans 2 11.8

Attached Bath & Electric Fans 1 5.9

Attached Bath, Telephone & Electric Fans 1 5.9

Attached Bath, Telephone,Hot Water &

Electric Fans 8 47.1

Attached Bath,Hot Water & Electric Fans 2 11.8

Electric Fan 3 17.6

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.80 NUMBER OF CLIENTS AVAIL THE ROOM FACILITIES IN WINTER SEASON

Number of Clients Frequency Percent

201 - 400 1 5.9

401 - 600 4 23.5

601 - 800 1 5.9

801 - 1000 2 11.8

1001- 1500 2 11.8

1501 - 2000 4 23.5

2001 & Above 3 17.6

Total 17 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 22 of 26


TABLE A-4.81 NUMBER OF CLIENTS AVAIL THE ROOM FACILITIES IN SUMMER SEASON

Number of Clients Frequency Percent

201 - 400 1 5.9

401 - 600 2 11.8

601 - 800 2 11.8

801 - 1000 3 17.6

1001 - 1500 3 17.6

1501 - 2000 4 23.5

2001 & Above 2 11.8

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.82 ROOM RENT PER DAY FOR SINGLE BED IN THE HOTEL

Room Rent in

Rupees Frequency Percent

100 - 150 12 70.6

151 - 200 3 17.6

201 - 250 1 5.9

251 - 300 1 5.9

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.83 ROOM RENT PER DAY FOR DOUBLE BED IN THE HOTEL

Room Rent in

Rupees Frequency Percent

100 - 200 8 47.1

201 - 300 6 35.3

401 - 500 3 17.6

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.84 HOW MANY YEARS RUNNING THE BUSINESS



1 - 2 Years 1 5.9

2 - 3 Years 2 11.8

3 - 4 Years 1 5.9

4 - 5 Years 4 23.5

5 - 10 Years 2 11.8


Total 17 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 23 of 26


TABLE A-4.85 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES PERSONS WORKING IN THE HOTEL

Number of

Employees Frequency Percent

0 - 5 7 41.2

6 -10 7 41.2

11 - 15 1 5.9

16 and Above 2 11.8

Total 17 100.0

TABLE A-4.86 AVERAGE MONTHLY PROFIT


10001 - 15000 Rs. 1 5.9

20001 - 25000 Rs. 2 11.8

25001 - 30000 Rs. 1 5.9

30001 - 50000 Rs. 2 11.8

50001 - 75000 Rs. 4 23.5

75001 Rs. and Above 7 41.2

Total 17 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 24 of 26


FREQUENCY TABLES OF VILLAGE PROFILE

TABLE A-4.87 AGE OF REPONDENT


31 - 35 Years 1 20.0

36 - 40 Years 1 20.0

41 - 45 Years 3 60.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.88 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF REPONDENT


Secondary 1 20.0


Graduate 1 20.0

Post Graduate 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.89 MAJOR LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN VILLAGES


Kohistani,Shina and Urdu 1 20.0

Kohistani,Shina,Pashto and Urdu 3 60.0

Shina,Pashto and Urdu 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.90 ACCESSIBILITY OF VILLAGE FROM KKH

Accessibility Frequency Percent

Track 1 20.0

Un-Metalled 2 40.0

Metalled 2 40.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.91 APPROXIMATE POPULATION OF VILLAGES


201 - 300 1 20.0

1001 - 2000 1 20.0

3001 - 4000 2 40.0

5001 & Above 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

Annexure A–4

Page 25 of 26


TABLE A-4.92 APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF HOUSES IN VILLAGES


30 - 40 1 20.0

201-300 1 20.0

401-500 2 40.0

501-1000 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.93 MALE EDUCATION FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN VILLAGES


Primary 1 20.0

Primary & High 3 60.0

Primary & Middle 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.94 FEMALE EDUCATION FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN VILLAGES


Primary & High 3 60.0

No Facility 2 40.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.95 INSITUTIONAL FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN VILLAGE


Mosque 1 20.0

Post Office,Bank & Mosque 1 20.0

BHU,Post Office & Mosque 2 40.0

All Facilities 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.96 FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE VILLAGE

Response Yes Percent No Percent

Drainage 0 0.0 5 100.0

Electricity 5 100.0 0 0.0

Street Lights 0 0.0 5 100.0

Grocery Shops 5 100.0 0 0.0

Medical Store 2 40.0 3 60.0

Graveyard 5 100.0 0 0.0

Telephone 3 60.0 2 40.0

Annexure A–4

Page 26 of 26


TABLE A-4.97 SOURCES OF WATER IN VILLAGE


Water Supply 3 60.0

Spring 1 20.0

Nullah 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.98 CHILD BIRTH ATTENDENTS AVAILABLE IN VILLAGE


Yes 2 40.0

No 3 60.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.99 COMPETENCY OF BIRTH ATTENDENTS


Untrained 2 40.0

No Facility 3 60.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.100 NGO'S EXISTS IN VILLAGE / SETTLEMEN

T


Yes 3 60.0

No 2 40.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.101 HISTORICAL PLACES IN THE VILLAGE / SETTLEMENT


Old Grave yard &

Historic Wooden

Mosque

1 20.0

No Historical Places 4 80.0

Total 5 100.0

TABLE A-4.102 MARKETS OF GRAINS AND LIVESTOCK IN THE VILLAGE / SETTLEMENT


Yes 1 20.0

No 4 80.0

Total 5 100.0

APPENDIX B

PROJECT IMPACTS,

RESETTLEMENT AND

MITIGATION MEASURES


i



APPENDIX B - PROJECT IMPACTS, RESETTLEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY S-1

1. GENERAL B-1

1.1 Introduction B-1

1.2 Objectives of Resettlement Planning B-2

1.3 Studies on Resettlement Aspects B-2

1.4 Project Impacts Evaluation B-2

2. METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF RESETTLEMENT PLAN B-4

2.1 Guiding Principles for Resettlement B-4

2.2 Resettlement Assessment Surveys B-4

2.2.1 Reconnaissance of the Affected Area B-5

2.2.2 High Resolution Satellite Imagery B-5

2.2.3 Population Census Data 1998 B-5

2.2.4 Field Surveys B-5

3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE B-7

3.1 Houses and Households B-7

3.2 Family Composition B-7

3.3 Languages B-7

3.4 Education B-7

3.5 Land Ownership status B-7

3.6 Source of Income / Family Income B-7

3.7 Public Health B-7

3.8 Housing structures B-8

3.9 Sale Purchase of Property B-8

3.10 Agriculture B-8

3.11 Indigenous People (IP) B-8

4. IMPACTS IN THE PROJECT AREA B-9

4.1 General B-9

4.2 Impacts on Population B-9

4.3 Impacts on Houses B-10

4.4 Impact on Shops B-10

4.5 Impact on Land B-11

4.6 Affected Villages and Population B-11

4.7 Impact on Flora B-12

4.8 Impact on Commercial Activity B-12

4.9 Resettlement Site Selection / Allocation of Area for Various Uses B-12

4.10 Resettlement Area Requirement B-14


ii

4.11 Recommended Design of the New Houses B-14

5. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK B-15

5.1 Organizational Setup B-15

5.1.1 WAPDA B-15

5.1.2 District and Provincial Governments B-15

5.2 Coordination Initiatives B-16

6. ENTITLEMENT MATRIX AND COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK B-17

6.1 Compensation Eligibility and Entitlements B-17

6.1.1 Eligibility B-17

6.1.2 Compensation Entitlements B-17

7. DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND COSTS B-20

7.1 Project 1: Establishment of Fruit Plant Nurseries B-20

7.2 Project 2: Establishment of Model Horticultural Farms B-20

7.3 Project 3: Establishment of Poultry/Quail Farm for Meat Production B-20

7.4 Project 4: Establishment of Fish Seed Production Units B-21

7.5 Project 5: Woodworks Production Units/Crafts B-21

7.6 Project 6: Potato Seed Production B-22

7.7 Project 7: Vocational Training B-22

7.8 Project 8: Micro-Credit Scheme B-22

7.9 Cumulative Cost of Development Project B-23

7.10. Resettlement Costs B-23

FIGURES

PHOTOLOG


S-1

PROJECT IMPACTS, RESETTLEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

SUMMARY

Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) have prepared a twenty

five (25) years development plan captioned as “Water Resource and Hydro Power

Development – Vision 2025 Program”. The projects included in this vision are grouped in

into three phases i.e. Short Term Projects, Medium Term Projects and Long Term

Projects with implementation period of 2001 to 2006, 2006 to 2011 and 2011 to 2025

respectively. The main objective of the envisaged program is to assist in the revival of

country’s economy, improve hydropower generation capacity and above all meet the

future water needs of Indus Basin Irrigation System. Dasu Hydropower Project (DHP) is

one of the Vision 2025 Program projects selected for further study.

Dasu Hydropower Project is located in Kohistan District of North West Frontier Province

of Pakistan. District Kohistan has a population of 476,412 persons as extrapolated figure

for the year 2007. The name of the district Kohistan has been derived from the name of

the area i.e. Kohistan which means mountains. The district lies between 34˚ 54” and 35˚

52” north latitudes and 72˚ 43” and 73˚ 57” east longitudes. It is bounded on the north by

Ghizer and Diamir districts of northern areas (Gilgit Agency), on the south east by

Mansehra district, on the south by Batagram district and on the west by Shangla and

Swat districts. Total area of Kohistan district is 7,492 square kilometers.

Dasu Hydropower Project is located over Indus River near Dasu town, upstream of Seo

village in Kohistan District. Its reservoir area extends upto Harban Das. Most of the

project area lies within NWFP province however; some part of the reservoir area touches

the Northern Areas, Diamir district boundary at right bank of River Indus. This report is

based on Axis 5 for study purposes.

Project area is covering 6,439 acres land, as the reservoir area upto EI. 957 meters.

Socio-economic survey has been conducted in the project area the data of which has

been entered in the computer and analyzed to form a baseline indicator.

Project affected area is having 23 villages (13 on left bank and 10 on right bank) with 278

houses.

Project affected households are 417, with a population of 3,670 persons.

All land based structures have been quantified which includes Mosques (15), Timber

stores (9), Police Posts (6), Schools (3), Hotel / Shops (30), Waer Tank (1), Power

Generator Room (3), Frontier Works Organization Structures (4), Hospital (1), Doli-Cable

Cars (5), Rest House (1), Bridges (5).

Project area has overall 20,000 forest trees. It is estimated that 3% i.e. 600 fruit plants

are also included in these forest tree clusters.

Public consultations have been made through holding meetings throughout the project

area.

Though some of the resettlement sites have been identified on right and left bank of the

river Indus. However information generated through the scoping sessions clearly

indicates that the effectees are preferring and willing to shift on the higher elevation of

their respective valleys, where they have their own land holdings and housing structures

for summer season stay.


S-2

Almost 94% of affectees are keen to get their compensation in cash as their priority.

Under these circumstances currently, it indicates that the requirement for the

resettlement of the affectees is of minimal significance.

Entitlement matrix and compensation framework has been developed after completion of

public consultation through scoping sessions. Grievance re-dressal mechanism,

monitoring evaluation and implementation schedules will also be incorporated in the final

report.

All the impacts including development projects is translated in terms of values and costs

as preliminary step at this stage, for making necessary estimates for further processing.

These costs will need to be updated by adding additional details to make a Resettlement

Action Plan (RAP) at planning stage of this project. The estimated compensation,

resettlement, mitigation and development costs at feasibility study stage of the Project

are summarized in Table 7.2. This includes;

(i) Land & Other Compensation Rs.5,955 million

(ii) Environmental Mitigation Measures Rs.5,948 million

(iii) Resettlement Rs. 511 million

(iv) Environmental Monitoring Rs. 116 million

The grand total of all these components amounts to Rs. 12.5 billion. Equivalent to US$

179 million.


B-1


PROJECT IMPACTS, RESETTLEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

1. General

1.1 Introduction

All development projects require studies relating to the environmental impacts. These

impacts are at times complex and diversified and need to be studied and addressed

appropriately to ensure sustainability of the developmental projects. These impacts are

on the human population and their land and land based assets. Human element remains

a priority over other factors to minimize the suffering of the population being affected due

to the project. The project affectees, if exceed 200 persons then it calls for major

intervention to mitigate the impact of the project through development of the plans to

ensure their resettlement and rehabilitation and restoration of the livelihood.

Resettlement/mitigation measures in Dasu project are required for various locations

including reservoir area, and the area downstream of the dam site. Interventions are

needed for resettlement of the affected population, due to the construction of the project

and its effects on the peripheral settlements. Mainly the population will be affected in the

area upto 25 kilometers upstream and upto 2 km downstream of the damsite.

Resettlement aspects and highlights of the key impacts of the Project are given in this

report.

The reservoir area for the purpose of resettlement is considered as the area under the

submergence of the proposed Dasu Hydropower Project at El.950 plus 7 m as flood

surcharge and freeboard with overall impact upto dam crest El.957 m The total area

under the El. 957 m is about 6439 acres. This includes Indus River’s reach of 2 km

downstream of the dam, which also forms part of the Project Area for evaluation of the

impacts of the project (Figure B-1).

This section of the report addresses various aspects relating to the affected population

and their resettlement and other land and land based assets. The focus of large

developments have always been to bring socioeconomic and cultural changes in the

lives of the Project’s host population as well as the beneficiaries. This objective, which

serves as a blessing for the entire region, on the other hand, casts some dark shadows

on the life style of the host people who sacrifice their ancestral affiliations, economic and

cultural assets and undergo other un-quantifiable losses to facilitate the implementation

of the Project. Keeping in view their sacrifices, it is their right that they must be

compensated properly, their assets should be valuated and their post-project scenario

must be better or at least maintained to the previous level, which could serve as an

example for the other forthcoming projects.

Theoretically, resettlement studies are socially complex, technically important and

scientifically a difficult process that deserves to be given due consideration and

necessary follow-ups right from the planning stage. Resettlement planning is an

important component of this Project. The submergence of land in the reservoir will cause

a change in the use pattern of land and other natural resources. It will have multifaceted

affects on the housing, community structures, social networks, productive assets, income

sources, cultural identities, potential for mutual help and also loss of resources of

subsistence. It is essential to ascertain the quality and quantity of the assets and

resources, which will be affected by construction of the Project.


B-2

1.2 Objectives of Resettlement Planning

The resettlement planning of this Project has been prepared under policy guidelines and

procedures developed by the Government of Pakistan for projects involving involuntary

resettlement. The objectives are as below:

- To avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement wherever feasible, exploring all

viable alternative project designs;

- Where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, resettlement plans should be

conceived, developed and executed as development programs, with affectees

provided sufficient investment resources and opportunities to share project

benefits;

- Persons to be displaced should have their former living standards and income

earning capacity improved, or at least restored, and should be provided adequate

support during the transition period;

- Community participation should be encouraged in the planning and

implementation of resettlement;

- Land, housing, infrastructure and other compensation should be provided to the

adversely affected population;

- To ensure that the compensation process should be fully transparent; and

- Given the growing requirements and complexity of resettlement in development

projects, to gear the concerned government agencies and departments to

upgrade their institutional capacity to design and implement resettlement work.

1.3 Studies on Resettlement Aspects

The scope of consultancy services for the resettlement studies includes (i) Physical

studies and (ii) Assessment of Socio-Economic Impacts. As such the following data

related to the study have been gathered through field work.

- Number of houses agricultural area shops and workshops and hotels.

- A social survey of the area has been conducted and information gathered and

used to determine the likely loss of livelihood.

The Resettlement Policy of the Government of Pakistan as per LAA 1894 and

amendments, and the guidelines issued by the financial institutions like World Bank and

Asian Development Bank are being kept in view to ensure an equitable treatment to the

affectees for action in this regard.

1.4 Project Impacts Evaluation

The current study is aimed at evaluating the general impact of the project on land and

land based assets and the dwellers of the project area. The ultimate objective is to

enable those displaced by the Project to improve their living standards - a goal that

requires an examination of social, environmental and economic conditions beyond

physical inventories. The affected population and the Project impacts have been

identified through the following steps:

i. Satellite imageries and survey of Pakistan maps of the Project area have been

Procured and studied to identify such features as population settlements,

infrastructure, natural vegetation areas, water resources and land use pattern;

ii. Socio-economic surveys have been conducted by representative sampling of the

affected people in various locations of the Project area.

iii. General inventory of lost and affected assets/infrastructures has been prepared.


B-3

iv The data generated from surveys and studies have been analysed to establish

baseline monitoring indicators, compensation requirement and budgeting.

v. Consultation has been undertaken with affected populations regarding mitigation

of affects and development opportunities.

All the above mentioned studies has generated the required information for the

appropriate resettlement planning, leading to address the resettlement issues and

mitigation measures with indicative costs of such interventions.


B-4

2. METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF RESETTLEMENT PLAN

The methodology adopted for preparation of resettlement plan includes the following

steps.

- Review of the existing information and published data;

- Field visits to familiarize with the ground conditions;

- Development of the data collection tools for the various studies;

- Carrying out the resettlement assessment surveys and data collection in the

Project Area;

- Compilation of the data collected from the field surveys;

- Establishment of inventory of the land and land based assets based on the

satellite imageries and ground verifications;

- Assessment of the population to be affected;

- Assessment and quantification of forest and fruit trees to be affected;

- Community participation and consultation;

- Provision of mitigation schemes;

- Coordination with relevant Government agencies;

- Legal and institutional framework development;

- Compensation framework development;

- Resettlement measures; and

- Indicative budget preparation.

Studies on the above mentioned aspects have been carried out to address these

aspects to prepare the resettlement plan.

2.1 Guiding Principles for Resettlement

The guiding principles for resettlement are based on the following lines:

- Avoid resettlement as far as possible. In case it is a necessity then minimize the

resettlement effects by restoring the quality of life and exploring the opportunities

to improve the quality of life giving special consideration to the vulnerable groups

(women, widows, poor, minors, tenants, voiceless etc.).

- Carry out consultation with the stakeholders.

- General census of the Project Area is essential to be carried out, in order to

quantify the extent of the affectees and type of losses likely to occur.

- Conceiving resettlement plan as a development plan.

- Transparency in compensation for land and built up property.

- Identification of income-generating activities for the resettlers to make the

resettlement operation a truly development opportunity.

- A mechanism for quick redressal for the management of the conflicts related to

the compensation claims.

2.2 Resettlement Assessment Surveys

An assessment of the population, land and land based assets to be affected by the

construction of Dasu Hydropower Project has been carried out based on the data

collected through the field surveys. The source of data is described as under:


B-5

2.2.1 Reconnaissance of the Affected Area

A reconnaissance of the Project area was conducted to develop a broad understanding

of the area and to identify resettlement issues likely to emerge by the construction of the

dam and ancillary structures.

2.2.2 High Resolution Satellite Imagery

High resolution (0.6 m) satellite imagery both for the reservoir area and the downstream

(2 km) strip have been procured from Quickbird Archive 4 Band Data with Acquistion

Date as October 10, 2005. The total aggregate area of these imageries is about 278

square km, which were used in making assessment of the resettlement issues. These

imageries aided in supplementing the field data collection work conducted in the field for

area to be submerged in the reservoir in addition to the planning of mitigation measures

for the Project area. These imageries were used for:

- Counting of the houses;

- Estimation of the cultivated areas;

- Study of the land utilization;

- Identification of roads, bridges and other infrastructure; and

- Identification of suitable resettlement areas.

2.2.3 Population Census Data 1998

Population data of the villages to be affected due to construction of Dasu Hydropower

Project structures was obtained from District Census Reports (1998) of Kohistan District

issued by Government of Pakistan. Population growth rate is low in the district (less than

1% per annum). Overall population reported was 472,570 persons in the year 1998. This

population data was extrapolated to the year 2007 to arrive at the current population

levels i.e. 476,412 persons in the entire district. This reflects a very negligible increase

over almost nine years period. For establishing the total population affected in the

Project area specifically, it was developed through random sampling of the household to

arrive at the current population.

2.2.4 Field Surveys

One of the most important tasks in planning the resettlement in this Project is to identify

the affected houses and other buildings, population. Detailed data regarding the affected

population and the Project impacts have been assessed through a series of steps as

below:

a. Population Assessment Survey

Survey to assess the population having Project impact has been conducted to ascertain

the number of household and their size to generate population likely to be affected. A

questionnaire comprising three parts was developed to collect data and generate

information for assessment. This information was collected and analyzed relating to

different sections of the Project area.

b. Village Level Survey

A comprehensive village level survey was conducted in order to document the

socioeconomic and demographic data of each village likely to be affected due to the

Project. The questionnaires were filled in by interviewing one respondent from each of

the villages of the Project Area. This data so collected has been analyzed.


B-6

c. Women Sample Survey

Women sample survey tools were developed but it could not be conducted due to social

restrictions.

d. Commercial Activities Survey

The economic activity for the villages located below the submergence level will be

affected specially for being located along the Kara Kuram Highway (KKH). In view of this

fact, it was necessary to assess the volume of business and record the nature of the

commercial activities in the affected area. For this purpose, a detailed commercial

activity questionnaire was developed and data collected.

e. Scoping Sessions

Consultation with the affected population was carried out by holding a chain of meetings

in and around the Project area; to enhance awareness about the Project and to obtain

qualitative information about the perceptions, myths, apprehensions and reactions of the

local population about the Project. Checklist for scoping sessions was prepared and data

collected.

f. Building Assessment

Data was collected from the Works and Services Department Dasu, regarding building

assessment/valuation to assess the value of the houses, keeping in view the details of

each type of structures. Quantification of the building structures has been done through

the satellite imageries for assessment. This has been supplemented by field data

collection for verification.

g. Data Entry

After completion of the field surveys, all the questionnaires were scrutinized and edited.

Data were then processed and analyzed on Statistical Package for Social Sciences

(SPSS) computerized format. This software package of data analysis is an appropriate

statistical technique for the studies falling in the domain of social sciences particularly for

socioeconomic surveys. The package offers an advantage of classifying data with cross

tabulation options enabling to see the mutual effect of multiple variables explaining the

socioeconomic characteristics of the population under study. The analyses has

generated socio economic information which is briefly given in the following section.


B-7

3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

3.1 Houses and Households

Processing of the field data indicates that there are 278 houses each having 1.5 average

family size with overall 417 households in the reservoir area. Out of the households 28%

are between age 21 to 30 years; 33% between 30 to 40 years; and 36% are above 40

years of age group. Among them 97% were married.

3.2 Family Composition

Family size is ranging between 5 and 21 members, with above 45% having family

members ranging between 6 and 10. Generally nuclear family system exists with 73%

and exogamy 57% prevalent in the area. Oldest family member have a dominating role

in making family decisions.

3.3 Languages

Languages spoken are 42% Kohistani ;29% Shina; 26% Shina and Kohistani (bi-lingual)

and 3% are Pushto speaking in the Project area.

3.4 Education

Out of surveyed population as literate are having primary level education 11%; Middle

level 2%; Secondary level 15%; Intermediate level 5%, and graduation level above 3%

and village level religious school 4%. A vast majority of about 60% have never been to

schools. Male children 56% and female children 30% were reported to be attending

various types of schools. The situation is improving towards female children attendance

in the schools with every years passing-by. It was revealed from the sample survey that

97% of the population did not have any vocational training while the remaining 3% were

trained as vehicle drivers, carpenters, electricians, and tailors. The only mentioned skill

for the females is tailoring and embroidery work.

3.5 Land Ownership status

Ownership of land stays with local tribe forming 87% of the population whereas the rest

13% are landless settlers.

3.6 Source of Income / Family Income

Source of income is varied with the personal land ownership and educational

qualification of individuals. Based on the survey it reveals that agriculture provides 22%

jobs; agriculture and trade combined makes 19%; agriculture and services 16%;

agriculture and labour 9%; agriculture trade/service combined makes 9%; trade 7%,

service 6% and rest 12% are engaged in miscellaneous source of income etc.

Monthly family income of about 5% population is less than Rs. 3000/-; 16% earn from

Rs. 3001 to 5000; 17% from Rs.5001 to 7000; 14.5% earn from Rs.7001 to 9000 about

18% earn from Rs.9001 to 11000 and 17% earn above Rs.11000. Mode of payment for

daily use items is cash in 71% and 29% on credit or deferred payment.

3.7 Public Health

Overall health services facilities are poor in the Project area. Project area residents have

the tendency to get treatment from the traditional faith healer due to lack of such


B-8

facilities. Poor sanitary conditions, almost non-existent health services and poor pre-

natal care, all contribute to the prevalence of poor health and mortality in the Project

area. There are only 41 health services units in the entire Kohistan District. This includes

three 3 Rural Health Units, 34 basic Health units, 2 Leprosy Centers, one (1) T.B Centre

and one Civil Dispensary. There are only 7 male medical doctors and 3 lady health

visitors in the entire district. Respondents in the Project area informed that that there is

no female medical doctor in the area and female population is facing serious problems

due to the social/cultural prohibitions in consulting the male doctors.

3.8 Housing structures

Housing structures comprise 52 % katcha, 36% semi-pucca, and 12% pucca structures.,

with 23% single room, 27% two rooms ; 22% three rooms; 14% four rooms and 13.4%

have five or more rooms in their houses. In these houses 45% have bath/toilet facilities;

19% have two and 6 %have more than two bath rooms/toilets. About 18% do not have

in-house bathroom/latrine facility in the reservoir area and 4.4% are also without

bathroom/latrine even in the lower riparian area. Since non-availability of these in-house

facilities is tending the residents to use open areas, which ultimately pollutes the water,

hence its mitigation is being recommended through the construction of in-house latrines

with septic tank and soaking pits, for 48 houses in the reservoir and 15 in the lower

riparian area with overall provision of 63 toilets

Housing area consists of one marla (225 sq.ft) to 20 marlas (4500 sq.ft). Newly

constructed houses at (less than 5 years) 21% ; 11% were constructed over twenty

years and 69 % of the houses were constructed between last 5 and 20 years period.

Estimated value of the houses (including the land) is reported to be ranging between

Rs.100,000 and 500,000 which seems to be inflated figure. Electric power and water

supply is available with 61% houses. Power and water supply and telephone facilities are

available with 3%; whereas almost 37% have no such facility in their houses.

3.9 Sale Purchase of Property

Sale and purchase of the of the property is mostly done on personal evidence in 97% of

the cases and only 3% are using judicial papers as document for sale and purchase of

the properties. Majority of the owners reported Rs.150,000 to 200,000 per kanal price.

3.10 Agriculture

Crops are self cultivated by 62% ; whereas 17% are owner cum tenants cultivated and

only 5% is cultivated by tenants and 16% are landless residents in the Project area.

Farm holding survey indicates that 34% own more than 10 kanals ( 8 kanals are equal to

one acre) and 50% are owner of less than 10 kanals.

Crops grown in the reservoir area are wheat, maize and vegetables mainly(68%). Two

main cropping seasons are i.e. Kharif (summer) maize, and Rabi (winter) wheat.

3.11 Indigenous People (IP)

Although people living in the Project area belong to different tribes and have different

caste based on professions adopted by them. They all enjoy equal rights and access to

the natural resources while maintaining social, economic and cultural traditions and

identities as per their tribal system. There is no community fitting the World Bank or

Asian Development Bank definition of the Indigenous People (IP). As such their policies

on the indigenous people will not be triggered by this Project.


B-9

4. IMPACTS IN THE PROJECT AREA

4.1 General

The affected population centers are located on both banks of Indus river which will be

wholly or partially submerged in the reservoir. However, the most important settlement in

the project area is village Seo on right bank of Indus river, located about 2 km

downstream of the damsite. It is a well settled and heavily populated village with a

historical mosques and large graveyard. This population center has been saved from

inundation by siting the dam upstream of Seo village. Jirga of the village elders of Seo

and adjoining areas had emphasised to exclude their villages from the reservoir area by

locating the dam upstream of Seo village. Their demand was honoured and fulfilled.

The Project impacts of various categories are summarized as below:

Table 4.1: Impacts in the Reservoir Area

Sr.No. Category Left

Bank

Right

Bank Total

1 Houses 160 118 278

2 Population 2112 1558 3670

3 Mosques 15 - 15

4 Timber stores 9 - 9

5 Police Posts 6 - 6

6 Schools 3 - 3

7 Hotel/Shops(includes PTDC Motel Berseen) 27 3 30

8 Water Tank 1 - 1

9 Power Generator Room 1 - 1

10 Frontier Works Organization Structures 4 - 4

11 Hospital - 1 1

12 Cable cars (Doli) - - 5

13 Rest House - 1 1

14 Suspension Bridges Across river Indus - - 5

15 Roads and Tracks (km) - 57 57

16 Karakoram Highway(km) 41 - 41

4.2 Impact on Population

The affected population is estimated to be 3,669 persons, residing in 278 houses and

417 households, having an average family size of 8.8 persons per household. This is

comparatively higher family size against 6 person per family as given in District Census

Report (DCR) 1998. The higher number of family size is perhaps due the specific

location because most of the Project affected population is settled along the KKH, where

job opportunities are relatively more as compared to the hinterland.

The population is migratory in their life pattern. Traditionally all families move to higher

elevation in the relatively cooler area at start of summer (May-June) and return to lower

elevation in winter season. During their stay on higher elevation they leave some of the


B-10

family members to look after their houses in the valleys during their absence. At higher

elevation each family has agricultural land and they cultivate the seasonal crops like

maize and vegetable for their domestic consumption and sell the surplus at the end of

the season. Then they return to valleys by the end of November or early December each

year(during the study it was observed that till mid-November 2007 the population was

still residing on the higher elevation and was expected to return by end November-

December to their lower elevation housing establishments).

Most of these families have their land and grazing rights both at lower as well as at

higher elevations. Crop cultivation and fruit produce is source of their earning in addition

to the cattle/goat rearing. Their annual migratory life style is basically a positive point

towards their resettlement in adjacent area, as this trend already exists in these

communities.

4.3 Impacts on Houses

The housing units likely to be affected comprise the following three main categories.

(i) Pucca (brick/block masonry with cement mortar and reinforced cement concrete

roofing).

(ii) Semi-Pucca (combination of brick/stone/block masonry with mud plastered

roofing of thatched tree branches).

(iii) Kacha (dry-stone masonry with mud plastered roofing of tree branches and

wooden beams/ pieces).

In addition to the above there are some timber-wooden plank structures (Kiosks) as tea

shops, or puncture repairing shops located along the KKH. These roadside small shops

can be moved to other adjacent places at higher elevation.

Through satellite imagery, and field survey it has been assessed that there are in total

278 houses which will be affected due to impoundment of Dasu reservoir. There

affectees will need to be resettled elsewhere. During the consultation process and

through structured questionnaires, it was also revealed that preferential resettlement

sites for some affectees are down country (Mansehra, Abbotabad, Islamabad and

Lahore). About 36% of the residents of the reservoir area wanted to move away from

their settlement areas. Those who wished to stay within the Kohistan district were 21%;

whereas 13% preferred to stay in Dasu town. Out of the interviewed person 30% had no

preference for resettlement.

Significant majority (almost 94%) of the residents desired that the compensation against

the land/house and other property should be made in cash. Alternative land for land was

the choice of the less than 1% only; whereas alternative land and building was

demanded by 5%.Indications from a significant majority is that they will prefer to be paid

compensation in cash and they will move at their own to the slightly higher elevation,

where they have their own land for their housing establishments. Currently it appears

that very negligible percentage of the affectees will need any resettlement elsewhere.

The conclusive response of the affectees will be ascertained through further scoping

sessions as a part of the public consultation at Resettlement Action Plan preparation

stage.

4.4 Impact on Shops

Different types of business/commercial activities were observed and it was ascertained

that 40% are the general stores/grocery shops and 55% are the driver’s hotels. These


B-11

are mostly established in the wooden housing structures with open areas for seating

along the roadside of KKH. The sizes of these shops were ranging 55% on covered area

of 250sq.ft; 30% on 251 to 500 sq.ft and 15% on 501 to 1000sq.ft.

4.5 Impact on Land

Overall in the Project area 6,439 acres of land will be submerged which is mostly in

shape of river gorge and open area spreading over 74 km length of the reservoir, having

varying widths from 110 to 2,090 meters. The type of land being affected belongs to two

main categories i.e. cultivated and uncultivated/barren which is 84 and 4200 acres

respectively. Rest of the area is covered by buildings, graveyards, riverbed etc. The

agricultural land is being used for raising farm crops like maize, wheat, fodder as

seasonal crops and a very small number of fruit plants as perennial crop, which will be

affected due to its submergence in water.

4.6 Affected Villages and Population

Affected villages located on the left and right bank of the river Indus are listed in Table

4.2 below:

Table 4.2: Affected Villages in the Reservoir Area

Sr.No. Village Affected

Houses Population

Left Bank Villages

1 Logro 15 198

2 Ocher Nallah 6 79

3 Segal 13 172

4 Berseen 9 119

5 Largani 2 26

6 Gul Bagh Maidan 21 277

7 Kai Gah 46 607

8 Pani Bah 25 330

9 Adam Banda/ Shori Nullah 2 26

10 Summer Nullah 2 26

11 Sazeen 16 211

12 Wali Abad/Chor Mor 1 13

13 Shatial 2 26

Total of Left Bank

Villages 13 160 2,110

Right Bank Villages

14 Siglo 16 158

15 Maliyar 24 317

16 Dogah 17 225

17 Gayal 13 172

18 Kot Gul 4 52

19 Dondar 12 158

20 Gummo 15 198

21 Sri Shall 6 79

22 Sazeen 2 26

23 Shatial 9 119

Total of Right Bank

Villages 10 118 1,560

Grand Total of Left Bank and Right Bank Villages = 23 278 3,670


B-12

From Table 4.2 it is reflected that there are 23 villages existing in the proposed Dasu

reservoir area. Out of these, there are 13 on the left and 10 on the right bank of the Indus

river. An estimate of the houses located in the reservoir has been prepared. In these

villages there are 160 and 118 houses located on left and right bank respectively with

overall population of 3,670 persons as affectees to be treated as Project Affected

Persons (PAP,s).

4.7 Impact on Flora

The Project area is having 43 acres of clustered and scattered forest trees with a total

number of about 20,000 trees. This includes 600 fruit trees which are estimated as 3% of

the total trees. This data has been developed on the basis of the satellite imageries and

supplemented by field verification, based on the random sampling. Impact of the

reservoir is mainly on the forest trees/shrubs whereas the fruit trees are having the

minimal impact.

Necessary mitigation measures includes four times plantation of the forest plant species

of the same type, as the trees lost around the Project area.

4.8 Impact on Commercial Activity

Project will have impacts on 30 different types of commercial activities/enterprises. This

includes 14 grocery shops/cold drink corners and 16 roadside hotels for truck/vehicles

drivers and travelers. All these shops/hotels are located along the KKH. Their average

profit was worked out which is ranging between Rs.15,000 and 60,000 per month for

different types of commercial activities. Based on these profits, it is estimated that

around Rs. 3.51 millions would be required to be compensated for the profit they are

going to earn in 3 months period which would be treated as transitional period to re-

establish their business.

4.9 Resettlement Site Selection / Allocation of Area for Various Uses

Based on the preliminary investigations it is estimated that overall 417 household are

being affected due to the Project. Most of the residents of the houses located in the

Project area are having substantial areas in their respective valleys/ villages on higher

elevation to accommodate the locally affected people within their own areas. Scoping

sessions have been held to ascertain the level of preference of the people to be

relocated in their adjacent area or shifting them to new sites or any other perceived

option will also be considered on its merit. Accordingly resettlement options indicated by

the affectees have been considered. These resettlement options can be divided into

three categories i.e.

- Affectees preferring to resettle closer to their current settlement at higher

elevation;

- Affectees preferring to settle in the new settlement sites.

- Cash compensation.

Affectees preferences options have been recorded which indicates that only a minor

percentage is interested in resettlement whereas majority (96%) are preferring to settle

at their own after receiving the cash compensation. Resettlement plan accordingly will be

prepared to settle the affectees. Initially some potential sites have been identified and

evaluated for resettlement. The sites have been evaluated to assess their suitability

keeping in view the following:

- Location and status of ownership (public or private),


B-13

- Area available and land use

- Distance from Dasu town and accessibility/ approach road/ tracks

- Elevation (from Indus River Bank)

- Occupant tribe and nature of ownership

- Distance from water source

- Drainage

- Suitability/potential for development

- Approximate unit area cost

- Attitude of the host population (if any) and

- Impact on indigenous people (if any)

Information regarding the above mentioned indicative parameters has been collected

from the Project area in consultation with the local people, for evaluation of the

resettlement and storage sites. It has been analyzed and allocated for various uses

(Offices, Camps, Colonies, Excavated Material Storage) during the implementation stage

of the project as given in Table 4.3 in a summarized form. Satellite imagery depicting the

specific allocation of areas is given in Fig B-2.

Table 4.3: Potential sites for various purposes (District Kohistan)

Sr.

No.

Locality /

Village

River

Bank

Side

Total

Potential

Area

Required

Area

(Acre)

Excess

Area

(Acre)

Remarks

1 Kamalia

(Upstream)

Right

Bank 10 10 -

Used for storage of permanent

dumping material, Low priority

site for resettlement of right bank

affectees, might be used for

residential purposes after

construction.

2 Zal Right

Bank 272 272 -

Suitable for resettlement of

affectees after construction,

Storage areas for Permanent

dumping of excavated material,

Some parts are suitable for

leveling / terracing for agricultural

crop production.

3 Chichar Right

Bank 100 100 - Temporary Rock storage area.

4 Siglo Right

Bank 22 10 12 Batching Plant, Crusing Plant etc.

5 Kange Right

Bank 95 95 -

Heavy Machinery storage, Ware

Houses, Welding, Cutting,

Material Piles, Temp. Storage of

excavated material etc.

6 Maidan

(Camp A) Left Bank 55 49 6 Offices & Residential Buildings.

7 Shall Left Bank 12 5 7

Terraced area, suitable for

resettlement of left bank

affectees.

8 Khoshai Left Bank 25 - 25 Labour Camp & Contractors

Offices.

9 Choochang

(Camp C) Left Bank 83 54 29 Labour Camp.

10 Jalkot

(Camp B) Left Bank 40 32 8 Offices & Residential Buildings.

Total Potential areas 714 627 87 Available for Various Purposes


B-14

4.10 Resettlement Area Requirement

According to the number of household affected, their resettlement area required will vary

for different locations depending upon the preference of the affectees and potential land

availability in a specific area. Based on the household being affected and with only 4%

willing to be resettled by the project it is estimated that approximately 80 Kanals (10

Acres) of area is required, scattered in different locations for resettlement and

rehabilitation of the Project affectees. This area requirements is based on the response

of PAPs to various questions regarding their resettlement options.

As a preference, the Government land was to be identified to resettle the displaced

people. In case the Government land is not available in the near vicinity, remote

settlement was to be considered after consultation with the local leaders and

Government officials. The enquiry made during the visit of the area has indicated that the

Government land may not be available.

4.11 Recommended Design of the New Houses

The Project area is prone to earthquakes and in October, 2005 severe earthquake

caused serious collateral damages besides huge loss of human lives. Based on the

experience in the recent past it is imperative that houses being constructed are resistant

to earthquakes. Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority (ERRA)

Islamabad has developed designs for construction of houses in such areas various

categories of houses with different covered areas have been designed. These designs

are available at different ERRA centers. ERRA is also imparting training to the affectees

for construction of these types of houses. Further information of these housing structures

with design specification are available at ERRA website i.e. www.erra.gov.pk


B-15

5. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

The Project area is mainly covered in the administrative jurisdiction of District

Administration of District Kohistan, in North West Frontier Province (NWFP). Hence Land

Acquisition Act 1894 with its amendments will be applied for acquisition of land. Other

land based assets will be acquired as per rules/regulations applicable for acquiring such

assets. A small part of the Project area in the upper reaches falls in the Northern Area

Administrative jurisdiction hence all rules/regulations for acquiring this specific land and

land based assets will be applied accordingly.

5.1 Organizational Setup

The compensation/rehabilitation of the Project affectees will need to be given priority to

taking over the land and land based assets for which a detailed study for the preparation

of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is required at the project planning stage. It will involve

distinct processes and different agencies. These include WAPDA as the Executing

Agency (EA), the Ministry of Environment, the funding agencies and the affected

communities.

5.1.1 WAPDA

WAPDA will have the overall responsibility for the program including preparation of RAP

and its implementation and financing of all development tasks and cross-agency

coordination. WAPDA will exercise its functions through the Project Director, who will be

responsible for general project execution. The direction of the Project Director (PD) will

be tasked with day-to-day Project related activities at agency/subproject level. WAPDA

will make necessary demarcation on the ground for further survey work and preparation

of the inventory details of all the land and land based assets in collaboration of the

Revenue Department and other line departments. In the implementation of these tasks

the WAPDA will be required to receive specific technical assistance from the

Resettlement Specialist, Sociologist and Environmentalists.

5.1.2 District and Provincial Governments

District-based agencies have the jurisdiction for land administration and compensation

and for the compensation and rehabilitation of other affected assets. Land acquisition

functions rest with the Provincial Board of Revenue represented at District level by the

District Coordination Officer (DCO)/Land Acquisition Collector (LAC) and District

Revenue Officer (DRO). Several other staff members of the Revenue Department, most

notably the Quanogo and Patwari, (record keeper) carry out specific roles such as titles

identification and verification of the ownership . The compensation rates will have to be

approved by a District Land Valuation Committee (LVC) and in turn will have to be

confirmed by the Board of Revenue Office at Provincial level.

Functions pertaining to compensation of assets different from land rest on Provincial line-

agencies and their District level offices. Buildings compensation pertains to the

Communication & Works (C&W) Department, crops and fruit trees compensation

pertains to the Department of Agriculture and the compensation for wood trees losses

pertains to the Department of Forestry. The Office of the Nazim (the elected District

head) is expected to play a coordinating role and will represent the rights of the local

citizens.


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5.2 Coordination Initiatives

The agencies and officers/officials identified above will work in close coordination to

obtain effective, smooth and timely preparation of RAP and its implementation and

Affected Person’s (AP) compensation. For this purpose an LAC will be directly assigned

to the Project by the Board of Revenue and two coordination/consultation committees

will be included at the top and bottom levels of the RAP organization. (i) RAP Steering

Committee (RSC); and (ii) RAP Coordination Committee (RCC).

A RAP Steering Committee (RSC) to be established soon after Project approval to

ensure that all relevant agencies involved in RAP preparation and compensation and

rehabilitation are:

(i) Fully informed of RAP’s preparation and funding agencies Policy’s requirements;

and

(ii) Assist WAPDA in the preparation/implementation of RAP at Project level by

providing district-level offices with the directions needed to ensure effective

synergy and task coordination between WAPDA, LACs and relevant District

departments. The RSC will include high-level representatives of:

- WAPDA (Management / Coordination Member)

- Board of Revenue (Member)

- Provincial Planning and Development Department (Member)

- Relevant Provincial departments Agriculture, Building, Forest (Members)

- Environmental Protection Agency (Member)

The RSC will meet periodically to ensure that WAPDA, the consultants, the LACs, other

district agencies and the office of the Nazims work together for the preparation of the

RAP and PAP consultation. A function of the RSC will be to ensure the timely formation

of effective district-level RAP Coordination Committee (RCC) for speedy preparation of

the RAP.

RAP Coordination Committee (RCC) to be formed at district level to provide a

coordinating node for the preparation/subsequent implementation of RAPs (surveys

execution, assets valuation, AP consultation, and local approval of RAP provisions) and

complaints and grievances. The RCC formation will be supported by the LAC and

initiated by WAPDA before the beginning of project preparation activities for the Project.

The RCC will include representatives of:

- WAPDA (Coordinator Member)

- District Revenue Office, DORs/LACs (Member)

- Relevant District Departments (Member)

- District Nazim Office (Member)

- Union Council AP’s representative (Member)

The main function of the RCC will be that of ensuring that RAP preparation and

subsequent implementation is carried out as one shared task by all involved parties. The

RCC will also provide a forum where WAPDA, local government agencies and the PAPs

can confront their views on various RAP-related matters. One of the areas where RCC

will play this role is complaints and grievances. In this function the RCC will be to hear

the complaint, and if found justified will support its lodging at the WAPDA/LAC level.


B-17

6. ENTITLEMENT MATRIX AND COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK

6.1 Compensation Eligibility and Entitlements

Land Acquisition and Resettlement tasks under the Project will be implemente

accordingto a compensation eligibility and entitlements framework in line with Pakistan’s

law/regulation and WB/ADB Policy. A summary of entitlements matrix is given in

Table B -1, Annexure B-1.

6.1.1 Eligibility

Affected Persons (APs) entitled to compensation or at least rehabilitation under the

Project are:

- All APs losing land either with legal title/traditional land rights or without;

- Tenants and sharecroppers whether registered or not;

- Owners of buildings, crops, plants, or other objects attached to the land; and

- APs losing business, income, and salaries.

Compensation eligibility is limited to a cut-off date which will be fixed at the time of

detailed census of the project as being the starting day of the AP census and impact

assessment. APs who settle in the affected areas after the cut-off date will not be eligible

for compensation. They, however will be given sufficient advance notice to vacate

premises and dismantle affected structures prior to Project implementation. Their

dismantled structures will not be confiscated and they will not pay any fine or sanction.

Forced eviction will only be considered after all other

efforts are exhausted.

6.1.2 Compensation Entitlements

Entitlement provisions for APs losing land, houses, and income losses and

rehabilitation subsidies will include provisions for permanent and temporary land losses,

house and buildings losses, crops and trees losses, a relocation subsidy, and a business

losses allowance based on tax declarations and/or lump sums. These entitlements are

detailed below:

Agricultural land impacts: These impacts will be compensated at replacement value in

cash based on current market rates plus 15% compulsory land acquisition surcharge.

Eventual transaction taxes/fees will be paid by the EA or waived by local governments.

Severe Agricultural Land Impacts: When >10% of the agricultural land of an AP is

affected, AP (owners, leaseholders and sharecroppers) will get an additional allowance

for severe impacts equal to the market value of a year’s net income crop yield of the land

lost, inclusive of both Rabi (winter) and Kharif (summer) harvest.

Residential/commercial land impacts: These impacts will be compensated at

replacement value in cash at current market rates free of deductions for transaction

costs. Renters/leaseholders will receive an allowance corresponding to a 3 months rent.

Houses, buildings, structures damages: These impacts will be compensated in cash

at replacement cost free of depreciation, salvaged materials, and transaction costs

deductions. The compensation will include the cost of lost water supply, electricity or

telephone connections. When a house/building is affected for more than 25% (or less

than that but is structurally damaged) it will be compensated in its entirety.


B-18

Income from crops losses: These impacts will be compensated through cash

compensation at current market rates for the full harvest of agricultural crops, inclusive of

Rabi (winter) and Kharif (summer). In case of sharecropping crop compensation will be

paid both to landowners and tenants based on their specific sharecropping agreements.

Tree losses: These impacts will be compensated in cash based on the principle of

income replacement. Fruit trees will be valued based on age category (a. not yet

productive; b. productive). Productive trees will be valued at gross market value of 1 year

income for the number of years needed to grow a new tree with the productive potential

of the lost tree. Non-productive trees/(after nursery pre bearing stage) will be valued

based on the multiple years investment they have required. For the non-fruit trees it will

be valued at dry wood volume basis output and its current market rates.

Businesses: compensation for permanent business losses will be in cash for the period

deemed necessary to re-establish the business (3 months); compensation for temporary

business losses will be cash covering the income of the interruption period up to 3

months.

Business workers and employees: Indemnity for lost wages for the period of business

interruption up to a maximum of 3 months.

Agricultural land leaseholders, sharecroppers, and workers: Affected leaseholders

will receive either a renewal of the lease in other plots or cash corresponding to the

yearly crop yield of land lost for the remaining years of the lease up to a maximum of 3

years. Sharecroppers will receive their share of harvest at market rates (if impact is

temporary) plus 1 additional crop compensation (if the land is lost permanently).

Agricultural workers, with contracts to be interrupted, will get an indemnity in cash

corresponding to their salary in cash and/or kind or both as applicable, for the remaining

part of the agricultural year, inclusive of both Rabi (winter) and Kharif (summer).

Relocation allowance: Affected family’s (AFs) forced to relocate will receive a relocation

allowance sufficient to cover transport costs and extraordinary livelihood expenses as

living expenses for 1 month (Rs. 5,000).

Livelihood allowance: AFs forced to relocation will receive a livelihood for 3 months @

Rs.5000/- /month.

House renters: House renters who have leased a house for residential purposes will be

provided with a cash grant of 3 months’ rent at the prevailing market rate in the area and

will be assisted in identifying alternative accommodation.

Community Structures and Public Utilities: Will be fully replaced or rehabilitated so as

to satisfy their pre-project functions.

Vulnerable People Livelihood: Vulnerable People (APs below the poverty line and or

widow, orphans, women household heads, landless etc.) will be given priority in

employment in project-related jobs.

Entitlement matrix and compensation framework will be further refined and developed to

handle resettlement issues after completion of public consultations through holding

additional scoping sessions in the Project area at the RAP preparation stage. All

government policies and also the guidelines issued by the main funding agencies like

World Bank and Asian Development Bank have been taken into consideration.


B-19

In the light of review of Legal Land Acquisition Act. (LAA, 1894) and Policy Framework

(World Bank OP 4.12), and consultations with the affected people, the following

indicative Entitlement Matrix (Table B-2, Annexure B-1) is prepared keeping in view the

nature of losses, entitlements and implementation issues. This will be further reviewed at

the RAP preparation stage and this Entitlement Matrix will be applied as relevant for this

Project. Involuntary Resettlement gives rise to some of the problems for the affectees,

which need to be addressed as mitigation measures and ensure that the affectees are

satisfied and able to restore their livelihoods to a standard existing at pre-project stage,

as a minimum. The Entitlement Matrix will mainly cover the following important issues.


B-20

7. DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

During the public consultation and field visits and discussions with the various

government departmental heads,and non-governmental organizations various

resettlemen tand rehabilitation issues of the potentially affected population were

considered. Some of the projects have been indentified for the development of the area

adjacent to the Project area. This will help in improving the socio-economic conditions of

the area besides generating employment opportunities and a sustainable development.

The identified project costs are given in Table 7.3 and discussed below.

7.1 Project 1: Establishment of Fruit Plant Nurseries

Objective and Project

Impact on the fruit plants due to this project is envisaged to be though small, yet the

potential for cultivation of fruit plants comprising Almond, Apple, Pear, Peach, Plums

Walnut, Grapes etc. exists in the area. It will be appropriate to establish fruit plant

nurseries for multiplication of the quality fruit plants. These fruit plant can be supplied to

the adjacent area farmers for plantation on nominal rates. At least three such nurseries

can be established in the public–private partnership in which technical know-how will be

provided through agricultural department.

Cost

Overall cost of establishment of nursery is estimated to be Rs.1,000,000 each for five

years with a total cost of 2,000,000 for two nurseries.

7.2 Project 2: Establishment of Model Horticultu ral Farms


The project area specially on slightly higher elevation has been observed to be very

fertile and quite conducive conditions exist for the cultivation of fruit plants. The methods

used currently area primitive and even the quality nursery fruit plants are not available. It

is essential to demonstrate the improved method of cultivation of fruit plants. For this

purpose it is suggested that 20 small scale irrigated farms may be established on one

hectare area each, to serve as demonstration farms for the residents of the area. They

will be provided all farm inputs like land leveling, layout, plantation and irrigation network

establishment at these selected sites to motivate the farmers and introduce the improved

fruit production techniques.

Cost

Each farm will be having an allocation of Rs.500,000/- and the estimated cost of twenty

(20) horticultural farms amounts to Rs.10,000,000.

7.3 Project 3: Establishment of Poultry/Quail Farm for Meat Production


Kohistan district has a very diversified climatic conditions. In the valleys it is hot in

summer and very cold in winter. All the poultry birds are being brought from Mansehra

and Abbotabad area to all the population centers along the upper reaches of Indus river

and its adjacent areas. The climatic conditions are suitable for poultry meat production


B-21

during the summer season. Demand for poultry meat exists to varying degrees. Potential

exist and climatic conditions are reasonably well to raise the poultry birds for meat

production to meet the local demand as well as supply it to either the northern area

population center upto Gilgit and also downstream demand areas. It is appropriate to

assist the local farming community to make investment in poultry meat production

enterprises. Government should provide incentive through liberal interest free loaning

and technical know-how and support to establish at least two such units of 5000 birds

each to initiate and demonstrate the poultry meat production in the district of Kohistan.

This will be helpful for future to meet the demand of the construction staff working at the

Project site. In the meanwhile people will gain experience and based on these

experiences put the poultry industry on even keel.

Costs

Cost of poultry and quail farm including infrastructure and feeding for four weeks each

flock is estimated to cost Rs. 2,374,000.

7.4 Project 4: Establishment of Fish Seed Production Units


At the completion of the Dasu Hydropower Project a huge water body spread over 5,313

acres(21.5 km sq at El 950 meters) and having about a million acres feet of water is an

ideal location for fish production. It is essential to produce fish to meet ever increasing

demand of the fish. Fish seed production is an important requirement to regularly

produce a sustainable fish produce. An allocation is recommended to be made for

establishing a fish seed production unit. The fund could be used for strengthening and

extension of existing fish hatchery at Dubair down stream of Dasu.

Cost

An allocation for the fish seed production amounting to Rs.2,000,000.

7.5 Project 5: Woodworks Production Units/Crafts


While the Project area will have a generating capacity of above 4,200 mega watts of

hydropower to feed the power hungry industrial wheels of the country, it is equally

essential to effectively utilize the additional natural and other resources existing in the

area. The forest around the project area on higher elevations is producing millions of

cubic feet of excellent quality of wood for fabrication of the doors, windows, cupboards,

wood flooring, paneling, furniture etc. It will be important to establish some wood

processing industry within Kohistan and fabricate various end users products of modular

furniture for marketing in the down country population centers. For this purpose

Government may provide assistance for establishing necessary post wood cutting

processing to fabricate value added wood products. Necessary training of the selected

project affected persons need to be organized and financed from the Project resources

to develop the skills and professionalism in the wood processing industry. All such

industry established may be given subsidy for power usage.

Cost

An allocation of Rs. 2,000,000 is made for establishing wood works production unit/wood

crafts.


B-22

7.6 Project 6: Potato Seed Production

Potato seeds are being produced and supplied from the northern areas for its cultivation

in the plains. Soil and climatic conditions at the higher elevation on right and left side of

the river Indus adjacent to the Project area are congenial for cultivation and production of

potatoes. Hence this is an ideal condition for potato seed production. Areas above Seo

village like Purwa and other adjacent areas in the village, Zal/Kowgee, Kuz Maidan,

Shall, Ucher Nallah, Kaigah, Tayal etc are available. Irrigation net work is already

existing in these areas, which can be further developed. These areas are suitable and

have the potential for potato seed production. It is appropriate to start potato seed

multiplication pilot project with the assistance of the agricultural department. This project

will enhance the livelihood capacity of the farming community through

participating in the potato seed production program.

Cost

An allocation of Rs.1,000,000/- is being made for starting this project .

7.7 Project 7: Vocational Training

Objective and the Project

Population in the rural areas is around 70% of the total population. Out of this, upto 35%

population is youth from age 16 to 22. This segment of population needs to be given

priority towards improving their skills. The skills could be imparted through vocational

training program. Under this program selected youth population of the project affected

families or adjacent areas would be given the opportunity for training and improving their

skills in different trades like, air conditioning, motor mechanic, carpenters, plumbers,

electricians, computer literacy, handicrafts etc. Upto 100 male and 50 female trainees

can be imparted training over 5-10 years period in different institutions at Peshawar,

Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore for upto one year duration. In order to build-up the

capacity of the women, training will be imparted on embroidery, stitching, handicrafts etc.

amounting to Rs. 6,000,000.

Cost

Total estimated cost with tuition fees, boarding lodging @ Rs.10,000 per month

= Rs.12,000,000 for men and Rs. 6,000,000 for women.

7.8 Project 8: Micro-Credit Scheme

Objective and the Project

Micro-credit schemes for poverty alleviation and gender development is needed to

enhance the earning capacity of the affectees through financing small schemes/projects

which should be sustainable. These funds could be loaned to the small and medium

business enterprises to establish their businesses or expanding their existing

businesses. These loans payable in five years time, should be interest free preferably or

minimum interest may be charged.

Cost

Estimated cost for 447 affected households and business enterprises affected due to the

project @ Rs.300,000/ per HH amounts to Rs.134,100,000.


B-23

7.9 Cumulative Cost of Development Projects

Cumulative cost of the recommended development projects is given below.

Project 1 - Establishment of Fruit Plant Nurseries Rs. 2,000,000

Project 2 - Establishment of Model Horticultural Farms Rs. 10,000,000

Project 3- Establishment of Poultry/Quail Farm for Meat Production Rs. 2,374,000

Project 4- Establishment of Fish Seed Production Units Rs. 2,000,000

Project 5- Woodworks Production Units/Crafts Rs. 2,000,000

Project 6- Potato Seed Production Rs. 1,000,000

Project 7- Vocational Training (12,000,000 + 6,000,000) Rs. 18,000,000

Project 8- Micro-Credit Scheme Rs 134,100,000

Total Rs. 171,474,000

7.10 Resettlement Costs

All the impacts including development projects is translated in terms of values and costs

as, for making necessary estimates for further processing. These costs will need to be

updated by adding additional details to make a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) at

planning stage of this project. The estimated compensation, resettlement, mitigation and

development costs at feasibility stage of the Project are given in detailed cost estimate

given in table 7.2 and summarized below;

Table 7.1: Summary of Environmental and Resettlement Costs

Amount Item

No. Description Of Costs

Million Rs. Million US $

A Land & Other Compensation 5,955 85

B Environmental Mitigation Measures 5,948 85

C Resettlement 511 7

D Environmental Monitoring 116 2

Total Cost 12,530 179


B-24

Table 7.2: Environmental and Resettlement Costs Estimate

Item

No.Description Unit Quantity

Rate

(Rs)

Cost

(Rs)

% age of

Total CostRemarks

A

A-1 Area Under Project

a.Reservoir Area(Barren) Acre 4,200 200,000 966,000,000 16.222 Barren Area + 15% (OP4.12)

b.Dam Components Area(Range) Acre 1,134 800,000 1,043,280,000 17.520 Land Cost + 15% (OP4.12)

A-2 Agricultural Land Acre 84 2,000,000 193,200,000 3.244 Land Cost + 15% (OP4.12)

A-3 Agricultural Crop Produce

a.Wheat / Kanal 40 kg 2,352 550 1,293,600 0.022 Income Restoration Two Crops OP4.12

b.Maiz / Kanal 40 kg 2,520 475 1,197,000 0.020 Income Restoration Two Crops OP4.12

A-4 Trees

a.Firewood Trees No 19,400 5,000 97,000,000 1.629

b.Fruit Trees No 600 20,000 12,000,000 0.202

A-5 Grazing Area Acre 51 800,000 40,800,000 0.685

A-6 Built Up Area

a.Land Acre 10 2,000,000 20,000,000 0.336

b.Catagory A Buildings Sq-Ft 43,920 2,500 109,800,000 1.844 Modern Construction12.2% Table 22

c.Catagory B Buildings Sq-Ft 127,800 1,500 191,700,000 3.219 Semi Pacca 35.5% Table22

d.Catagory C Buildings Sq-Ft 188,280 800 150,624,000 2.529 Kacha 52.3% Table22

A-7 Jeepable Roads Km 5 45,000,000 225,000,000 3.778

A-8 Township Roads Km 1 45,000,000 45,000,000 0.756

A-9 SCO Telephone Cable L.S. 1 14,500,000 14,500,000 0.243 Estimate by SCO

A-10 PTDC Motel L.S. 1 18,000,000 18,000,000 0.302 Estmate by PTDC Motel

A-11 Suspension Bridge No 3 70,000,000 210,000,000 3.526 Rate by Works & Services

A-12 Suspension Bridge No 2 1,219,354,560 2,438,709,120 40.953 Rate by Taisi Corporation

A-13 Doli (Cable Car) No 5 150,000 750,000 0.013 Estimate Self Driven

A-14 Grave Yard Acre 3 200,000 600,000 0.010

A-15 FWO Buildings

a. Camp at Barseen

Land Acre 7 2,000,000 14,140,000 0.237 Land Area @ Rs. 200,000/ Kanal.

Building Sq-Ft 14,000 1,600 22,400,000 0.376 Covered Area @1600/ Sq-Ft

Bitumen Plant L.S. 1 30,000,000 30,000,000 0.504 Estimated

Aceess Road m 600 30,000 18,000,000 0.302 Access Road @ 30000000/ Km

b.Camp at Sazin

Land Kanal 1 300,000 300,000 0.005 Land Area Rounded Off

Building Sq-Ft 2,500 1,600 4,000,000 0.067

Grid Stat ion Costs Acre 10 2,000,000 20,000,000 0.336

A-16 Commercial Area

Road Side Restaurants

i.Land Acre 1.041 6,400,000 6,662,400 0.112 Rs. 800000/ Kanal

ii Covered Area Sq-Ft 37476 1,600 59,961,600 1.007 Builtup Area @ Rs. 1600/ Sq-Ft

TOTAL - A 5,954,917,720 100.00

Land and Other Compensation Cost


B-25

Table 7.2: Environmental and Resettlement Costs Estimate

Item

No.Description Unit Quantity

Rate

(Rs)

Cost

(Rs)

% age of

Total CostRemarks

B

B-1 Tree Plantation No 80,000 300 24,000,000 0.403 Two Years Look After Included

B-2 Grave Yard No 2 200,000 400,000 0.007

B-3 6 Police Check Points Acre 0.216 2,000,000 432,000 0.007 0.216 Acres

B-4 Cost Covered Area Sq-Ft 7,776 1,600 12,441,600 0.209

B-5 3 Schools -Land Acre 0.230 2,000,000 460,000 0.008 0.23 Acres

B-6 School Cost Covered Area Sq-Ft 8,280 1,600 13,248,000 0.223

B-7 KKH Relocation Km 45 - 4,410,000,000 74.141 Refer cost estimate volume - 10

B-8 Suspension Bridges

i) Suspension Bridges at Kandia Sq-m 85,000 3,358 285,430,000 4.799

ii) Suspension Bridges at Shatial Sq-m 85,000 1,314 111,690,000 1.878

B-9 New Roads (Right Bank)

i) New Roads Km 30,000,000 18 540,000,000 9.078

ii) New Tracks Km 15,000,000 31 465,000,000 7.818

iii) Upgradation Km 14,171,290 6 85,027,740 1.429

TOTAL - B 5,948,129,340 100.00

C

C-1 Land for 10% Resettlement Acre 5 1,840,000 9,200,000 1.799 Land Price + 15% (OP 4.12)

C-2 Land for Services Acre 5 1,840,000 9,200,000 1.799 Land Price + 15% (OP 4.12)

C-3 Community Buildings and Facilities -

a.Roads L.S. 1 6,000,000 6,000,000 1.173 Provision

b.Drainage L.S. 1 6,000,000 6,000,000 1.173 Provision

c.Electricity Provision L.S. 1 6,000,000 6,000,000 1.173 Provision

d.Water supply L.S. 1 6,000,000 6,000,000 1.173 Provision

e.Construction of Houses Sq-Ft 180,000 1,600 288,000,000 56.325

C-4 Shifting Charges L.S. 447 5,000 2,235,000 0.437 100% HH+ Businesses

C-5 Livelihood Charges for 3 Months No 447 15,000 6,705,000 1.311 Requirement Donor,100%HH+Business

C-6 Vulnerable Group Assistance No 100 5,000 500,000 0.098 One Time Payment OP 4.12; 21* %

C-7 Development Project Cost -

a.Nursery Development Acre 2 1,000,000 2,000,000 0.391 Rs1000000 for Setup/ Production Cost

b.Model Horticulture Farm No 20 500,000 10,000,000 1.956

c.Establish of Poultry/ Quail Farm No 1 2,374,000 2,374,000 0.464

d.Fish Seed Production L.S. 1 2,000,000 2,000,000 0.391

e.Wood Works Production L.S. 1 2,000,000 2,000,000 0.391

f.Potato Seed Roduction L.S. 1 1,000,000 1,000,000 0.196

g.(i) Vocational/Technical Training No 100 120,000 12,000,000 2.347

(ii) Women Train ing No 50 120,000 6,000,000 1.173

h.Micro Credit Scheme No 447 300,000 134,100,000 26.227 100% Affectee Families+ Busnisses

TOTAL - C 511,314,000 100.00

D

D-1 Monitoring of Environment L.S. 1 115,615,000 115,615,000 100.00

TOTAL - D 115,615,000

TOTAL ( A+B+C+D) 12,529,976,060

Environmental Resettlement Cost

Environmental Monitoring Cost

Environmental Mitigation Measures Cost


B-26

COST ESTIMATES (Rs,)

Sr.No. Position/Item Posts/No. Rate/Month/Rs. Months Total Rs.

1 Asstt Horticulturist 1 30,000 24 720,000

2 Field Assistant 1 12,000 24 288,000

3 Budders 1 10,000 24 240,000

5 Office Clerk 1 15,000 24 360,000

6 Naib Qasid 1 10,000 24 240,000

7 Rent of land(Acres/year) 5 1,000 5 25,000

8 Recurring Expenditure/Month 5,500 24 132,000

Total Rs.(Rounded) 2,000,000

Sr.No. Rate/Farm No. Total Rs.

1 300,000 20 6,000,000

2 200,000 20 4,000,000

10,000,000

Sr.No. No. Rate/Rs. Total Rs.

1 350 331 116,000

2 80 1,413 113,000

229,000

229,000 6 1,374,000

1,000,000

2,374,000

2,000,000

2,000,000

1 500,000

2 500,000

1,000,000

Sr.No. No. of Trainees Rate/Tr. Total Rs.

1 100 120,000 12,000,000

2 50 120,000 6,000,000

18,000,000

134,100,000

171,474,000

PROJECT 7 VOCATIONAL TRAINING

PROJECT 8 MICRO-CREDIT SCHEME

Description

Skill development for male members

Skill development for female members

Total Rs.

PROJECT 4 ESTABLISHMENT OF FISH SEED NURSERY

PROJECT 5 WOOD WORKS PRODUCTION

Cost of 10,000 birds including infrastructure for four

week flock

Infrastructure cost non recurring/10000 birds

Operational Cost(feed,vaccination, etc.

Farm inputs, like fertilizer, insecticides,irrigation syatem

layout/instal lation and training of the farmers to improve

their technical-know-how

Total Rs.

TABLE 7.3: DEVELOPMENT PROJECT COSTS

PROJECT 1 ESTABLISHMENT OF FRUIT PLANTS NURSERIES

PROJECT 2 ESTABLISHMENT OF MODEL HORTICULTURAL FARM

PROJECT 3 ESTABLISHMENT OF POULTRY/QUAIL FARM

Description

Cost of farm Machinery/Equipment

Cost of farm inputs/seed /fertilizer/ irrigation system

Total Rs.

PROJECT 6 POTATO SEED PRODUCTION

This is a lump sum amount meant to be used for

establishment of wood works unit, equipped with the

drying, cutting, shaping and value addition to the wood

for making of the furniture and door, windows and wood

panneling works etc. at Dasu


establishment of potato seed production farms through

the contact farms and by provision of quality seed for

multiplication at higher elevation of the the surrounging

areas of the project.etc. at Dasu

Quality Potato seed procurement and supply to selected

contact farmers for multipl ication


extending loaning facil ities under micro-credit scheme for

making investments in the small schemes to increase the

earning of the affactees and people living in the adjacent

areas of the project.etc. at Dasu

Total Rs. For Development Projects 1 to 8

It should be done on public-private partnership and handed over to the partners after initial start up period of two years.

(b) Quail

Cost of 10,000 birds including infrastructure for four

week duration flock with12 flocks per year

Total Rs.


strengthening of the existing fish seed hatchery at Dubair

down stream of Dasu

Total

Six flock each year 8weeks duration total cost

(a) Poultry

��

��

��

Plate B-5: Semi Pucca Structure.

Plate B-6: Katcha with Drystone Masonry Combination.

Sheet 3 of 21

Plate B-8: Zal/ for Resettlement.An other view of site available at Kas

Plate B-7: A view of Zal / Kas Area Resettlement Site.

Sheet 4 of 12

Plate B-9: A view of Zal area for Resettlement.

Plate B-10: View of site available at Zal, for Resettlement.

Sheet 5 of 21

Plate B-11: A view of site available at such Village on Seo Road Right Bank.

Plate B-12: An other view of Such Area on Seo Road - Right Bank .

Sheet 6 of 12

Plate B-13: View of area available at Purwa Settled Farming Area.

Plate B-14: Area of Tayyal and Shall available for resettlement site Left Bank.

Plate B-15: View of Shall area - Resettlement Site Left Benk.

Plate B-16: A view of Maidan area available for resettlement on Left Bank.

Sheet 8 of 21

Plate B-17: View of low Seo area.

Plate B-18: A view of Indus River from Razka deside Purwa area.

Sheet 9 of 21

Plate B-19: View of lower Chouchang area for Resettlement Site - Left Bank.

Plate B-20: A view of main Seo Village Agricultural area at Right Bank.

Sheet 10 of 21

Plate B-21: View of Maidan area for Resettlement (Left Bank).

Sheet 11 of 21

Plate B-23: An other view of area available at Jallkot for Resettlement (Left Bank).

Sheet 12 of 21

ANNEXURE B – 1

ENTITLEMENT AND COMPENSATION

MATRIX AND FRAMWORK

Annexure B–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE B-1: GENERAL ENTITLEMENT MATRIX

Asset

Specification Affected People Compensation Entitlements

Farmer/Titleholder

Cash compensation for affected land at replacement cost

based on market value plus a 15% Compulsory Land

acquisition surcharge and free of taxes, registration, and

transfer costs.

Leaseholder / tenant

(registered or not)

Cash equivalent to market value of gross yield of affected

land for the remaining lease years (up to a maximum of 3

years).

Sharecroppers

(registered or not)

Cash compensation equal to market value of lost harvest

to be shared with landowner based on the sharecropping

contract.

Agricultural workers

losing contracts

Cash indemnity corresponding to their salary (including

portions in kind) for the remaining part of the contract.

All land losses

independently

from impact

severity

Squatters One (1) rehabilitation allowance equal to net market value

of one (1) harvest in addition to standard crop

compensation) for land use loss.

Farmer / Titleholder

Leaseholder

One (1) severe impact allowance equal to net income from

a one (1) year harvest Rabi and Kharif(winter and summer

crop) additional to standard crop compensation.

Permanent

impact on

Arable Land

Additional

provisions for

severe impacts

(More than 10% of

land loss) Sharecroppers

(registered or not)

One (1) severe impact allowance equal to market value of

share of harvest lost (additional to standard crop

compensation).

Squatters One (1) severe impact allowance equal to net value of

harvest of the affected land for one year (inclusive of

winter and summer crop and additional to standard crop

compensation).

Titleholder Cash compensation for affected land at full replacement

cost free of taxes, registration, and transfer costs.

Renter/Leaseholder Three months allowance.

Residential/

Commercial

Land

Attached

Squatters Accommodation in a government resettlement area or

self-relocation allowance: a) provision of a plot property in

public resettlement area; b) provision of a plot leased in a

public resettlement area; and c. provision of a self

relocation allowance covering1 year of livelihood.

Building and

Structures

Attached All APs

(including squatters)

Cash compensation at replacement rates for affected

structure and other fixed assets free of salvageable

materials, depreciation and transaction costs. In case of

partial impacts full cash assistance to restore remaining

structure.

Crops Crops affected All APs

(also squatters)

Crop compensation in cash at full market rate for 1 year

harvest Rabi-Kharif (inclusive of winter and summer) crop

by default.

Trees Trees affected All APs

(alsosquatters)

Cash compensation at income replacement.

Business/

Employment

Temporary or

permanent loss of

business or

employment

All APs

(also squatters)

- Business owner: (i) Cash compensation equal to 6

months income, if loss is permanent; (ii) cash

compensation for the business interruption period up to

3 months, if loss temporary.

- Worker/employees: Indemnity for lost wages up to 3

months.

Relocation Transport /

transition livelihood

costs

All APs

(including squatters)

Provision of a relocation allowance of (Rs.20,000)

covering transport costs

(Rs. 5,000)and a livelihood allowance of Rs. 15,000

covering livelihood costs for 3 months.

Communal

assets

Rehabilitation/substitution of the affected structures/utilities

Vulnerable AP AP under poverty line - One special allowance of Rs.5,000

- Employment priority in project-related jobs.

Annexure B–1

Page 1 of 4


TABLE B-2: ENTITLEMENT AND COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK (INDICATIVE) IN THE

LIGHT OF LAA AND WORLD BANK OP 4.12

Sr.

No. Nature of Loss

Definition of

Entitled Person Entitlements

Implementation

Issues

1 Loss of

agricultural land

Legal owner of

the land

i. Replacement land or

ii. Cash Compensation under LAA-

1894 & World Bank Operational

Policy 4.12 on Involuntary

Resettlement (replacement value

assessed by DOR plus 15%

compulsory land acquisition cost)

iii. Replacement land or cash

compensation as per World Bank

Operational Policy 4.12 on

Involuntary Resettlement for

residual land of 2 or less than 2

kanals, which is of no use to the

affectees.

a. Assessment of

quantity and quality

of land

b. Assessment of

market value

c. Assessment of

replacement value

land

d. Title updating

e. Payment of cash

compensation

f. APs will be fully

informed of the

entitlements and

procedures

regarding payment

2 Loss of access

to cultivable land

by farmers,

tenants/share

croppers

Farmers, tenants

and

sharecroppers of

the land under

contract as

identified RAP

Report of the

Project at the

time of planning

and verified

during

implementation of

Project

i. Cash grant to farmer,

tenant/sharecropper, based on

market value of crops as per LAA-

1894 & World Bank Operational


Resettlement.

ii. Cash compensation for one year

(two crops- i.e rabi and kharif) as

income restoration and

rehabilitation measure as per

World Bank Operational Policy

4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement.

iii. Preference in employment

during construction activities as





a. Individuals

identified by the

RAP as tenant or

share cropper of

land

b. Cash grant as

determined by

assessment will be

paid after taking

possession of the

land

c. The legal owner

certifies the tenancy

3 Loss of

trees/perennials

Persons with

legal ownership

of the land where

the trees are

located and crops

are grown

i. Compensation at the market

value, based on productivity of land

and age of trees assessed as per

LAA-1894 & World Bank


Involuntary Resettlement.

a. Assessment of

loss and market

value of the loss

b. Payment of cash

compensation for

the losses

c. Additional cash

grant to cover the

replacement value

of the lost

tree/perennials (if

necessary)

4 Loss of

residence/

commercial

structures by

owner

Legal owner of

the structure

i. Cash compensation for the

structure at the

market/replacement value as per




ii. One time cash grant to transfer

the structure to new location as per



iii. Transitional period allowance to

affected households and

businesses as income restoration

a. Payment of

compensation for

the losses

b. APs will be fully

informed about their

entitlement and

assisted in obtaining

it

c. A transfer grant to

each household will

be paid during or

after vacating the

project sites

Annexure B–1

Page 2 of 4


Sr.

No. Nature of Loss

Definition of


Implementation

Issues

and rehabilitation measure as per



iv. Trainings of the affectees for

their capacity building as income

restoration and rehabilitation

measure as per World Bank



v. Preference in employment






d. Removal cost for

commercial

structure at the

same rate to the

owners of structures

5 Loss of access

to

house/commerci

al structure

(rented or

leased)

Tenants

renting/leasing

the property as

identified by the

census survey

i. One-time cash grant for three

months to facilitate alternative

housing as per World Bank


Involuntary Resettlement

ii. Shifting charges to resettle some

where else as per World Bank


Involuntary Resettlement

iii. Transition period allowance as





iv. Trainings of the affectees for






v. Preference in employment






a. Verification of

tenants, lessees

entitled

b. A shifting

allowance per unit

will be paid after

relocation from

project sites

6 Loss of

residence by

informal

settlers/encroac

hers or

unauthorized

occupants

Heads of

household

occupying

residential land

illegally or

squatting on

proposed project

area as identified

through census

survey

i. Compensation for the lost

structure (if owner) as per

assessed values/price by DOR,

provided it is certified by the land

owner as per World Bank



ii. The owner’s income is under the

poverty line

iii. Cash grant for shifting of the

house from proposed project area

as per World Bank Operational


Resettlement.

iv. Transition period allowance as





v. Trainings of the affectees for



a. Cash

compensation for

structure if

recognized by DOR

b. Verification of the

head of the

household

c. Compensation for

loss of structure

d. Transfer or

shifting cost per

household

Annexure B–1

Page 3 of 4


Sr.

No. Nature of Loss

Definition of


Implementation

Issues




vi. Preference in employment






7 Loss of business

by

shops/business

owners due to

dislocation

Owner/operator

of the business

as recorded by

the census

survey

i. Business restoration grant to

owners, renters and leaseholders

as per World Bank Operational


Resettlement.

ii. Illegal shop owners above the

poverty line will not be eligible for

business restoration grant as per



iii. Trainings of the affectees for






iv. Preference in employment






a. All persons

recorded

by the census

survey

b. Cash grant to be

paid after taking

possession of land

8 Loss of income,

employment/wor

k opportunity of

full-time/ part

time workers

Workers of

affected business

as recorded in

the census

survey

i. One time cash grant for 90 days

at the rate of local wage rate (both

for commercial and agricultural

areas) as loss of livelihood as per



ii.Trainings of the affectees for their

capacity building as income





iii. Preference in employment






a. All persons

recorded by the

census survey

b. Cash grant to be

paid after taking

possession of land

c. Involvement of

the incumbents in

project civil works

9 Loss of access

to utility services

like piped water

supply, gas,

electricity,

sewerage line,

telephone etc.

Legal owner of

the structure with

utility services or

only the legal

owner of the

utility services as

identified by RAP

i. Cash compensation for the utility

facilities at the market value as per




ii. One time cash grant to

transfer/re-installment the utility

services to new location as per



a. Payment of cash

compensation for

the losses

b. Verification of the

ownership records

c. APs will be fully

informed about their

entitlement and

assisted in obtaining

it

d. A transfer/re-

installment grant for

identified utilities to

Annexure B–1

Page 4 of 4


Sr.

No. Nature of Loss

Definition of


Implementation

Issues

each

household/structure

owner (renter) will

be paid during or

after vacating the

project sites

10 Loss of

community

facilities/commo

n property

resources by

APs

Management

Committee of the

respective

community

i. Cash compensation for structure

as per LAA-1894 & World Bank



ii. Shifting assistance as per World

Bank Operational Policy 4.12 on


iii. Reconstruction/improvement of

the community facilities/common

property resources as per World

Bank Operational Policy 4.12 on


a. Cash

compensation under

the provision of law

b. Cash grant for

transfer/

reconstruction of

structure to be paid

to community

leader/head of

management

committee

11 Adverse impact

on the host

communities

due to relocation

of APs during

and after the

implementation

of the project

Affected or host

area/village

where the APs

will relocate

i. Provision for additional civic

amenities (roads, tube well for

drinking water, community slab

latrines, addition to community

facilities) as per World Bank



a. Assessment of

community needs

b. Consult the host

population and

provision for

common property

resources

c. Implement the

mitigation programs

d. All affectees are

settled on

agriculture land and

they will shift to their

adjacent ownership

area, hence no host

population is

involved.

APPENDIX C

AQUATIC ECOLOGY


i



APPENDIX C – AQUATIC ECOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY S-1

1. OBJECTIVE AND BASE LINE CONDITIONS C-1

1.1 Objectives C-1

1.2. Present Status of Aquatic Ecosystem C-1

1.2.1 Field Tour and Collection of Samples C-1

1.2.2 Hydrology of the Project Area C-3

1.2.3 Aquatic Biodiversity of Dasu Project Area C-5

1.2.4 Fish in Dasu Area C-5

1.2.5 Fisheries of Dasu Area C-7

1.2.6 Waterfowl of the Project Area C-7

1.2.7 Socio-Economics of Fishermen C-8

2. IMPACT ON FAUNA C-9

2.1 Hydrography & Aquatic Biodiversity C-9

2.2 Fish & Fisheries C-9

2.3 Socio-Economics of Fishermen Community C-9

2.4 Waterfowl C-10

3. RECOMMENDATIONS C-11

3.1 Comprehensive Survey of Aquatic Resources C-11

3.2 Training and Capacity Building C-11

3.3 Fisheries Research and Development C-11

3.4 Extension Program C-11

3.5 Development of a Fish Hatchery C-11

3.6 Socio-Economics & Marketing C-11

FIGURES

PHOTOLOG


S-1


AQUATIC ECOLOGY

SUMMARY

The field study was conducted during June 2007 and reconnaissance visit was made

upstream of Dasu dam axis. The seven nullahs/streams falling into the River Indus

were closely observed. These included (i) Barseen (ii) Kaiga, (iii) Lutter, (iv) Shorhi, (v)

Samar, (vi) Doga, and (vii) Kandia. Digital Camera photographs were taken at all

important points. Indus river is in high flow in August and low flow in February each year.

The fishery of Dasu Project area is poorly developed and mainly comprises capture of

commercial snow carps (coldwater fish). The snow carps are widely relished as food fish. Schizothorax spp. constitute the backbone of fishery of Dasu area. The most dominant

fish species among those commercially caught by the fishermen from the river Indus and

its tributaries, is Schizothorax plagiostomus, followed by Racoma labiata and Schizopyge

esocinus.

There is no regular fisheries management endeavors in Dasu. No fish culture or farming

exists there. The fishing practices are carried out as a part time activity by only few

fishermen without any organized body of fishermen. The fishermen generally operate

singly with cast-nets. Sometimes two or more persons catch fish with sieve nets,

mahajals, longlines, gill-nets, mosquito nets, scoop nets, and dipnets. There are several

reports of illegal fishing with the use of dynamites and poisons. This is perhaps due to

ineffective enforcement of law, and lack of trained fisheries staff in the area. No capture

data or statistics are available. There is a government office in Pattan town without

properly trained extension staff. No effective awareness program for promotion of

fisheries is being carried out in Dasu.

The waterfowl are the birds which are ecologically dependant on water bodies, lakes,

rivers, ponds and wetlands. These birds carry a special significance because parasitic

diseases in several fishes are caused by parasitic animals like nematodes, trematodes

and cestodes, etc. which use birds as their secondary or intermediate hosts during their

life cycles. Hence, the fish fauna of a particular aquatic ecosystem is biologically

connected with the avian fauna of that area especially the waterfowl.

Pakistan is located on the flyway to central Asia and northern India. The migration of

waterfowl occurs in north-south direction. The birds breeding in central and northern Asia

migrate to Pakistan via Afghanistan, and also directly across the higher ranges of

Himalayas. After entering into Pakistan, they fly southward to Punjab and southern Sindh

following the Indus valley and plains. This flyway of migratory water birds constitutes the

famous ecological corridor of international importance. This route offers plenty of food

and mild and hospitable climate to them. The Indus valley and more particularly the

wetlands of southern Sindh are the major wintering grounds of the migratory waterfowl

(WWF Report, 1997).

There are two types of birds in the Project area which depend for food wholly or partially

on fish and other aquatic animals of river Indus, its tributaries and the connected water

bodies. The first category comprises those birds which are resident or summer visitors

(King fishers, carmorants, fishing eagle, etc. ) The other category consists of winter visitors like Marlard (Anas platyrhynchos), Northern pintail (Anas acuta), Wigeon (Anas

penelope), Northern shorelor (Anas clypeata) and Black necked stork (Ciconia nigra).

There are some additional species of waterfowl such as Gadwall (Anas strepera and

Common teal (Anas crecca).


S-2

The reservoir will be a favourable habitat for the fish fauna. The snow carps,

Schizothorax plagiostomus, Schizopoyge esocinus and Racoma labiata are three major

commercial species which constitute the fishery of the Project area. These species are

living in extremely low temperatures during winter, and tend to migrate towards

downstream areas where the conditions are comparatively comfortable. But with the

increase in temperature during summer months, the fish ascends upstream of river and

side-channels for breeding. The creation of a large reservoir would generally have

pleasant effect on the aquatic biodiversity. Rise in the level of water due to filling of the

reservoir would initially cause mortality of terrestrial vegetation. These would decompose

at the bottom of the reservoir, and release rich nutrients into the water. This would result

in heavy production of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water, offering nutritive

materials for fish and aquatic animals of the reservoir. It is expected that for several

years the dam would form a very favourable wetland ecosystem for fishes and other

aquatic organisms. Besides, the development of eutrophication of dam would also be

expected. The lacustrine conditions of the newly emerging Dasu reservoir would differ

from the existing conditions of Indus river. The omnivorous or planktivorous species

(snow carps) are expected to adapt to the new conditions and flourish further.

The emergence of a vast water body with fishery resource would obviously have

pleasant effect on the economic conditions of the poor fishermen. The fishermen

community would increase. There would be improvement in the fish catching equipments

and methodologies and it would contribute towards financial improvement of fishermen.

The reservoir would be a tourist resort offering an angling, sportfishing, and recreational

spot resulting in increased economic and social activities in the area. More production of

fish would result in improved health of people and development of a fish marketing

system in the area. Job opportunities for local population would increase.

Recommendations for the sustainable development of fisheries and aquaculture in Dasu

Project area are made as follows:

The biological potential of this particular aquatic ecosystem has not been thoroughly

surveyed earlier. This is vitally important that a scientific plan for a comprehensive

survey is formulated and after authentic taxonomic identification of different species of

aquatic fauna and flora, a checklist is prepared for exploitation of resources, especially

the fish. Special attention would have to be focused on the number of taxa, population

sizes and their seasonal fluctuations. This would indicate the interspecific and

intraspecific relationships of different biological entities of the ecosystem.

The coldwater fish of Himalayan upland carry a special significance with reference to

their eurythermal habits, having ability of tolerating extremes of temperature. These

indigenous species have a great potential for development, both from capture and

culture point of view. Hence, creation of trained manpower for this purpose is of vital

importance. It would be beneficial if a coldwater fisheries training center is established in

Dasu area.

It is understood that almost no research work has ever been done on the animals and

fish of this highland aquatic ecosystem in the Indus Valley. It is imperative to formulate a

meaningful scientific research program on the biological characteristics of fish, their

feeding habits, growth patterns, breeding habits, and reproductive behaviours, etc. Along

with culture of snow carps and exotic trouts, the Chinese and other Pakistani culturable

local carps can also be studied and tried with reference to their biological characteristics

and co-existence with local fishes.

An awareness program is needed to be planned to educate the local people


S-3

about the existence, conservation and development of aquatic biodiversity, especially the

coldwater fish of the project area through print/electronic media and through schools,

local bodies, etc.

For the development of fisheries in this large reservoir, a well thought plan can be

devised, which could generate fish through culturing snow carps and trout fish (both

brown trout and rainbow trout). Some other fish species, like Chinese carps and common

carp can also be good candidates for this activity. A fish seed stocking program could be

made after studying the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of water of the

proposed reservoir, and based on its fertility and primary productivity. Establishment of a

carp hatchery should be planned for the supply of fish fingerlings and juveniles for

stocking the reservoir. The reservoir having a surface area of 2,150 hectares can easily

produce about 65 toones of fish annually at the assumed minimum rate of 30 kg per

hectare. At the rate of Rs. 60/per kg it is worth about 4 millions of rupees.

Very few whole time fishermen operates in Dasu area. Generally, the operators are part-

time fishermen, principally engaged in some other profession. The fish catches are small

and mainly consumed locally, or sold to hotels and roadside fish frying shops. After dam

construction, the fish fauna would expand, and the number of whole time fishermen

would increase. The fish landings would increase, as was seen in case of Mangla Dam

and Chashma Barrage.


C-1


AQUATIC ECOLOGY

1. OBJECTIVE AND BASE LINE CONDITIONS

1.1 Objective

The main object of this study is to gather information regarding base line conditions of

aquatic ecology of Indus river and its tributaries in the Dasu Hydropower Project and its

reservoir area. Impact of the project on the aquatic ecology has also been studied and

recommendations are made for development of fisheries in the Kohistan area in the

post-project scenario.

1.2 Present Status of Aquatic Ecosystem

1.2.1 Field Tour and Collection of Samples

For the purpose of the field studies all equipment, glass ware, and related items were

arranged for sampling and carried from Lahore. The various types of samplers, recording

of requisite data related to various physico-chemical, hydro-biological parameters and

available information about the animal biodiversity and fisheries of the area were

targeted.

The main equipment included a binocular, digital camera, laptop computer, a video

camera, conductivity meter, thermometer, benthic sampler, plankton sampler, digital

oxygen meter, pH meter, measuring cylinders, beakers, plastic bottles and bags for

water samples, Secchi’s disc, measuring tape, markers, formalin, sulfuric acid, alcohol

and etc. The whole field study was covered with digital photography, and efforts were

made to take snaps of all the sampling sites at river Indus, its tributaries, nullahs, and

connected water bodies. Various kinds of data were recorded along with samples of

fishes, water, planktons, aquatic vegetation, and aquatic invertebrates, and vertebrates,

if any. The collected samples were preserved in 5 percent formalin or 70 percent alcohol

for laboratory studies and analyses. Photographs of relevant locations and exhibits of

fish are given in Photolog.

At the time of the visit, Indus river is in high flow state and flows will be rising till August.

Thereafter the flows will reduce till February. A general view of the Indus river at Dasu is

shown in Plate-1. The water quality changes with flow and season. The results of water

quality report are to be viewed with the seasonal change in mind.

The field study was conducted from 7th June to 12

th June 2007. The day to day activities

are described in the following:

i) June 07, 2007

On 7th June 2007 reconnaissance was made upstream of Dasu dam axis. The seven

nullahs falling into the River Indus were closely observed. These included (i) Barseen

nullah, (ii) Kaiga nullah,(iii) Lutter nullah, (iv) Shori nullah, (v) Samar nullah, (vi) Doga

nullah, (vii) Kandia nullah. Digital Camera photographs were taken at all important

points.

ii) June 08, 2007

On 8th June, the field visit was made accompanied by a field guide and an experienced

fisherman having a cast net. The visit was made during day time to collect samples of


C-2

fish, water, plankton fauna, temperature of water, Seechi disc reading, dissolved oxygen,

dissolved solids, water vegetation and other parameters. A special watch was kept on

waterfowl.

Kandia Nullah

Kandia nullah (Plate-2) is located on the right bank of the river Indus. A journey was

made upto 20-25 km upstream of nullah along its right bank beyond the villages of

Thoothi and Aleel. Near these villages another small nullah enters the Kandia nullah at

its left bank. Aleel village is on the right bank of Kandia nullah. At this point water and

plankton samples were taken and water temperature, oxygen, visibility and pH were

recorded. A few fish samples were also collected. The team interviewed three fishermen

for obtaining information and data as per their experiences with fish and fisheries of the

area.

iii) June 09, 2007

Kaiga Nullah

Kaiga nullah is located on left bank of Indus river (Plate-3). During the visit, two fish

samples from different stations of the nullah were collected. In addition one fish sample

was collected from the Indus river near the confluence point of Kaiga nullah. The

collected samples were preserved.

Shori Nullah

Shori nullah is located on left bank of Indus river. During the visit six fish were collected

from the nullah with the help of a caste net, and the other three were netted out from the

river Indus at the confluence point of samara nullah. Photographs of the sampled fish are

shown as plates 5 and 6. The nullah as well as from the river were also collected.

Sampling was carried out from the nullah. Two fish were caught from the river and six

fish from the nullah. The fish and water samples were preserved.

Samar Nullah

Samar nullah is located near Shorhi nullah on left bank of Indus river (Plate-4). From this

nullah, samples were taken and physico-chemical parameters of water were recorded.

Jalkot or Dong Nullah

Dong nullah, (Plate-7) also called Jalkot nullah is located 2 km downstream (left bank) of

Dasu town. The nullah was visited and all routine data, samples, and fish specimens

were collected, and preserved.

iv) June 10, 2007

Goshali, Sput and Bak Nullahs

Goshali nullah joins the Indus river on the left bank about 10 km downstream of Dasu

town (Plate-8). The nullah is made by the confluence of two smaller nullahs, Sput nullah

(Plate-9) and Bak Nullah (Plate 11 and 12). Collection of fish samples and data on all the

requisite parameters were recorded for further analysis. The fish caught from Sput nullah

is shown in Plate-12.


C-3

v) June 11, 2007

Tangir, Darel, Harban, Khanbari and Thak Nullahs

The upstream area of the Indus river along the left bank was studied. This covered

Tangir,Darel, Harban, Khanbari and Thak nullah. Photographs of Tangir nullah and

Khanbari nullah are shown as Plate-13 (alongwith fish catch plate 24) and Plates 14 to

17 respectively. Samples of fish plankton and data on physico-chemical parameters of

water and the ecosystem were collected and recorded. During the visit to Khanbari

nullah, the local fisherman, Mr. Fazal Rehman, resident of village Nim was employed for

catching fish, and was also interviewed. In total 13 fish were caught from Khanbari

nullah. About 90 percent fish were males out of which two were oozing out-milt. All the collected fish belonged to one species (Schizothorax plagiostomus).

vi) June 12, 2007

Z-Kharhi and Moosha Nullahs

Downstream of Dasu town two nullahs, namely, Z-Kharhi and Moosha located on the left

bank of the river were observed from the right bank and photographs were taken, which

are shown as Plate 18 and 19 for Z-Kharhi nullah and Plate 20 for Moosha nullah.

Dubair Nullah and Trout Hatchery

Dubair trout hatchery is located on Dubair nullah bank at a distance of about 20 km from

Dubair town. At this location sampling of water and fish of the nullah was carried out and

the trout hatchery was also visited. Photographs of Dubair nullah and Dubair Trout

Hatchery are shown on Plates 21, 22 and 23. A detailed meeting was held with the trout

hatchery staff and technical improvement of the trout hatchery, and need for practical

oriented research on local coldwater fish were discussed. The Assistant Director of the

trout hatchery, Mr. Hidayat Shah, showed keen interest to start research on local carp

fish.

The observation made during the visit to nullahs the information gathered from various

sources and the collected samples of fish and their gut contents, plankton, water, benthic

matter, and aquatic vegetation were studied and analyzed in the laboratory.

1.2.2 Hydrology of the Project Area

Indus river originates from Mansarowar Lake in the Tibetan uplands. The river is about

3058 km long and ranks among the longest rivers of the world. The river drains about an

area of 963,480 sq km before discharging in the sea. In its earlier part, the river flows

east-west for about 950 km before it reaches Kandia in the project area, where it

changes its direction and flows from north to south. The Indus river continues in the

same direction upto Tarbela. The upper and lower catchment area is mountainous, and

has a high relief. The catchments of Indus River are characterized by towering peaks,

gigantic glaciers and high altitude plateau. At Dasu project site the river bed is at about

an elevation of 770m. The high river relief results in high velocities of the river water. At

the proposed Dasu dam site, water is mainly fed by melting of ice at the mountain tops.

The contribution from rainfall is very small. During summer, the river water is very turbid

and loaded with sediments. The major contribution of sediment load and dissolved solids

come from the tributaries and catchment areas upstream of upstream of the proposed

Diamer-Basha Dam site. The sediment load of the river plays an important role in the

existence and distribution of fish and other aquatic life. Interestingly, water in most of the

tributaries at the time of the visit was comparatively more transparent. This is quite


C-4

visible from the laboratory test results summarized in Table-1, for which the samples

were collected during June, 2007.

Table C-1: Physico-Chemical Analysis of Water (June 2007)

Alkalinity as mg/L CaCo3

Sr.

No

Sampling

Area

Water

Tempe

rature

(Co)

Seechi Disc

Reading

(Inches)

pH

Free

CO2

(mg/L)

D.O

(mg/L) CO

3// HCO

3/ Total

Cl/

(mg/L)

Hardnes

s as

mg/L

(CaCo3)

T.D.S

(mg/L)

1. Goshali

Nullah 19.00 26.0 7.3 1.00 8.5 1.0 17.00 18 1.00 13.00 32.00

2 Bak Nullah 20.00 24.0 7.2 1.5 8.3 1.5 5.00 6.5 1.65 8.5 16.00

3. Sput

Nullah 20.5 25.0 7.2 1.00 8.3 2.0 11.00 13.00 3.30 9.00 20.00

4.

Jal Kot

/Dong

Nullah

19.00 22.5 7.0 0.5 8.2 1.00 11.00 12.00 2.5 9.5 20.00

5. Uchher

Nullah 20.00 23.0 7.0 1.00 8.6 2.00 22.00 24.00 2.00 19.00 35.00

6. Barseen

Nullah 21.00 28.0 7.0 2.5 8.3 2.00 18.00 20.00 2.00 19.00 31.00

7. Kaiga

Nullah 20.00 25.0 7.2 1.00 8.5 1.00 17.5 18.5 1.15 13.5 32.5

8. Lutter

Nullah 19.00 19.5 7.3 1.5 8.0 3.5 16.00 19.5 1.00 13.00 33.00

9. Shori

Nullah 20.00 24.0 7.2 2.00 8.3 2.00 5.2 7.2 1.75 8.00 17.00

10. Samar

Nullah 21.00 25.0 7.1 1.00 8.3 2.5 10.00 12.5 3.25 9.5 20.5

11. Harban

Nullah 21.00 26.0 7.1 2.00 8.1 2.00 11.00 13.00 3.00 8.5 21.00

12. Doga

Nullah 19.5 23.5 7.0 0.5 8.3 1.00 10.00 11.00 2.25 9.4 19.5

13. Kandia

Nullah 20.00 27.0 7.0 1.00 8.7 2.00 21.00 23.00 2.09 19.2 36.00

14. Spur

Nullah 19.00 24.0 7.0 2.00 8.00 2.00 16.00 18.00 1.5 14.00 33.00

15. Gial Nullah 19.00 25.0 7.2 1.5 8.2 1.00 6.00 7.00 0.5 7.5 15.00

16. Uccher

Nullah 20.00 27.0 7.2 2.00 8.5 3.00 10.00 1.5 0.75 9.00 16.00

17. Mandraza

Nullah 20.00 24.5 7.1 1.00 8.5 3.00 21.00 24.00 1.5 18.00 33.00

18. Gober

Nullah 21.00 23.5 7.5 2.00 8.7 3.00 18.00 21.00 1.25 15.00 35.00

19. Darail

Nullah 20.00 25.5 7.5 1.00 8.0 2.00 18.00 20.00 1.00 14.00 31.00

20. Khanbari

Nullah 21.00 28.0 6.8 3.00 8.3 2.00 16.00 18.00 2.25 19.25 29.5

21. Thak

Nullah 20.00 25.0 7.6 1.5 8.4 2.5 11.5 14.00 2.5 8.00 20.00

22. Dubair

Nullah 21.00 25.0 7.1 2.00 8.00 1.5 6.00 7.5 0.5 7.00 14.00

23. Indus River

(Kandia) 17.00 6.0 7.2 2.00 9.2 3.20 25.00 28.2 1.25 17.5 40.4

24. Indus River

at Samar 20.00 5.0 7.2 3.00 8.9 3.5 25.5 29.00 1.25 22.5 46.00


C-5

1.2.3 Aquatic Biodiversity of Dasu Project Area

Among plants, rooted hydrophytes are practically non-existent in the fast moving water of

the nullahs and the river. The other plant community comprises chiefly diatoms and

green algae. Among the micro-organisms are mainly protozoans and rotifers, whereas

the larger animals are represented by benthic inhabitants like May Fly nymphs

(Ephimeropterans), Caddis Flies (Trichopterans), larvae and adults of beetles

(Coleopterans), nymphs of dragon flies and damsel flies (Odonatans), stone fly larvae

(Plecopterans), Dipteran larvae, nymphs and adults of bugs (Hemipterans). Other

animals like planarians, annelids, molluses, tadpoles also occur in this ecosystem.

1.2.4 Fish in Dasu Area

In Dasu project area the indigenous coldwater fish of river Indus and its tributaries are of

special significance. The fish in this ecosystem have evolved and adapted to the

peculiar, hard environmental conditions with extremes of temperature, and fast moving

torrential waters flowing through narrow rocky channels of the river and its contributing

nullahs, having a bed of rolling stones, boulders, and gravel. This rugged and repulsive

environment exerts limitations on the number of fish taxa, population size, rates of

survival, feeding patterns, reproductive modes, geographical distribution, and migration

patterns. The fish collected during the study from Indus river and its nullahs in the project

area belonged to three families, five genera and five species only, although there are reports of 9 species. The species collected included Schizothorax plagiostomus,

Schizopyge esocinus, Racoma labiata (all of these belonging to family Cyprinidae),

Glyptosternum reticulatum (family Sisoridae), and Triplophysa spp. (family

Noemacheilidae). The first three are commercial species, whereas the remaining two are

not. No exotic fish like trout, Chinese carps etc. were caught. Identification of the fish

caught in the Dasu project area is summarized in Table-2 and their detailed description

is given below;

Table C-2: Fish Fauna of Dasu Project Area

Sr.

No.

Species Family Common

Name

Local

Name

Status

1 Schizothorax

plagiostomus

Cyprinidae Snow carp Gahi Commercial

2 Schizopyge esocinus Cyprinidae Snow carp Asala Commercial

3 Racoma labiata Cyprinidae Snow carp Chun Commercial

4 Glyptosternum

reticulatum

Sisoridae - - Non-Commercial

5 Triplophysa spp. Noemacheilidae - - Non-Commercial

(1) Schizothorox plagiostomus

(Reference: Day 1889, Plate-24, 25)

Local Name - Gahi in Northern Areas, Swati in NWFP

Common Name - Snow Carp Genus - Schizothorox Heckel (1938)

Sub Family - Schizothoracinae

Family - Cyprinidae

Order - Cypriniformes


C-6

Distinct Features

C 2/9, P 1/17 – 18, V. 1/9-10, A 7: C 19. A medium

sized fish with both profiles arched; it’s standard

Length is 78.9% of total length.

Head large conical, flattened on ventral side

Snout Pointed and compressed at anterior end; its length is 45.5% of

head length

Eyes Large dorsolateral in position and situated in anterior half of the

head.

Mouth Inferior, horizontal and greatly arched, bounded by

thick fleshy lips which are continuous at angles of the

mouth. Interior part of lower lip is well developed with horny pad.

Nostrils present near the interior margin of the eye.

Barbles Two pairs present, rostral and maxillary barbles almost

equal in length.

Scales Small covering the entire body except head; lateral line complete

and distinct

Colour Dorsally bluish grey; yellowish pink at ventral side; fins are either

yellow or pink

Maximum Size 50 cm

Maximum Weight 550 gm

Feeding Habits The gut contents of the collected specimens of the species

included in order of preference, larvae, rotifers, cladocerans,

copepods, worms, algae, and others.

Breeding The majority of fishes sexually mature and breed in summer

months.

(2) Racoma labiata

(Reference Mirza 1990, Plate 26)

Common Name - Snow Carp

Local Name - Chun (very similar to Swati)

Genus - Racoma Mcclelland

Schizothorax labiatus Hora, 1934

Racoma labiatus McClelland and Griffith, 1842

Sub Family - Schizothorocinae

Family - Cyprinidae

Distinct Features

D4/8; P. 20; V. 11; A 3/5; C. 19; L. I. 110

Colour Grayish borwn on dorsal side, yellowish below, dorsal and caudal

fin grayish; other finds pinkish

Head Large and snout arched, Head length 20% of the total body, Both

lips are large and upper lip covers the mouth, lower lip bilobed,with

four barbls (2 rostral & 2 maxillary)

Maximum size 45 cm


Feeding Habits Feeding habits are similar to those of Schizothorax plagiostomus,

consisting mainly of (in order of preference) algae, worms, rotifers,

copepods, cladocerans, etc.

Breeding This species also breeds in summer months.


C-7

(3) Schizopyge esocinus

(Plate 27)

Common Name - Snow Carp

Local Name - Asala Genus - Schizopyge Heckel

Sub Family - Schizothoracinae

Family - Cyprinidae

Order - Cypriniformes

Distinct Features

D 4/8; P. 20; V. 10; A 3/5; C. 19; L. I. 95-98

Colour Silvery with black spots on the dorsal and lateral side

(very similar to Brown Trout)

Head Large and about 22% of the body length, snout relatively conical,

mouth big but lips are thinner, with four barbles.

Body Stout and stronger

Maximum size 45 cm


Feeding Habits This fish is carnivorous but also feeds on micro-organisms like

cladocerans, copepods, worms, larvae, and algae.

Breeding The breeding season is June, July and August`

1.2.5 Fisheries of Dasu Area

The fishery of Dasu project area is poorly developed and mainly comprises capture of

commercial snow carps (coldwater fishes). The snow carps are widely relished as food fish. Schizothorax spp. constitute the backbone of fishery of Dasu area. The most

dominant fish species among the fishes commercially caught by the fishermen from the

river Indus and its tributaries, is Schizothorax plagiostomus. The fishes next in

abundance are Racoma labiata and Schizopyge esocinus.

There is no regular or disciplined fisheries management endeavors in Dasu. No fish

culture or farming exists there. The fishing practices are carried out as a part time

activity. There are very few whole time fishermen, who can be fingercounted. Obviously,

there is no organized body of fishermen. The fishermen generally operate singly with

cast-nets. Sometimes two or more persons catch fish with seine nets, mahajals,

longlines, gill-nets, mosquito nets, scoop nets, and dipnets. There are several reports of

illegal fishing with the use of dynamites and poisons. This is perhaps due to ineffective

enforcement of law, and lack of trained fisheries staff in the area. No capture data or

statistics are available. There is a government office in Pattan town without properly

trained extension staff in sufficient strength. No effective awareness program for

promotion of fisheries is being carried out in Dasu.

1.2.6 Waterfowl of the Project Area

The waterfowl are the birds which are ecologically dependant on water bodies, lakes,

rivers, ponds and wetlands. These birds carry a special significance because parasitic

diseases in several fish species are caused by parasitic animals like nematodes,

trematodes and cestodes, etc. which use birds as their secondary or intermediate hosts

during their life cycles. Hence, the fish fauna of a particular aquatic ecosystem is

biologically connected with the avian fauna of that area especially the waterfowl.


C-8

Pakistan is located on the flyway to central Asia and northern India. The migration of

waterfowl occurs in north-south direction. The birds breeding in central and northern Asia

migrate to Pakistan via Afghanistan, and also directly across the higher ranges of

Himalayas. After entering into Pakistan, they fly southward to Punjab and southern Sindh

following the Indus valley and plains. This flyway of migratory water birds constitutes the

famous ecological corridor of international importance. This route offers plenty of food

and mild and hospitable climate to them. The Indus valley and more particularly the

wetlands of southern Sindh are the major wintering grounds of the migratory waterfowl

(WWF Report, 1997).

There are two types of birds in the Project area which depend for food wholly or partially

on fish and other aquatic animals of river Indus, its tributaries and the water bodies

connected with these, The first category comprises those birds which are resident or

summer visitors (King fishers, carmorants, fishing eagle, etc. ) The other category

consists of winter visitors like marlard (Anas platyrhynchos), Northern pintail (Anas

acuta), Wigeon (Anas penelope), Northern shorelor (Anas clypeata) and Black necked

stork (Ciconia nigra). There are some additional species of waterfowl such as Gadwall

(Anas strepera and Common teal (Anas crecca) (Aleem Chaudhry, personal

communication, August, 2007).

1.2.7 Socio-Economics of Fishermen

In the Project Area, a survey about the number of fishermen, types of fish catching

implements, number of fish shops, sale centers and fish price pattern, was carried out

and according to the information gathered from the residents it come to light that there

were hardly any full time professional fishermen in Dasu and the surrounding areas.

During the survey conducted from 7th to 13

th June, 2007, five fishermen operating with

cast nets, were interviewed on the site or else where. The particulars of the fishermen

interviewed are given below.

1. Fazal Rehman S/o Farmas , village Nim, Khanbari, caste Soonwall, P.O. Gomari,

Darail, Distt. Diamer (part time fisherman).

2. Shal Mian, Sput nullah with caste net (whole time fisherman)

3. Saiful Malook, Chilees Khail, Komilla, Dasu (whole time fisherman)

4. Bakht Rawan, Storekeeper, Komilla, Dasu (part time fisherman)

5. Ajam Khan, Jalkot, School Teacher, Dasu (part time fisherman)

These fishermen were found catching fish at various sites of the Indus river and its

tributaries (nullahs) which included Goshali nullah, Dong nullah, Samar nullah, Kandia

nullah, Khanbari nullah, and Thak nullah (near Chillas). Besides, a few fishermen parties

were also seen operating in and around Dasu Project area with sieve nets, gillnets,

mahajal, scoopnets, and mosquitonet cloth. A few cases of illegal dynamite killing of fish

were also reported from the area. The daily fish landings are very small. The fishes

caught are consumed locally or sold in the town at nominal price. There is no fish market

or sale center. Some local restaurants and hotels also purchase fish from the fishermen

for frying and cooking. The rates of snow carps are about Rs. 50 per kilogram. The

bigger fish fetch higher price. There are no statistical data available on fish landings. The

part time and whole time fishermen catch fish from the Indus river and nullahs generally

making isolated efforts. The fishing gear and tackles are not very modern and effective.

This is the reason that the quantities of caught fish are meager. The capture operations

observed during the study period at Dasu, showed that the dominant species caught is

Schizothorax plagiostomus (about 90%), while the other two species Racoma labiata

and Schizopyge esocinus constituted about 6% and 4% respectively. The fish caught by

the fishermen varied in size from 10cm to 50cm.


C-9

2. IMPACT ON FAUNA

2.1 Hydrography & Aquatic Biodiversity

Dams alter aquatic ecology and river hydrology upstream and downstream, influencing

water quality, quantity and breeding grounds (Hell and-Hansen et al., 1995). These

physical structures form artificial aquatic environment for the biodiversity of surrounding

area.

The proposed Dasu reservoir having a surface area of 21.5 sq. km and depth upto 180m

would culminate in the emergence of a calm, hospitable and inviting environment for the

aquatic animals. The physico-chemical features of water especially the temperature

would become more consistent and favourable for conservation of aquatic life. However,

the reservoir may become thermally stratified. This depends on different factors such as

depth of water in the reservoir, and water retention time. As the water intake for the

turbine will be from the hypolimnion, cold water will be discharged downstream during

the operation of power station. Hypolimnion may be deoxygenated, and discharge of this

cold water downstream may have adverse effect on aquatic life in the river downstream

of the dam. The aquatic biodiversity like unicellular organisms, phytoplanktons, algae,

aquatic vegetation, zooplanktons, invertebrates and vertebrates will rapidly grow. It is

expected that the number of taxa and populations of aquatic plants and animals would

generally increase with the passage of time.

2.2 Fish and Fisheries

The upper reaches of the reservoir may not change much as the original riverine

conditions are still intact. Rather, the reservoir will be a favourable habitat for the fish

fauna.

The snow carps, Schizothorax plagiostomus, Schizopoyge esocinus and Racoma labiata

are three major commercial species which constitute the fishery of the Project area.

These species are living in extremely low temperatures during winter, and tend to

migrate towards downstream areas where the conditions are comparatively comfortable.

But with the increase in temperature during summer months, the fish ascends upstream

of river and its tributaries for breeding. The construction of dam would hinder winter

migration of fishes but this would not make a significant adverse impact on the fish life.

The creation of a large reservoir would generally have pleasant effect on the aquatic

biodiversity. A big rise in the level of water due to filling of the reservoir would initially

cause mortality of terrestrial vegetation, agricultural crops, shrubs, trees, and countless

numbers of terrestrial invertebrates and vertebrates. These would decompose at the

bottom of the reservoir, and release rich nutrients into the water. This would result in

heavy production of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water, offering nutritive

materials for fish and aquatic animals of the reservoir. Hence, it is expected that for

several years the dam would form a very favourable wetland ecosystem for fish and

other aquatic organisms. Besides, the development of eutrophication of dam would also

be expected. The lacustrine conditions of the newly emerging Dasu reservoir would differ

from the existing conditions of Indus river. The omnivorous or planktivorous species

(snow carps) are expected to adapt to the new conditions and grow and develop there.

Some species like Glyptosternum spp., and Glyptothorax spp. may find it difficult to

adapt. These are not commercial fishes.

2.3 Socio-Economics of Fishermen Community

The emergence of a vast water body with fishery resources would obviously have

pleasant effect on the economic conditions of the poor fishermen. Although the number


C-10

of whole time fishermen is very low, it would rapidly increase. There would be

improvement in the fish catching implements and methodologies. The catches per unit

efforts would increase bringing financial improvement in the lives of fishermen. The

reservoir would be a tourist resort offering an angling, sportfishing, and recreational spot

resulting in increased economic and social activities in the area. More production of fish

would result in improved health of people in the area. This will also cause reduction in

poverty. This will also result in the development of a fish marketing system in the area.

Job opportunities for local population will increase.

2.4 Waterfowl

After dam construction the resident water birds which take shelter on the semi-aquatic

vegetation, shrubs, fruit trees and orchards, would not face any problem because the

habitat for waterfowl would be retained in the adjoining areas, and new emerging habitat

will become improved. The fast moving water of the Indus river and its tributaries would

be converted into a vast water reservoir with comparatively calm environment, and the

waterfowl will have greater chances of food and would face less amount of hunting

pressure.


C-11

3. RECOMMENDATIONS

In view of the creation of a big reservoir of fresh water and establishment of a new

aquatic ecosystem, the following recommendations are made for the sustainable

development of fisheries and aquaculture in Dasu Project area.

3.1 Comprehensive Survey of Aquatic Resources

The biological potential of this particular aquatic ecosystem has not been thoroughly

surveyed earlier. This is vitally important that a scientific plan for a comprehensive

survey is formulated and after authentic taxonomic identification of different species of

aquatic fauna and flora, a checklist is prepared for exploitation of resources, especially

the fish. A special attention would have to be focused on the number of taxa, population

sizes and their seasonal fluctuations. This would throw light on the interspecific and

intraspecific relationships of different biological entities of the ecosystem.

3.2 Training and Capacity Building

Although, there exists a Fisheries Training Center in N.W.F.P Province, but there is a

need for induction of technically trained personnel in this area, especially related to the

snow carps. The coldwater fish of Himalayan upland carry a special significance with

reference to their eurythermal habits, having ability of tolerating extremes of temperature.

These indigenous species have a great potential for development, both from capture and

culture point of view. Hence, creation of trained manpower for this purpose is of vital

importance. It would be more beneficial if a coldwater fisheries training center is

established in Dasu area.

3.3 Fisheries Research and Development

Almost no research work has ever been done on the animals and fish of this highland

aquatic ecosystem in the Indus Valley. It is imperative to formulate a meaningful

scientific research program on the biological characteristics of fish, their feeding habits,

growth patterns, breeding habits, and reproductive behaviours, etc. Along with culture of

snow carps and exotic trouts, the Chinese and other Pakistani culturable local carps can

also be studied and tried with reference to their biological characteristics and co-

existence with local fish.

3.4 Extension Program

There is no awareness about the fisheries and aquatic resources among the population

of Dasu area. An awareness program is needed to be planned to educate the local

people about the existence, conservation and development of aquatic biodiversity,

especially the coldwater fish of the project area. This can be done through print media (to

some extent, as the local population is generally illiterate), electronic media, and through

schools, local bodies, etc.

3.5 Development of a Fish Hatchery

For the development of fisheries in this large reservoir, a well thought plan can be

devised, which could generate fish worth millions of rupees annually. There would be a

great potential for culturing snow carps and trout fish (both brown trout and rainbow

trout). Some other fish species, like Chinese carps and common carp can also be good

candidates for this activity. A fish seed stocking program could be made after studying

the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of water of the proposed reservoir,

and based on its fertility and primary productivity. Establishment of a carp hatchery


C-12

should be planned for the supply of fish fingerlings and juveniles for stocking the

reservoir. This would result in production of thousands of kilograms of fish annually. The

reservoir having a surface area of 2,150 hectares can easily produce about 65 tons of

fish annually at the assumed minimum rate of 30 kg per hectare. This would fetch about

Rs. 4 millions annually at the rate of Rs. 60 per kg. of fish.

3.6 Socio-Economics & Marketing

As mentioned earlier, there are very few wholetime fishermen in Dasu area. Generally,

the operators are part-time fishermen, principally engaged in some other profession. The

fish catches are small and mainly consumed locally, or sold to hotels and roadside fish

frying shops. After dam construction, the fish fauna would expand, and the number of

wholetime fishermen will increase. The fish landings will increase, as was seen in case

of Mangla dam and Chashma barrage.

PHOTOLOG

of 14

Plate C-1: A General View of Indus River at Dasu.

Plate C-2: Kandia Nullah entering the right bank of Indus River.

of 14

Plate C-3: Kaiga Nullah before entering left bank of Indus River.

Plate C-4: Samar Nullah before falling into Indus River.

of 14

Plate C-5: Schizothorax plagiostomus from River Indus at Shorhi point (25 – 38 cm).

Plate C-6: Schizothorax plagiostomus from Shorhi Nullah (15 – 40 cm).

of 14

Plate C-7: Dong Nullah at Dasu.

Plate C-8: Goshali Nullah, about 8km before entering the left bank of Indus River.

of 14

Plate C-9: Fishing at Sput Nullah.

Plate C-10: Bak Nullah

of 14

Plate C-11: Fishing at Bak Nullah ( 15cm; 22 gm )

Plate C-12: Schizothorax plagiostomus caught from Sput Nullah ( 15 cm; 22 gm )

of 14

Plate C-13: Tangir Bridge at Indus River.

Plate C-14: Khanbari Nullah.

of 14

Plate C-15: Khanbari Nullah entering Indus River

Plate C-16: Khanbari Nullah and a private carp fish farm near its left bank.

of 14

Plate C-17: A fisherman catching fish from Khanbari Nullah.

Plate C-18: A view of Z-Kharhi Nullah.

of 14

Plate C-19: Another view of Z-Kharhi Nullah.

Plate C-20: Moosha Nullah entering the left bank of Indus River.

of 14

Plate C-21: A view of Dubair Nullah.

Plate C-22: Trout fish in the Government Trout Hatchery at Dubair.

of 14

Plate C-23: Raceways at Government Trout Hatchery at Dubair.

Plate C-24: Schizothorax plagiostomus fromKhanbari Nullah (50 cm; 550 gm).

of 14

Plate C-25: Schizothorax plagiostomus from Thak Nullah ( 13 cm; 20 gm )

Plate C-26: Racoma labiata from Indus River ( 45 cm; 500 gms )

of 14

Plate C-27: Schizopyge ecocinus collected from Indus River (45 cm; 440 gms).

APPENDIX D

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY


i



APPENDIX D – TERRESTIAL ECOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY S-1

1. GENERAL D-1

1.1 Introduction D-1

1.2 Definitions D-2

2. PEOPLE, CUSTOMS AND WANTS OF PEOPLE D-3

2.1 People D-3

2.2 Agricultural Customs and want of the People D-3

2.3 Area Allocations D-4

2.4 Population D-4

2.5 Market and Marketable Produce D-5

2.6 Lines of Export D-5

3. ECOLOGICAL ZONES D-6

3.1 Montane Dry Sub Tropical Scrub Zone – Project Area D-6

3.2 Dry Temperate Evergreen Oak Scrub – Outside Project Area D-6

3.3 Sub-alpine Scrub Zone – Outside Project Area D-6

3.4 Dry Temperate Coniferous Forest – Outside Project Area D-7

3.5 Alpine Meadows and Alpine Scrub Zone – Outside Project Area D-7

3.6 Dry Alpine Zones and Permanent Snowfield – Outside Project Area D-8

4. LANDUSE AND FLORA D-9

4.1 Forests D-9

4.2 Injuries to Forest Crop D-10

4.3 Growing Forest Stock, Nurseries D-11

5. LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY D-12

5.1 Livestock D-12

5.2 Poultry D-13

6. NATURAL GRAZING AREAS D-14

7. AGRICULTURE D-15

7.1 General D-15

7.2 Agricultural Crops D-15

7.3 Vegetables D-16

7.4 Fruit Trees D-16

7.5 Medicinal Plants D-16

8. NATURAL FAUNA OF STUDY AREA D-18

8.1 Mammals D-18


ii

8.1.1 Species D-18

8.1.2 Markhor Game Reserve, Kayghi D-18

8.2 Reptiles and Amphibians D-18

8.3 Insects and Vectors D-19

8.3.1 Species D-19

8.3.2 Vectors D-19

9. AVIFAUNA D-20

9.1 Birds and Fowls D-20

9.2 Palas Conservation and Development Project (PCDP) D-21

9.3 Western Tragopan Pheasant – Jajeel, Dangir D-21

10. BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS D-23

10.1 Environmental Impacts during Construction D-23

10.1.1 Impacts on Flora and Fauna D-23

10.1.2 Insects and Vectors D-23

10.1.3 Blasting D-23

10.1.4 Loss of Area D-23

10.2 Ecological Impacts during Operation Stage D-24

10.2.1 Creation of a Reservoir on Green Flying Route in the

Project Area D-24

10.2.2 Erection of Transmission line for Electricity D-24

10.2.3 Fragmentation of Area D-24

10.2.4 Tourism/Water Games D-24

10.2.5 Avifauna and Wildlife D-24

10.2.6 Development of Forest Industries and Handicrafts D-25

10.2.7 Enhancement of Agro-Forestry Wealth D-25

10.2.8 Fisheries D-25

10.3 Mitigation Measures D-25

10.3.1 Clearing of Vegetation for Labour Colonies/Project Site D-25

10.3.2 Agricultural Area D-25

10.3.3 Insects and Vectors D-26

10.3.4 Blasting – Birds and Mammals D-26

10.3.5 Fragmentation of Area D-26

REFERENCES

FIGURES


S-1

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

SUMMARY

The reaches above the Dasu Hydropower Project (DHP) Area have immense ecological

diversity (Bio-diversity). Within the project area and its reservoir, the valley bottom (area

likely to submerge) has mostly scrub vegetation which is least important of all vegetation

types. These scrub forests are found below 1,035 m amsl whereas the highest level of

reservoir is 957 m amsl. Wildlife and other valuable fauna do not reside here but usually

visit during winter in search of food when higher areas are snow laden. A large number

of world’s rarest animals and plants exist in catchment areas which are threatened due

to habitat loss and over exploitation but none will be directly impacted in the project area.

A large number of plant species of great economic, medicinal and conservation value are

also found in the catchment area. While people are without doubt a valuable resource, a

large population has put an ever-increasing pressure on the natural resource base.

Widened income disparities have forced people to exploit ecological diversity at rates

that are no longer sustainable. As a result, processes such as deforestation, firewood

collection, overgrazing, over-hunting, over-harvesting of medicinal plants, soil erosion,

use of pesticides and insecticides, introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYV), cross

breeding, population growth, poverty and weak laws have become major threat to the

conservation of ecological diversity in the northern area as a whole. The continuing loss

of forest habitat in upper catchment area, with its associated fauna and flora have

serious implications on the bio-diversity of these Mountain Ecosystems. Kandia – Uther

valley forests are one of the important watersheds of Indus river/Dasu area and are one

of the most representative of a Vibrant Mountain Ecosystem.

Catchment area which is far above the Project area is the home to a range of globally

threatened species like snow leopard, musk deer, markhor, snow partridge etc. resident

avifauna and pheasants like monal and koklas. The flora of catchment area is very

diverse with a number of economically important species of wild plants and hundreds of

medicinal plants with useful pharmaceutical values.

Montane Dry Sub Tropical Scrub Zone exists at the altitudinal range of 750 – 1219 upto

1500 meters and DHP falls in this zone. Only less important scrub vegetation occurs in

this zone. There is no coniferous or climax vegetation in this area. The existing

vegetation is of least economic importance. Project will impact on 20,000 trees of

assorted/exotic species, 51 acres of grazing area, 78 acres of cultivated field in the

project area below El. 957m masl which will submerge. Due to low altitude and human

settlements large mammals do not reside permanently in the Project Area. Overall in this

project area the adverse impacts are minimal.

Natural flora comprises of forests, grazing grounds i.e. pastures and meadows (which is

the main landuse), agricultural crops, vegetables, fruit and non-fruit trees, medicinal

plants, forages/fodders, shrubs, herbs/weeds and grasses. Some Ferns, Fungi and

Mosses are also found.

DHP Area falls mainly in Upper Kohistan area. It spreads over Harban Forest Sub-

Division, Komila/Seo Forest Sub Division and a Range named Jalkot Forest Range

which is located below Dam axis but is ecologically intertwined with upper areas.

Chilas Forest Division covers entire area of this forest division which is a part of

watershed for Dasu Reservoir hence its ecological systems/resources have direct

bearing on DHP.


S-2

The forests usually start at a distance of several kilometers from the present KKH

at an elevation much higher than 950m masl – full storage level of reservoir. Therefore it

has been concluded that natural forests and bio-diversity of the catchment area will not

be affected by Dasu Hydropower Project.

People in the area rear large herds of many breeds of goats (Capra hircus), Sheep (Ovis

aries) and Cattle (Boss taurus). This is a major source of their income. Goats are

dominant (70-80%) among livestock. Sheep constitute only 5% of livestock population

(Most sheep were seen in Kandia - Uther valleys). Goat breeds include Badami

(dominant), Kaghani, Beetal, Pamiri, Gaddi, Koh-i-Ghizer, Jarakheil etc. Sheep breeds

include Kaghani, Koh-i-Ghizer, American etc. Few cattle (cows) about 15-20% are also

kept by nomads as well as farmers for agricultural purposes. Cattle of indigenous breeds

mostly Berberi were seen, few cows of Dajal & Red Sahiwal mixed breeds were seen.

Buffaloes are also kept but in a small number, 53 buffaloes were counted in Project

Area, during August 2007. Donkeys, mules, horses are also common.

Many households keep a few poultry birds mainly for domestic use. Big Poultry Farms do

not exist in the Project area. Poultry and eggs are supplied mostly from Mansehra.

Wheat and maize are the main crops of Rabi and Kharif season. Barley is also raised in

small areas. Maize is sown in May for commercial purposes whereas it is sown in June

for domestic use. Wheat is grown in winter in lower valleys but during summer at higher

altitudes. Recently prices of wheat, maize and other commodities have registered a two

fold increase. Vegetables are grown only on a very small scale for domestic use. Fruit

plants commonly grown on deciduous, walnut, Pomegranate, Fig, Zizyphus species,

Citrus, Plums etc. Grapes, Mulberry and Apricots are most common. Fruits of Apricot

and Mulberry are dried for Winter use. Grapes and Maize are frequently damaged by

Black Bear which invade crops during night.

Natural fauna of the Project area consists of Mammals, Reptiles & Amphibians, Insects &

Vectors, Butterflies, Freshwater Fish, Birds and Fowls.

Sandy Fly is of nuisance.It causes the disease named Kala Azar (Lechmenia). According

to health authorities at Chilas and Shatial, the Sand Fly is commonly existing between

Dasu and Chilas areas. In nature the disease is transmitted by the bite of the female of a

small midge Phlebotomus papataci. There was no evidence in the Middle East that any

other insect was concerned in transmission of this disease. These small insects bite

during the night and early morning hours and are found near ground level. They avoid

higher levels and strong breezes, and have a very short range of flight. It is thought that

they seldom move than fifty yards from their breeding places. They breed in rubble,

cracks in walls, dugouts, and similar areas. Based on the life cycle of this insect it is

revealed that Dasu reservoir areas will not aggreviate the sand fly menance in the area.

Due to the reservoir, infact the sand spreaded area steep sticking on the rocky area will

be minimized and accordingly ecological conditions of the areas will not remain

conducive for its further multiplication.

In total, about 230 species of birds have been estimated for the northern areas, out of

which 39 have been sighted/reported in the Project area (Chilas – Dasu belt). These

include passage migrants, vagrant, resident, breeding and irregular visitors. Chukar

(Chukor) and Rock Dove were frequently met with from Dasu to Diamer Basha Dam site

and along KKH.

Some rare species of raptors reside and breed in the Study area. These include species

like Lammergeyer and Golden Eagle. The Passeriformes species include mostly

Warblers, Tits, Flycatchers, Storks, Herons, Ducks, Cranes and Buntings. Some of the


S-3

restricted range species like Himalayan Monal Pheasant are extremely rare. Each year

similarly a substantial number of Markhor heads alone are killed in Kandia valley, which

needs to be controlled.

The forests on the left bank of river Indus i.e., in Hazara Kohistan have been declared

Guzara forests while on the right bank of the Indus are protected.

The privileges and rights enjoyed by the locals at present are wholesome i.e. (1) Grazing

of domestic animals, grass cutting and lopping is without any restriction and free of

charge. (2) Villagers can obtain constructional timber and firewood from all kind of trees

for domestic purposes without any restriction. (3) Right-holders realize a fee called

kalang from the Gujjar nomads in lieu of grazing cattle, sheep and goats in the high lying

pastures. The Government does not receive any share out of this fee. (4) The locals hunt

without any apprehension and with complete disregard to sex, size or breeding period of

the animals and birds. (5) The locals fish through the use of nets and dynamites which is

now decreasing due to the awareness about environmentals concerns by the local

population. (6) They clear land for agricultural purposes of any extent by cutting trees,

burning the stumps and using the logs. Similarly a substantial number of Markhor heads

are being killed each year during hunting. Kandia river is also extremely suitable for

Trout fish.

The forests of Kandia and Uthor valleys have characteristics of the dry sub-tropical

broadleaved, Himalayan dry temperate and sub-alpine temperate regions. According to

the species composition these can be divided into the following forest types:(a) Scrub

Forests;(Lowest Altitudes– Ground to 1034 m); (b) Dry Oak (Quercus baloot) Forests;

(1035 m – 1675 m); (c)Dry Zone Deodar (Cedrus deodara) Forests; (1675 m – 2285 m);

(d) Mixed Silver Fir (Abies pindrow), Spruce (Picea smithiana), Kail (Pinus wallichiana)

and Deodar Forests; (2285 m – 3355 m); (e) Sub-Alpine Scrub; and (3355 m – 3810 m)

and (f) Alpine Pastures.(Highest Altitude – 3555 m and above).

The chief marketable product is sawn timber. Local demand for firewood exists in

Komila-Dasu, Pattan, Ranolia-Dubair and adjoining areas. Outflow of firewood from

Kohistan district on either side has been banned under the orders of Governor of

N.W.F.P. in 1983.

The forests of broadleaved species mainly Q. baloot locally called Jhaand (oak) are in a

degraded form and can hardly suffice the firewood needs of district Kohistan.

Among the minor forest produce some medicinal plants Zira (Carum spp.), honey, edible

mushroom and walnut fruit are exported on a very small scale. Most of the medicinal

herbs found in the area are either used locally in medicines or are eaten by cattle, sheep

and goats of the locals and nomad Gujars. There is a scope for commercial exploitation

of medicinal herbs.

There is no wildlife habitat near the dam site or along Indus river valley.

DHP is situated on International Flyway No.4 (Green Route) of Migratory Birds from

Central Asia and Siberaia arriving from August to November to move further to warmer

places along Indus river and return in February till May along the same route. DHP will

provide resting place enroute. It will become an excellent staging point for birds besides

increasing Avian beauty of the area – an attraction for eco-tourists, bird watchers and

researchers. Thus the impact of Dam/Project Area is largely positive for Avifauna and

Wildlife.


S-4

Bridges linking the right and left banks of Indus river will submerge breaking

communication/linkage which will need to be mitigated.

With the increased tourism activities forest industries like carving of walnut wood,

manufacture of small wooden articles, souvenirs etc will develop thus creating

employment and added income for locals raising socio-economic standards in the

Project Area.

Establishment of Forest Nurseries will be helpful in afforestation of large blanks, sparsely

vegetated Oak forests at lower end of Study Area. Oak forests are major, perhaps the

only source of food in winter for livestock, wild animals, birds and a vital source of fuel

wood. This will be a significant perpetual positive impact during operation of the Project.

Plants from these nurseries can also be distributed in villages to boost Farm Forestry.

In order to offset, neutralize adverse impacts during construction/operational stage of

project various mitigation measures are suggested. (a) Four times (80,000) the number

of the affected trees should be planted to offset the impact. Efforts should be made to

axe as minimum area as possible. (b)Upto 78 acres agricultural lands and 52 acres of

rangelands which will submerge can be more than compensated by setting up new

agricultural farms above dam site. (c) During construction the loud noises and bang will

echo in the valley/catchment area which will disturbs wildlife. All other impacts are

positive and need no mitigation measures. Overall impacts of Dasu Hydropower Project

are beneficial to the Ecological Resources of Project Area as well as Study Area.


D-1


TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

1. GENERAL

1.1 Introduction

The main aim of this study is to document the ecological resources and study the likely environmental impact on them due to the proposed Dasu Hydropower Project (Figure D-1). The reaches above the Project/Study Area have immense ecological diversity (Bio-diversity). Within the project area, the valley bottom (i.e. area likely to submerge) is either barren or covered by mostly scrub vegetation which is least important of all vegetation types and not of any appreciable extents. These scrub forests are found below 1,035 m amsl elevation whereas the dam crast level is 957 m amsl. Wildlife and other valuable fauna do not reside here but usually visit during winter in search of food when upper study areas are snow laden. A large number of world’s rarest animals and plants exist in the catchment areas which are threatened due to habitat loss and over exploitation, but none will be directly impacted in the Project area. A large number of plant species of great economic, medicinal and conservation value are also found in the catchment area. While people are without doubt a valuable resource, a large population has put an ever-increasing pressure on the natural resource base. Widened income disparities have forced people to exploit ecological diversity at rates that are no longer sustainable. As a result, processes such as deforestation, firewood collection, overgrazing, over-hunting, over-harvesting of medicinal plants, soil erosion, use of pesticides and insecticides, introduction of high yielding varieties (HYV), cross breeding, population growth, poverty and weak laws have become major threat to the conservation of ecological diversity in the northern area as a whole. The continuing loss of forest habitat in upper catchment area, with its associated fauna and flora have serious implications on the bio-diversity of these Mountain Ecosystems. Khandia – Uthor valley forests are one of the important watersheds of Indus river/Dasu area and are one of the most representative of a Vibrant Mountain Ecosystem.

The most conspicuous feature of the catchment area is the concentration of species diversity i.e. the existence, along a vertical projection, of a number of compressed latitudinal life zones which in the tropics in particular, may encompass the full array of climatic conditions from equatorial pre-humid lowland to the ice dominated artic. The ecosystems of the catchment area are fragile and complex which are globally significant as a vital watershed of the world, rich in biodiversity, popular destination for tourists and are important for cultural diversity too. Biological resources like economically important coniferous forests, medicinal plants, aromatic plants, forage on the high pastures and wild relatives of crops and fruits genetic resources are primary means of improving agro-pastoral systems in the catchment area.

As stated above the catchment area is the home to a range of globally threatened species of animals like snow leopard, musk deer, markhor, snow partridge etc. resident avifauna and pheasants like monal and koklas. The flora is very diverse with a number of economically important species of wild plants and hundreds of medicinal plants with useful pharmaceutical value. However all these biota are found much above the influence of the Project Area.


D-2

1.2 Definitions

Definitions of some of the terms used in the report are given below. Bach = List prepared by Patwari (Revenue Officer) Showing

Share of each owner in forest sale proceeds.

Challan Nawis = A person who maintains Form-A.

Chilgoza = (Pinus gerardiana)

Chir = (Pinus roxburghii)

CITIES = Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (May 2007, Switzerland).

Deodar/Dian = (Cedrus deodara)

Fir/Partal = (Abies pindrow)

Form – A = Register in which record relating to out-turn from

Each tree is maintained.

Guazaras = Forests which are private owned but managed by

Government through Forest Department.

Scants = Sleeper.

Scrubs = Inferior Vegetation/Bushes

Sleepers = Wood shaped in proper sizes (12’x12”x6’) etc.

Sp, Spp. = Species

Spruce/Partal = (Picea smithiana)


D-3

2. PEOPLE, CUSTOMS AND DEMANDS OF PEOPLE

2.1 People

The human are no doubt most important component of ecosystem and need special mention. The tract is inhabited by various clans of Kohistanis. They are descendents of the ancient Indo-Aryan race.

In early days, Kohistanis were pushed into higher and inaccessible valleys by the Scythian tribes who invaded the area from time to time. Kohistanis were lastly pushed by Yousaf Zai Pattans from Ghazni who occupied the better arable lands once owned by Kohistanis. Kohistanis in turn subjugated the docile Gujars of valley who were already there when Kohistanis arrived. Another major tribe in the area is Gujar. They rear large herds of cattle and stay in alpine pastures at higher elevation during summer and migrate to lower areas of the valley during winter. They always move about in search of better grazing grounds and pay a fee called Kalang to Kohistani Maliks for securing grazing rights in the alpine pastures. Gujars have proprietary rights to part of the valleys agricultural and forest lands. Most of the Kohistani families alongwith their herds of cattle also move up to their summer dwellings at higher altitudes in sub-valleys and come down after Kharif (summer season) crop is harvested. Both Kohistanis and Gujars are extremely poor and backward. Poverty, illiteracy, ill health, unemployment and malnutrition are some of the social maladies which they have inherited from their forefathers. The local language spoken over the entire area is Kohistani. The Gujars speak their typical Gujari language which resembles Punjabi. Kohistani have strong faith in God and pray to God in almost all circumstances however injustice is prevalent in Kohistan with women and weak and the saying that ‘might is right’ is very for Kohistan. 2.2 Agricultural Customs and Demands of the People

Majority of the people are agriculturists. They also rear cattle, goats and sheep. The chief crop grown is maize, however, at lower elevations maize and wheat both are grown. Alongwith agricultural crops various vegetables like beans, squash (marrow), cucumber, courgette (US=Zucchini, locally called Tori), and a number of spinach type plants called sonchel, ganir, varkharai are also raised. Maize-bread and Sag – (vegetables of various kind) cooked in a very simple and crude fashion is the food of the common man through out the valley. Those who rear livestock also eat bread with lassi. (Butter Milk). Meat is very expensive and usually not available, even eggs and chickens are difficult to get. Malnutrition is prevalent throughout the valley. Habitation as well as cultivation is restricted to the flat areas along the banks of river Khandia and its tributaries. The cultivable area is sparse on account of the configuration and arid cold climate and is, therefore, inadequate to meet the requirements of the population. The food grains grown in the area hardly suffice for few months, therefore, they import the balance from plains of Pakistan. The livestock is kept as a supplement to food. The Guajr nomads are pure graziers and depend almost entirely on livestock industry. Some Kohistanis do work in their agricultural fields but majority of them sit idle and most of their work is done by Gujars, Goosh Khels, Akhunzad Khel and Paloos Khels who are usually the tenants for more powerful Kohistanis. Some locals seek temporary employment with C&W (Communication and Works) and Forest Departments and harvesting societies contractors for the various operations.


D-4

The population depends largely on forests for grass, grazing, fodder, fuel wood and timber. There is no restrictions on grass cutting, grazing and lopping for fodder. The people can collect or cut dry trees and branches for firewood. They can even lop or cut green trees for fuelwood, agricultural implements and constructional purposes without the permission of local authorities if they reside at least one mile inside the valley from Shahrah-e-Resham (Karakoram Highway). Hundred percent of the people use fuelwood for cooking and heating. About 15% of the households use kerosene for light and the rest use other sources. The demand on timber for constructional purposes is high because each household uses large quantities of timber. The demand of timber for agricultural purposes is not large and is met from the oak trees. The sheep and goats are fed entirely on oak leaves and hay except during summer months when the herds are taken to pastures in alpine zone. A list of forest produce used for different purposes is given in Table D-1, Annexure D-1. 2.3 Area Allocations

Land is the fundamental natural resource. Where climate, especially temperature and precipitation are favourable, the most profitable land use is agriculture. Outside field cultivation tree crops thrive best. Other lands are used as pastures and are called rangelands. On the basis of utility of land from the viewpoint of forest, farmers and other resource managers the various land use categories in the area have been identified and their extent is given in Table 2.1 below:

Table 2.1: Area Allocations in Kandia and Uther Valley

Productive Land Unproductive Land

Forest Land

Item Conifers

Broad

Leaved

Cultivated

Land

Range

Lands

Glaciated

Area

Scree

Stone

Bare

Rocks Lakes Total

Area (sq.Km)

445.2 217.5 33 1015.3 292.6 5.1 507.6 2.84

2520

Percent of Total

18% 8.7% 1% 40% 12% 0.2% 20% 0.1% 100%

2.4 Population

The tract being mountaineous is very thinly populated. The population of Kandia valley according to 1998, district census report of Kohistan is about 20% of the total population of 180,124 persons in Dasu Tehsil. The census figures, alongwith selected population statistics for Kandia valley are reproduced in Table 2.2 below:

Table 2.2: Population and Educational Status of Kandia Valley

Population (No.) Educational Attainment (No.)

Matric & Above Tehsil

Dasu Both

Sexes Male Female

Literacy

(%)

Primary Middle Male Female

Jachoin Union Council (Lower Kandia)

25,456 15,317 10,139 0.7 120 11 5 -

Karang Union Council (Upper Kandia)

12,788 7,021 5,767 0.2 16 4 4 -

Total: 38,244 22,329 15,906 0.45 136 15 9 -


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The human population and the livestock statistics of the herds brought by the Gujar nomads is not known. 2.5 Market and Marketable Produce

The chief marketable product is sawn timber. Local demand for firewood exists in Komila-Dasu, Pattan, Ranolia-Dubair and adjoining areas. Outflow of firewood from Kohistan district on either side has been banned under the orders of Governor of N.W.F.P. in 1983. Before the construction of Karakoram Highway mostly deodar and some kail timber in log form was floated from Kohistan district through river Indus to Khairabad. But with the construction of Karakoram Highway the transportation of timber in trucks has become popular. At present timber of all major conifers i.e. deodar, kail and fir/spruce is exported from Kohistan district down to Dargai (265 km) and Havelian (274 km) timber markets. The forests of broadleaved species mainly Q. baloot locally called Jhaand (oak) are in a degraded form and can hardly suffice the firewood needs of district Kohistan. Thus there is no possibility of its export from the district at present. Among the minor forest produce some medicinal plants Zira (Carum spp.), honey, edible mushroom and walnut fruit are exported on a very small scale. Most of the medicinal herbs found in the area are either used locally in medicines or are eaten by cattle, sheep and goats of the locals and nomade Gujars. There is a scope for commercial exploitation of medicinal herbs. 2.6 Lines of Export

The cheapest means of transport for the timber from the valley upto roadside depot is river Kandia, but the quick and safe means is the land route. In the days gone various Khwars of Uthor Valley were used for floating timber but that was time consuming process sometimes involving 5-6 years for the timber to reach Khairabad Kurd. After the regular opening of Karakoram Highway in 1978 transportation of timber to Havelian and Durgai timber markets has been much facilitated. Distance between Kandia bridge to Havelian is 274 km and between Khandia bridge to Dargai is 265 km via Besham, Shangla top by all weather truckable roads. Jeeps and small loader vehicles transport timber from Kandia valley to Kandi bridge on Karakoram Highway. In some sub-valleys timber is extracted through wooden slides (Pathroo) to jeepable road and Zambil or floated in Kandia river to be collected at Uchar near Dasu. This timber is sometimes floated in river Indus and collected at Uchar catching site 8 km upstream Dasu. From there it is transported to roadside depot for proper counting and dispatching down to timber market through trucks under a valid transport pass issued by the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO).


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3. ECOLOGICAL ZONES

Based on the classification by authors like Schweinfurth (1957), Baig (1975) Champion (1965) and recently by Roberts (1991 and 1997) provide some initial classifications of major vegetation zones of Pakistan. Based on these classifications an ecological map of the Project area has been developed and given as Figure 3. In Dasu area, the key ecological zones identified alongwith the species of flora and fauna they support are described in the following. The Project area falls in the Montane Dry Sub Tropical Scrub Zone. All the other zones described below are outside the Project area.

3.1 Montane Dry Sub Tropical Scrub Zone – Project Area

The altitudinal range is between El. 750 – 1219m (extends upto 1500 m) meters as Ecological Zone-I (EZ-I). Dasu Hydropower Project Area including the reservoir falls in this Eco-zone. Only less important scrub vegetation occurs in this zone, which, include Dodonaea scrub, Monotheca scrub, Reptonia scrub, Pistacia scrub and sub-tropical streambed scrub. This zone is characterized by species like; Capparis, spinosa, Pistachea, Artimesia, Saccharum, Dodonia, Berberis, Rosa muschata, and Daphne

oleoides (Manzoom Ali, 2000). There is no coniferous or climax vegetation in this area. The existing vegetation is of least economic importance. However, there are about 20,000 trees of assorted local/exotic species, about 52 acres of grazing areas, and 78 acres of cultivated fields in the Project Area below 957 m amsl which will submerge. However, this impact can be fully mitigated. Seven acres of land shall be effected downstream of the dam. Due to low altitude and human settlements, large mammals do not reside permanently in the Project Area. Some wild animals which may rarely stray into the area are flare-horned Markhor, Black Bear, Himalayan Lynx, Stone Martin and Forest Dormouse. During field visit in May 2007 a number of Jackals and Porcupine were seen in Project Area. Common game birds are Chukar (chakor), Partridge, Koklas Pheasant, and Rufous Turtle Dove. Other bird species include Golden Eagle, Lammergier, Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), and Alpine Chough.

3.2 Dry Temperate Evergreen Oak Scrub – Outside Project Area

This is an intermediate zone passing behind the moist temperate zone, which covers lower valleys and slopes of almost entire Dasu District especially in Upper Kohistan Forest Division. It lies between El. 1500 to 2500 m as Ecological Zone-II (EZ-II) and there is a wide stretch of this Ecozone .Dry Oak Forest (Quercus ilex/baloot) dominates the vegetation of this area. Other plant species include Daphne oleoides, Sophora

griffithii, Cotoneaster nummularia, Artimesia maritima and Berberis lyceum. Occasionally individual stands of Pinus gerardiana, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara and Juniperous species are met with. Large mammal species found in this zone are flare-horned markhor, black bear, Himalayan lynx, stone martin and forest dormouse. Common game birds are chukar partridge, koklas pheasant, and rufous turtle dove. Other bird species include golden eagle, lammergier, common kestrel, and alpine chough.

3.3 Sub-alpine Scrub Zone – Outside Project Area

Sub-alpine scrub zone is widespread throughout higher mountains (EZ-II) of Himalayas-Hindu Kush and Karrakoram, but often confined to small ravines on upper slopes of Dasu catchment area. Sub-alpine scrub is important for both livestock and mountain


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ungulate species like Markhor, Himalayan ibex, Ladakh urial and are considered important summer grazing grounds for these wild species. Vegetation of this zone consists of small deciduous species like Betula utilis, Berberis species, Lonicera

korolkovi, and ever greens like Cotoneaster species., Juniperous communis, Juniperous

squamata, Rhododendron hypenanthemum and Poa grass with many Primula, Ranunculaceae and Anemone species.Mammals associated with this zone include True’s vole, Chinese birch mouse, musk deer, snow leopard, Himalayan ibex and markhor. Bird species found in this scrub zone include monal pheasant, tragopan pheasant, chukor, patridge, common rosefinch, and Hodgson’s mountain finch. 3.4 Dry Temperate Coniferous Forest – Outside Project Area

These forests are usually found in the inner or northerly slopes of the Himalayas with less monsoon influence. It occurs between 1500 to 3400 meter elevations (EZ-II Extended). These forests are characterized by much fewer deciduous tree species and are mainly single species stands of evergreen conifers. These forests occur in patches in higher parts of catchment area in valleys of both Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains i.e. Kandia, Shatyal, Seo, Razka, Komila/Dasu. Adjoining Diamer District is also rich in these forests, where they occur in catchment valleys of Darel, Tangir, Gayal and Doodishal just at the upper reaches of Dasu Reservoir (and below the foot of Basha Diamer Dam). Being the catchment area these valleys exert profound influence on Dasu Hydropower Project. Typical tree species found in these forests are Picea smithiana, Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana as predominant tree canopy. Under storey consists of Quercus baloot, Junglans regia and scattered shrubs of Artimesia maritima, Ephedra intermedia, Indigofera gerardiana, Sambucus ebulus, Sorbaria tomentosa, and Plectranthus rugosus.

Mammals found in these forests include Royle’s pika, Kashmir flying squirrel, black bear, yellow-throated marten, long-tailed mouse, and Turkestan rat. Typical bird species found are long-legged buzzard, black-throated joy, nutcracker, jungle crow, red-fronted serin, white-winged grosbeak, Eurasian goldfinch, white-cheeked nuthatch, slaty-blue flycatcher and white-cheeked long tailed tit.

3.5 Alpine Meadows and Alpine Scrub Zone – Outside Project Area

This zone covers areas between high valleys and permanent snowfields. Lush green and well-watered alpine meadows occur between El. 3500 and 3800 m as Ecological Zone-III (EZ-III) on valley bottoms or high plateaus surrounding the main watercourses i.e. higher peaks of Khandia, Harban, Seo, Jalkot etc. These plateau provide habitat to many endemic species of plants including two of the CITES species (Picrorrhiza kurro and Saussurea lappa) (GOP/Lead-Pakistan 2000). Alpine meadows occur in almost all the higher regions, particularly where mountains extend above the tree line, and harbour many plant and animal species including rare Himalayan Brown Bear. In spring these meadows are covered with most beautiful wildflowers such as lris, Anemone, Primula and a variety of wild Roses. These meadows important for grazier livestock are enclosed in drier mountain slopes. Many species of grasses of the genus Poa and sedges, artemesia and clover are found in these meadows. Other plant species include Draba

trinervia, Polygonum affine, Saxifraga sibirica, and Euphorbia kanaorica. Large mammal species found in this zone include snow leopard. Himalayan ibex, golden marmot, high mountain vole, lesser shrew, and Chinese birch mouse. Alpine meadows provide an important habitat for many breeding Himalayan migrant birds. Typical bird species include Himalayan griffon vulture, lammergier, Himalayan snowcock, snow pigeon and many other passeriformes. Local Gujjars/livestock owners shift their livestock to these areas at peak of summer season. These areas being main grazing grounds are very important for the local livestock dependent economy.


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3.6 Dry Alpine Zones and Permanent Snowfields – Outside Project Area

This zone predominates high altitudes around major peaks of the Karakoram Mountains and occurs in the northern most regions. It covers the upper most reaches of Dasu catchment area. Elevation of this zone is from 3800 mamsl as Ecological Zone-IV (EZ-IV) upto upper ends. The landscape is characterized by glaciers, a desolate waste of boulders and sheer cliffs. Moist areas are found beneath glaciers and snowfields and along stream banks. The vegetation largely xerophytic in the valley bottoms and along streambeds includes species such as Hippophae rhamnoides, Myricaria elegans, Capparis spinosa, Tribulus tenestris, and Peganum bannala. Major tree species include Salix denticulata, Juniperous communis, Mertensia tibetica, and Potentilla desertorum. On the fringe of this zone, mammals such as Himalayan Ibex (Capra ibex sibirica), golden marmot (Marmota caudata), Altai weasel (Mustela altaica). Blue Sheep (Pseudois

nayaur), Himalayan Lynx (Felis lynx), Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia), Migratory Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius) and high mountain Vole (Alticola roylei) are found. Typical bird species include Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps

himalayensis), and common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), while game birds include Himalayan Snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), Snow Partridge (Lerwa lerwa), Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconota) and a number of other passerines and non-passerines birds.


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4. LANDUSE AND FLORA

Natural flora in Kohistan comprises forests, grazing grounds i.e. pastures and meadows (which is the main landuse), agricultural crops, vegetables, fruit and non-fruit trees, medicinal plants, forages/fodders, shrubs, herbs/weeds and grasses. Some Ferns, Fungi and Mosses are also found. 4.1 Forests

Forests in Kohistan are divided in two divisions; namely Upper Kohistan Forest Division and Lower Kohistan Forest Division. Dasu Hydropower Project Area falls mainly in Upper Kohistan Forest Division with Headquarters at Dasu which is a component of Abbotabad Forest Circle. It spreads over Harban Forest Sub-Division, Komila/Seo Forest Sub Division and a Range named Jalkot Forest Range which is located below Dam axis but is ecologically intertwined with upper areas. These private forests are being managed by Government under four Working Plans (listed below) for scientific management aimed at converting them into normal forest stands and achieving sustainability:

i) Working Plan for Kandia-Uthor Forests of Kohistan Forest Division (1985-86 to 1999 2000) by Amanullah Khan Assistant Conservator of Forests, NWFP.

ii) Working Plan for Harban Forests of Kohistan Forests Division by Ehsanullah Deputy Conservator of Forests for 1988 – 2003 NWFP.

iii) Working Plan for Seo Forests of Kohistan Forests Division for (1987-2002) by Hanif Shah Divisional Forest Officer, NWFP.

iv) Working Plan for Jalkot Guzara Forests of Kohistan Forest Division (1998-2008) by Haji M. Rafiq Ahmad Khan, Divisional Forest Officer, NWFP.

Total area of Kohistan forests (Upper & Lower Divisions) is as under:

Total Area 757,778 Ha

Forest Area 187,526 Ha

Left Bank 86,886 Ha

Right Bank 100,640 Ha

Tangir Darel Forest Division (Northern Areas) is located at the upstream end of Dasu reservoir (a few kilometers downstream of the Diamer Basha Dam site) and forms a part of watershed area of Dasu Project. This was previously part of Chilas Forest Division, Diamer District (Northern Areas). This forest division comprises important valleys of Tangir, Darel and Gyal having 48,600 ha of coniferous forests. Details are given in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1: Tangir / Darel Forest Area

Range Productive Protection

Forest

Blank

Area

Agriculture

Area

Total

Area

(Hectares)

Tangir 16700 3100 2400 200 22400 Darel 12600 8400 500 100 21600 Gayal 4200 0 300 100 4600

Total: 33500 11500 3200 400 48600


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Headquarter of this forest division is located at Chilas. Entire area of this forest division is a part of watershed for Dasu Reservoir hence its ecological systems resources have direct bearing on Dasu Hydropower Project.

The elevation of project/catchment area varies from approximately 772 m (river bed) at Dasu to 5946 m at Falakser on boundary with Swat district. Forest trees of Deodar (Cedrus deodara), Kail (Pinus wallichiana), Fir (Abies pindrow) and Spruce (Picea smithiana) grow between 2000 m and 3800 m elevation. At lower elevation the crop merges with Oak (Quercus ilex), Juniper (Juniperous macropoda) and Chilgoza Pine

(Pinus gerardiana). Beyond El. 3800 m; Sub-Alpine Forest and Alpine Scrub Forest/Pasture exist (upto upper limit of vegetation growth), which consist of stunted Fir and Kail trees with Birch (Betula utilis) and undergrowth of shrubs, forage plants, grasses, herbs, and medicinal plants. Associate plants and undergrowth varies with elevation and forest types, mostly these are Xerophytic plants like Artimesia, Daphne,

Ephedera spp, Taxus baccata, Vibernum spp, Rosa spp, Indigoferra spp, Parrotia,

Fraxinus, Cotoneaster, Pistachia spp, Berberis spp, Salix spp, Cupresses, Primula,

scrubs and shrubs. Other tree species include Willows, Poplars, Zizyphus sativa (Jangli

Ber), Chinar, Olea spp, Robinia spp, Ailanthus, Bakain, Shisham, Frash, Eucalyptus spp,

etc: Pilchi (Tamarisk) was seen growing abundantly on left bank of Khandia nullah near Thuthi village. A list of common Trees and Plants is given in Appendix-I.

The forests usually start at a distance of several kilometers from the present KKH at an elevation much higher than El. 957 m – Highest Flood level of Dasu reservoir. Therefore it has been concluded that natural forests and bio-diversity of the catchment area will not be affected by Dasu Hydropower Project. This fact has been further confirmed by discussions with government forest officers at Dasu and Abbotabad.

Depending on elevation from mean sea level the climate of Kohistan area changes from Subtropical to Dry Temperate to Dry Alpine. Generally it is Dry Temperate.

Lower parts of the valleys in the Project Area will be inundated by dam. Some 52 acres of grazing areas along with 78 acres of agricultural lands will be lost in addition to about 20,000 trees of various species. Resultantly livestock will move to upper reaches thus increasing already over saturated population of livestock to the detriment of palatable vegetation. Such a large number of livestock will also result in compaction of soil hindering establishment of natural regeneration.

4.2 Injuries to Forest Crop

Injuries to forest crop comes from natural and human agencies. Natural causes are snow, wind, lightening, hailstorms, flying squirrels, wild animals, birds, insects and fungi. Out of these, damage by snow is serious especially at higher levels, which may run as high as 5-7%. Damage from other factors is not much pronounced. Fungus Peridermium

ciderias on Deodar and Trametes pinii on kail have been noticed but damage is limited to individual trees only. The damage to trees form human agency is in the form of fires, lopping, grazing, browsing, extraction of torch wood, extraction of Deodar oil, and hazardous of all illicit felling.

The local population depends on forests for fuel, timber, and grazing. In addition local people who are owners of forests sell trees to forest contractors and get money from them direct as well as in the shape of royalties recovered through Forest Department. Except for indiscriminate felling of trees, people are free to obtain their legitimate domestic requirements of fuel wood, including free head loads for sale. People living away from forest have to depend on stubbles of Artemesia shrubs for heating and


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cooking. Imported fuel wood is very expensive especially in winter. A list of common uses of tree/plant species in the area is given in Appendix – VII. Minor Forest produce like Zeera (Carum spp), pine nuts seeds (chilgoza) commercial mushroom (Peziza amarina) are collected for self use and sale. Mushroom is sold for Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. 12,000/- per kg dried. It is supposed to have uses in Aphrodisiac medicines. Like many other medicinal plants Bankakri (Podopylum emodii) is also extracted and sold at higher rates. Other marketable produce are walnut fruit and timber, Pine nuts and fruit obtained from cultivated area but quantity is too small.

4.3 Growing Forest Stock, Nurseries

Plant nurseries are not raised by Dasu Forest Department due to the reasons that plantable areas are at higher elevation, people are not tree minded and goats severely damage nurseries. Moreover, in summer which is the best planting season, the monsoon rains do not reach this area, and raising plants on hills by hand watering is too expensive.

Quite a large number of dried, dead trees of Blue Pine, Fir and Spruce were seen at top reaches of Kandia valley, Seo valley and other areas which need salvation. These stumps cause insect multiplication, wastage of wood, fungal attacks and hamper natural regeneration due to unnecessary congestion and over crowding.

The crop is fairly dense on steeper slopes and inaccessible areas. In other places density of forests is less and goes down to 30 – 50%. Sparse forests mostly of Chilgoza Pine and Deodar are visible at higher altitude all along KKH on both sides.

Local Volume given in Tables D-2 to D-5, Annexure D-1 are used to calculate yield of trees in Dasu Kohistan Forests.

A huge quantity of timber forcibly cut by locals due to ban on green felling is heaped up between Dubair, Dasu, Shatyal/Harban and upto upper end of reservoir. Over one million cubic feet of the timber was seen lying in these transit depots which had been auctioned and was to be lifted.


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5. LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY

5.1 Livestock

Livestock is an important component of Agro-diversity and has been a part of livelihood strategies of the rural communities for centuries. It has been estimated that livestock contribute to the livelihood of at least 70% of the world’s rural population. Livestock and their products supply at least 30% of human needs for food and agriculture production in the form of meat, milk, milk products, eggs, fiber, dung (fuel), hides/skins and draught power. Livestock is also a source of manure for soil fertility inputs in developing countries, more so in Project area where dung is the only fertilizer amply available to farmers. Farmyard manure is not hazardous to human health like other modern day chemical fertilizers which are known to cause soil pollution and are supposed to induce various maladies and diseases on account of absorption of chemicals by food plants. People in the area rear rear large herds of many breeds of goats (Capra hircus), Sheep (Ovis aries) and Cattle (Boss taurus). This is a major source of their income. Goats are dominant (70-80%) among livestock. Sheep constitute only 5% of livestock population (Most sheep were seen in Khandia - Uthor valleys). Goat breeds include Badami (dominant), Kaghani, Beetal, Pamiri, Gaddi, Koh-i-Ghizer, Jarakheil etc. Sheep breeds include Kaghani, Koh-i-Ghizer, American etc. Few cattle (cows) about 15-20% are also kept by nomads as well as farmers for agricultural purposes. Cattle of indigenous breeds mostly Berberi were seen, few cows of Dajal & Red Sahiwal mixed breeds were seen. Buffaloes are also kept but in a small number. 53 buffaloes were counted in Project Area, during August 2007. Donkeys, mules, horses are also common. There is a well organized “Livestock and Dairy Development Department” at Dasu. There are several Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries in the area (at Dasu, Seo Dabbar, Shatyal, Thuthi/Aleel Dobair etc) which provide all livestock services even at higher altitude grazing grounds. Vaccination charges are Rs. 2 per animal. Vaccination is done in June, July each year. According to Mr. Faizullah, Veterinary Assistant no livestock census has been done so far. There is an elaborate programme for breed improvement through artificial insemination. For cows Frisian breed insemination charges are Rs. 50-100 per animal. Local Badami Goat is inseminated with Beetal breed of Plains for a fee of Rs. 20-50 each but cross has not proved beneficial due to cold climate. Local sheep are fertilized by American breed for a fee of Rs. 20-50 per head.

Local cow gives 4-5 kg milk, whereas a crossed animal yields 14-15 kg milk. A local cow costs Rs. 10,000 – 20,000, a crossed cow gets Rs. 40,000 – 50,000. Badami (local) goat costs Rs. 6,000 – 10,000 but a crossed goat gets only Rs. 4000 – 7000. Badami goat gives 1-2 kg milk whereas a crossed one gives only 1 kg milk due to unfavourable cold conditions for this exotic breed. Milk is sold for Rs. 30-40 per kg. Goat shearings are done in June-July. Hair are used for making blankets, rugs etc. Sheep too are sheared in June – July. Clipped wool is used for making carpets, shawls, while kids wool is used in making caps.


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Common diseases of livestock are Hemorrhagic Septicemia (H.S), Black Quarter, Pneumonia, Milk Fever etc. in cows for which preventive vaccinations are done from July to December for a nominal fee of Rs. 2 per head. Sheep and goats commonly suffer from Enterotoxin, Enteritis, Sheep Pox, Pneumonia and Flu. Adequate Vaccination and treatment facilities are available.

5.2 Poultry

Many households keep a few poultry birds mainly for domestic use. Big poultry farms do not exist in the area. Poultry birds and eggs are imported mostly from Mansehra. In Dasu/ Komila market live Broiler and Layer birds are sold at the rate of Rs. 75 per kg and Rs. 55 per Kg respectively. Eggs are sold at Rs. 60 per dozen. Poultry birds (only Layers) and eggs are also available inside the valleys of area like Thuthi, Seo, Aleel Karang and Rathooi etc. These birds are sold for Rs. 200 – 220 each which normally weigh 3 – 3.5 kg and have outlived their utility. Desi (Indigenous) birds are usually not sold. Rarely they are available for Rs. 150 – 180 per kg live. Desi eggs are sold for Rs. 70 – 80 per dozen. Common poultry diseases are New Castle (Rani Khet), Diarrohea, Coryza etc. for which adequate treatment and preventive vaccination facilities are available. Since the area is not congested and bird population is low, poultry diseases usually do not spread and remain confined to affected area only.


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6. NATURAL GRAZING AREAS

Raising of livestock is the mainstay of local economy, hence people keep large herds of cattle and goats/sheep. Natural grazing is the most extensive land-use in the area. Virtually it covers all the tracts of land below 4000m (upper vegetation limit) except areas under agricultural use or otherwise unavailable for grazing. With the warming up of season, people alongwith their livestock start moving to upper elevations where palatable vegetation is abundantly available to feed their animals. This is a normal routine. At the time of the visit (May – June 2007) villages like Seo, Shatyal Aleel, Thuthi, Rathoi looked like ghost towns because these were deserted by people and livestock who have moved up. Only very few people and livestock are left behind which are too old, sick, invalid or associated with agriculture.

The areas under forest or game sanctuaries are also simultaneously used for grazing alongwith meadows and grazing grounds. Vegetation comprises varieties of broad leaved trees/shrubs like Qak, Kao, Zizyphus species, woody shrubs, herbs, forbs and various grasses. The most palatable vegetation species including Poa grass species, Stipula, Artemesia species, Pennisetum species, Saccharum species, Polygonum

species, Saxifraga, Trifolium species, Lonicera species etc are relished by a large number of goats, sheep, cattle, donkeys, mules and horses. Due to large herds and sparse vegetation, grazing pressure is very high. Most of the lands near settlements are being overgrazed resulting in elimination or reduction in ratio of palatable species at such places. The routine pattern of grazing is migration of nomadic families from one altitudinal zone to another. With the warming up of season graziers move to higher elevations where vegetation is abundant and climate is bracing. From May/June to September/October higher mountain slopes grow thick cover of a large varieties of palatable grasses, herbs, shrubs and forbs. Graziers move with their livestock gradually from lower to middle and finally to alpine pastures and meadows where livestock depends entirely on grazing. With the start of harsh winter season graziers move down gradually from higher to lower slopes and finally land in valleys by the end of October. This pattern of migration is followed year after year for centuries without any change.

During winter livestock depends on whatever scanty little vegetation is available supplemented with dry maize stalk and hay stored in season. All the grazing grounds are owned by local Kohistanis who charge a fee (known as Kalang) of Rs. 5 per animal head per season from livestock owners who are invariably Gujjars.


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7. AGRICULTURE

7.1 General

Next to livestock rearing, agriculture is a vital source of income and caters needs of food/fodder for human and cattle. According to Deputy Director Agriculture/Executive District Officer (EDO), Dasu, Agriculture is practiced over approximately 4,500 ha in entire Kohistan area out of which about 2,500 ha are located in the upper Kohistan where Dasu Hydropower Project is also proposed to be located. The agriculture employs majority of the work force. However land suitable for agriculture is limited, yields are low, techniques centuries old and outdated. There is an Outreach (extension) service in Dasu Agriculture Department but the new recommendations do not reach deep in the interior valleys due to communication difficulties or else. Means or earning other than agriculture and livestock raising are scarce, hence people are by and large poor and live below subsistence level. Except for cultivated land, ownership is mostly undefined and is subject to customary use by nomadic graziers who are mostly Gujjars. Due to increase in human and livestock population, pressure on land has been increasing thus rendering soils progressively less productive. Poverty is, therefore, multiplying, trapping people in a vicious circle. Man’s sustenance on earth depends on four bio-productive systems namely croplands, grasslands, forests and fisheries. If we exclude marine fisheries, it turns out that land is the most critical resource for man. How well land is used and how well vegetative cover is managed determines the quality of man’s life on earth. The Project area falls on historic trade route between Central Asian states, China and the Indian sub-continent where for centuries traders brought many varieties of crops and fruits for barter trade with local products. It was observed in Seo, Kandia and Harban valleys that the same centuries old crude wooden plough drafted by Oxen (Bullocks) was being used for soil preparation. Heaps of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) abundantly available locally were found evenly spread over the soil before ploughing and preparation of seedbed for sowing crops/vegetables/orchards etc. No tractors or machines are used for agriculture due to small parcels. Irrigation is done by gravity channels in Rathoi, Kot Gal, Thuthi, Dabbir Seo etc. An intricate system of well placed terracing exists in all the areas which retains water in fields, controls erosion and gives ample crop yields. Agriculture in some of the areas is however prosperous. Recently some farmers have started use of fertilizers namely Urea and DAP (Diammonium Phsophate) which has resulted in increased yields. 7.2 Agricultural Crops

Wheat and maize are the main crops of Rabi and Kharif season. Barley is also raised in small areas. Maize is sown in May for commercial purposes whereas it is sown in June for domestic use. Popular variety of Maize is local which is yellow in colour and yields 12-15 maunds per acre (one mound = 40 kg). Usual sale price is Rs. 400/- per maund. It takes 2-3 months to ripen. Department has introduced an improved variety called “Azam” which ripens in 60-80 days and yields 14-18 maunds per acre. It fetches a rate of Rs. 450-480 per maunds. At the time of the visit (May, 2007) all valleys were dominated by the newly sown maize crop and wheat harvesting was almost complete. Farmyard Manure is mostly used. Usually fertilizers are not used. Due to severe cold not many diseases or insect pests of Maize are seen.


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Wheat is grown in winter in lower valleys but during summer at higher altitudes. Wheat varieties commonly grown are Suleman 96, Nowshera, Pak 91 and Sarhad. Pak 91 is most common. Yield of wheat is about 16 maunds/acre. Sale price is Rs. 400-500 per maund. It ripens in May-June. Some times it is cut before ripening when there is acute shortage of fodder, usually in March – April, before the livestock is shifted up hills for grazing. Here too usually Farmyard Manure is used. Agriculture Department recommends use of 1 bag Urea + 1 bag DAP per acre for better yield.

Recently prices of wheat, maize and other commodities have registered a two fold increase.

7.3 Vegetables

Vegetables are grown on a very small scale for domestic use. It is estimated by Agriculture Department that only 40-50 hectares are under all varieties of vegetables in Upper Kohistan.

Common vegetables grown are Potato, Gourd, Lady Finger (Bhindi), White Marrow, Tori (Zuchini), Tomato. Sometimes Potato is grown for commercial purposes also. Bhindi and Gourd are very common. In general level and ratio of vegetables grown in area are very low. A list of vegetables grown is given in Table D-11, Annexure D-1. 7.4 Fruit Trees

Project area lies close to the major centers of fruit diversity-the Central Asian States and China. Many of the fruit species were brought by traders in ancient times passing through this fabulous trade route – Silk Route. These fruits are being grown here for centuries. Moreover Northern Area is agro-ecologically very well suited for the production of deciduous fruits and nut crops. Formerly only apricot, grapes, mulberry and walnut were the common fruits, but over the last century other kinds of fruit trees have been introduced. However, apricot still remains an important fruit crop.

Other fruit plants commonly met with are Pomegranate, Fig, Zizyphus species, Citrus, Plums etc. Walnut yields 5-10 maunds fruit per tree. Grapes, Mulberry and Apricots are most common. Fruits of Apricot and Mulberry are dried for winter use. Grapes and Maize are frequently damaged by Black Bear which invade crops during night. (Table D-10, Annexure D-1) Honey bees are using various flouring plants species for extraction of sweet juicy natural fluid. A list of such plants are given in table D-13, Annexure D-1. Other flora i) In addition some of trees and its branches are used for thatching, sheltering and

roofing. These are given as per table D-14, Annexure D-1. ii) Some of the plants are poisnous in nature and these are given in table D-15,

Annexure D-1 ii) Timber yielding plants are given at table D-16, Annexure D-1.

7.5 Medicinal Plants

Medicinal and Aromatic plants are the valuable components of biodiversity of Kohistan area. Out of 5,700 species of plants in Pakistan 400 – 600 are considered to have


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medicinal uses in Unani (Herbal System), Allopathic and Homeopathic medicines. Out of these 300 – 400 species are used in traditional medicines prescribed by Hakeems, which provide health care for most of the people in rural areas. According to estimates, 80% of rural population of Pakistan depends on traditional (herbal) medicinal system called Unani. Moreso in the reservoir is a part of study area where almost entire population depends on traditional herbal medical system of Hakeems. Recently there has been a growing trend in urban areas also to use these medicines due to their few or no harmful side effects and their efficacy proved over thousands of years.

Two ecological zones i.e. the dry temperate mountain forests and alpine high altitude forests are very rich in medicinal plants where several species are exploited. Reportedly 130 medicinal plants are found in the Kohistan area.

The local traders and nomadic graziers (Gujjars) have been extracting large quantities of medicinal and aromatic plants from the area since long. Picrorhiza kurroa (Karru) was exploited heavily and has vanished from many of its habitat. A number of other economically important plants occur including wild thyme and a rich variety of medicinal plants such as Sea Buckthorn, Ephedra, Artimesia, Podophyllum emodii, Mushrooms, and the endangered Costus roots. Some of the important medicinal plants of the area are listed in Table 7.1 below.

Table 7.1: Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Northern Area

Scientific Name

Local Name/Common Name

Artemisia maritimia Afsantin

Saussria lappa Kuth

Picrorhiza kurroa Karu (Katki)

Podophyllum emodi Bankakri

Glycyrhiza glabra Mulathi

Aconitum heterophyllum Atees

Ferula foetida Heeng

Onosma spp. Goa-zaban / Ratanjot

Rheum emodi Revand-chini

Thymus serpyllum Tumoro

Valeriana wallichi Mushabala

Hippophae rhammoides Buru / See Buckthorn

Ephedra spp. Som (Asmani buti) / Somkalpa

Carum spp. Zeera Saffed

Cumium cyminum Kamsal Zeera / Kala Zeera

All these plants are now commercially collected without any consideration for their conservation and sustainable use. At present medicinal plants are faced with several threats i.e. (1) Habitat degradation due to increased human activities (Grazing by domestic Livestock, Farm encroachment) (2) Over exploitation of rare and endangered species and (3) loss of regeneration potential of the degraded forests. Forest areas are the main source of medicinal plants, particularly the undisturbed natural forests.

According to recent surveys more than 130 species of medicinal plants are found at various altitudes in Pallas Game Reserve in Pattan (Lower Kohistan Forest Division) and adjoining Diamer District, especially in Tangir and Darel valleys which form an important part of watershed for Dasu Hydropower Project. A consolidated list of these species used as medicine is given in Table D-6, Annexure D-1.


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8. NATURAL FAUNA OF STUDY AREA

Natural fauna of the Project and adjoining areas consists of Mammals, Reptiles & Amphibians, Insects & Vectors, Butterflies, Freshwater Fish, Birds and Fowls.

8.1 Mammals

8.1.1 Species

Fifty-four species of mammals are estimated for the Project and adjoining areas (Roberts 1997). These species comprise 1 shrew, 10 bats, 18 carnivores, 6 artiodactyles, 3 lagomorphs and 16 rodents. The only species of mammals, which is endemic to Northern Area is Woolly Flying Squirrel, while Markhor (Flare Horned Markhor) can be considered near endemic, as its distribution is restricted to a few valleys because of rugged terrain and geographic barrier like rivers. Distribution of many small mammals is patchy and limited to certain watersheds due to physical barriers. The most diverse groups are carnivores and rodents. The rodents have a high breeding capacity and they constitute the food basis for many carnivores. Rodent species like shrew provide food base to Foxes, Weasels and Stone mortens (Z.B. Mirza WWF 2007). The forests and wildlife are integral part of the ecosystem and live together. Several large mammal species found in the Northern Area are either threatened or endangered. These include Snow Leopard, Black Bear, Brown Bear, Musk Deer, Flare Horned Markhor, Ladakh Urial, Blue Sheep and Himalayan Lynx. Most of these species require large habitat areas to maintain viable populations. Himalayan Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) is found in upper reaches of Dasu, Darel and Tangir areas through its population has greatly reduced. Goh Lizard (Varanis monitor) and several species of snake including Cobra, Vipers etc. were reported. Presence of Leopard Cat, Fox, Jackal and Wolf was confirmed by locals, which kill their goat, sheep and poultry. Black Bear is also common in Soomer Nullah area. A list of wild animals and mammals is given in Table D-7, Annexure D-1.

8.1.2 Markhor Game Reserve, Kayghi

A game reserve for propagation and protection of globally important endangered Mammal “Flare Horned Markhor” has been established by NWFP Wildlife Department under NWFP Wildlife Act 1975 Rule 11/20 on the left bank of river Indus between Soomer Nullah and Uchhar Nullah in Project area. The area of the Game Reserve is 50 km2. Markhor population of reserve was 250 heads in 2006. Controlled legal hunting of only One Markhor per year for trophy is allowed after inviting tenders at International level. In 2006, the successful bid was US$ 60,000 whereas in 2007, an offer of US$ 57,000 by a French is reported. The facility is available only to foreigners. 20% of the price received is the share of NWFP Wildlife Department, whereas 80% of income goes for community benefit works. This year (2007) besides a bridal path of 6 km, one small Rest House (2 bed room Guest House), 2 female and one male teacher and one electric generator were provided to residents of Kayghi Valley.

8.2 Reptiles and Amphibians

Herpetofauna in these areas is represented by 3 families of amphibians (Ranidae, Bufonidae & Megaphrydae) and 8 families of reptiles (Gekkonidae, Agamidae, Scincidae, Varanidae, Boidae, Colubidae, Elaphidae and Viperidae). Numerous species


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of Geko, Agama and Varanis were seen in the Project area. Goh is the biggest lizard in the area. A list of reptiles (Lizards) found in the area are given in Table 8.1 below.

Table 8.1: Reptiles and Amphibians of Project Area

Species Common Name Scientific Name

Goh Lizard Varanis Monitor

Pakistani Rock Agama Laudakia Pakistanica pakistanica

Auffenberg’s Rock Agama Laudakia Pakistanica auffenbergi

Khan’s Rock Agama Laudakia Pakistanica khani

Batura Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus baturensis

Scorpions and snakes in the area are a hazard. Although numerous species of dreadful spiders from small to giant ones were seen in area (especially in Barseen PTDC Motel) but none is reported to be poisonous.

8.3 Insects and Vectors

8.3.1 Species

In Pakistan, more than 5,000 species (BAP, 2000) of insects are reported. Some Bugs, Dung, Beetle, Black Beetle and Weevils have been reported in the Project area. Millipedes, Centipedes and other soil working insects are very common.

The role that insects play in the human environment as beneficial and harmful creatures is well recognized by the society. Recent increase in the use of pesticides on agriculture crops and orchards has been responsible for destruction of many useful agriculture friendly insects. 8.3.2 Vectors

Mosquitoes, Midgets, Bugs and Beetles are found in Project area. Malaria due to Mosquitoes has been reported. Mosquitoes are a big problem during summer in project and catchment area valleys. Tuberculosis is common in valleys among human beings due to germs/bacteria found in afflicted cow’s milk usually consumed raw (un boiled) and on account of poor nutrition.

Sandy Fly is of nuisance. It causes the disease named Kala Azar (Lechmenia). According to health authorities at Chilas and Shatial, the Sand Fly is commonly existing between Dasu and Chilas areas. In nature the disease is transmitted by the bite of the female of a small midge Phlebotomus papataci. There was no evidence in the Middle East that any other insect was concerned in transmission of this disease. These small insects bite during the night and early morning hours and are found near ground level. They avoid higher levels and strong breezes, and have a very short range of flight. It is thought that they seldom move than fifty yards from their breeding places. They breed in rubble, cracks in walls, dugouts, and similar areas. Based on the life cycle of this insect it is revealed that Dasu reservoir areas will not aggreviate the sand fly menance in the area. Due to the reservoir, infact the sand spreaded area steep sticking on the rocky area will be minimized and accordingly ecological conditions of the areas will not remain conducive for its further multiplication.


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9. AVIFAUNA

9.1 Birds and Fowls

Northern Areas have one of the most diverse avifauna (Bird Species) of the mountain regions of the world, but unfortunately very little information is available on the distribution, status and ecology of many of the bird species. The comprehensive account on the Birds (avifauna) of Pakistan comes from Roberts (1991 and 1992). Very limited data is available on the bird species. However, some researchers have documented bird diversity of certain parts. A recent addition about Birds of Pakistan is by Z.B. Mirza (WWF) 2007.

In total, about 230 species of birds have been estimated for Kohistan area out of which 39 have been sighted/reported in the Project area (Chilas – Dasu belt). These include passage migrants, vagrant, resident, breeding and irregular visitors. A list of these species is given in Table D-8, Annexure D-1.

Chukar (Chukor) and Rock Dove were frequently met with from Dasu to Basha Dam site and along KKH. Vultures and Mountain crow has also been sighted during visit (May 2007) in Project Area but their number is small. Reduction in population of vultures has been attributed to use of Mafenemic acid in livestock/veterinary medicines.

Some rare species of raptors reside and breed in the Kohistan area. These include species like Lammergeyer and Golden Eagle. The Passeriformes species include mostly Warblers, Tits, Flycatchers, Storks, Herons, Ducks, Cranes and Buntings. Some of the restricted range species like Himalayan Monal Pheasant are extremely rare and may be at the verge of extinction especially from the Kohistan valleys. Monal has been over exploited on account of high price of its skin. A Stuffed (Taxidermed) Monal/Pheasants skin can fetch a sum of Rs. 5,000 to 10,000.

Birdlife International (2001) reported 27 bird species of Pakistan, which are threatened internationally. Out of these, 7 species are found in Kohistan area. There may be several more species, which are threatened nationally or facing local extinction. For example, Snow Partridge Western Tragopan, and Himalayan Monal Pheasant are facing local extinction from many valleys. Similarly. Large-billed bush warbler and Tytler’s warbler are the rare species, but not included in the report of the Birdlife International.

In order to preserve birdlife and biodiversity of the area, Pallas Conservation and Development Project has been active in Palas Valley near Pattan. A brief account of the Project is given in section 9.2.

A list of threatened species is given in Table 9.1 below. These species have small and scattered populations and are threatened due to degradation, loss and fragmentation of their habitat in Kohistan area.

Table 9.1: Threatened Pheasant and Bird Species in Kohistan Area

Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name

1 Snow partridge Lerwa lerwa

2 Himalayan monal pheasant Cophophorus impejanus

3 Lesser kestrel Falco naummani

4 Ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca

5 Kashmri flycatcher Ficedula subrubra


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6 Long-billed bush warbler Bradytpterus major

7 Tytler’s warbler Phylloscopus tytleri

8 Indian skimmer Rynchops albicollis

9 Sociable lapwing Vanellus gregarious *Sources: Derived from Birdlife International (2001) and Roberts (1991-1992)

Threats to the avifauna include habitat loss, expansion of agriculture, use of pesticides and direct persecution by human. Direct persecution is from hunting, trapping, shooting from agriculture fields and poisoning. Use of pesticides on crops and fruit trees have reduced the population of many species, particularly of magpies, crows, yellow-billed chough, vultures and rock dove.

9.2 Palas Conservation and Development Project (PCDP)

In order to protect endangered Birds, Pheasants, Wild Mammals and Biodiversity a Conservation and Development Project has been started jointly by NWFP Wildlife Department, Eu-UNDP, World Pheasant Association, Birdlife International, WWF and UK Department for International Development/ Protection. Activities and surveys for the project started in January 1996 with the aim to enhance Pakistan’s capacity to conserve its native pheasants population and their habitats with major focus on Hazara and Dasu Kohistan Districts of NWFP. Palas project is located near Pattan, Jalkot Forest Range which is contiguous to Project area and has a profound impact on Biodiversity of Project area. It is called Hot Spot of Biodiversity. The valley harbours more than 30 Mammal species including vulnerable Musk Deer, Black Bear and Leopard Cat. More than 160 bird species can be found here, including eight of the eleven species endemic to Western Himalayas. It is the only place in Pakistan where 4 pheasant species out of 5 occur in one forest tract. The valley also harbours the largest viable population of the most vulnerable Western Tragopan Pheasant. A list of Pheasants is given in Table D-9, Annexure D-1. Also found here are 600 plant species out of which 130 species have medicinal properties.

9.3 Western Tragopan Pheasant – Jajeel, Dangir

Jajeel is one of the most beautiful pheasant among 51 species in the world belonging to Phasianidal family. Most viable population of this bird in the world is found in the Palas, incidentally this species is also the most threatened globally, facing extinction. Adult male weighs 1.8 to 2.15 kg and is the size of a domestic poultry bird size. This pheasant normally lives between El. 2500 – 3000 m in Fir, Spruce Birch and Blue Pine forests during summer, whereas during winter it descends down to El. 2000 – 2800 m where winter is relatively less severe and ample food is available in Oak forests. Jajeel is usually a solitary birds, rarely small groups may be encountered. It is a shy and alert bird hence infrequently seen. Usually it lives on trees. Mating season of jajeel is May when male birds periodically sound call to attract females. These calls continue during entire breeding season of May – June. Female usually lays 2-6 eggs which hatch in 28 days. Female hatches eggs whereas males also helps in upbringing of chicks. Females normally constructs nests in bushes with dried grass, leaves and small twigs. Food consists of new leaves, tender twigs, wild fruits, seeds, and insects. Morning and evening times are spent in search of food whereas for remaining part of day birds prefer to hibernate.


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Jajeel has been declared as globally critically endangered and is on Red List of I.U.C.N. Threats are due to loss and degradation of habitat, clearing and cutting of forests, over grazing by livestock, and uncontrolled hunting – poaching. Under Forest Act NWFP-1975 it is a Protected Bird and hunting/business may attract imprisonment upto 2 years. Protective measures include strict control over its hunting and trophy, protection of habitat and creating awareness about communities. Pheasants are considered as indicators of forest/ecosystem condition. Species such as Tragopan and Koklas are good indicators because they usually do not migrate from the area and are relatively easy to survey. They are mainly sedentary and therefore are directly related to health and status of Ecosystem/Forests. The PCDP has been very beneficial in protection and propagation of Biodiversity. Phase-I of the Project has ended in 2007. Phase-II is likely to start soon. Meeting with various departmental offices / officials were held and list of persons contacted is given in Table D-17, Annexure D-1.


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10. BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF DASU PROJECT

It was satisfying to note that there is no endangered Floral or Faunal species in the Dasu Hydropower Project Area. In addition to the Project area, there is a vast watershed area deep into the side valleys moving up into higer altitudes, which include the inside significant valleys of Kandi and Uther. Details of flora and fauna of these villages are given in Annexure D-2.

10.1 Environmental Impacts during Construction

10.1.1 Impacts on Flora and Fauna

Establishment of labour and staff colonies at construction site will require clearing of vegetation (trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses etc) in the vicinity of dam. This will cause some ecological degradation of flora in the Project Area – an insignificant impact. There is no wildlife habitat near the dam site or along Indus river valley. These creatures live high up in forests hence there will be no impact on fauna. The only wildlife in Project Area is Jackal and Porcupine which will migrate to safer places. Reptiles like snakes, lizards, scorpions, etc, will also shift away from site. Rodents i.e. rats, mouse, shrew are abundant and may shift near the camp site where ample food and kitchen refuse are available. These rodents beside damage to grains and food store some time spread viral diseases also which can be a hazard.

10.1.2 Insects and Vectors

Residential colonies and camps will produce waste water and left over food which help breed/flourish insects like mosquitoes, flies, bacteria etc. These cause water related diseases like Malaria, Typhoid, Cholera, Enterites, Diarrohea, Dysentery, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and several other maladies in human beings. 10.1.3 Blasting

Dynamiting/blasting during construction will cause disturbance to Avifauna and wildlife. Loud noises can be fatal to small birds and negatively affects the reproduction processes in avifauna. The avifauna will be scared away abandoning their habitat in the Project and adjoining areas. Wildlife although at a much safer distance from Project area will be scared away due to loud noises. Similarly use of dynamite will release Trinitro Toluene (TNT) substance in the atmosphere causing pollution and harm to vegetation and fauna especially reptiles, rodents, etc which may get killed. However blasting is a temporary phenomenon and will not have any permanent negative impact. 10.1.4 Loss of Area

During construction stage about 20,000 trees of various species 78 acres of Agricultural area and 52 acres of range/grasslands will submerge in reservoir. The livestock of this area will also be moved to slightly upper elevation for which sufficient alternate grazing areas are available.


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10.2 Ecological Impacts during Operation Stage

10.2.1 Creation of a Reservoir on Green Flying Route in the Project Area Dasu Hydropower Project is situated on International Flyway No.4 (Green Route) of Migratory Birds from Central Asia and Siberia. Birds start coming as early as August and keep coming till end of November to move further to warmer places along Indus river. Return journey of birds commences in February and continues till May along the same route. Out of 230 bird species of Northern Areas at least 39 species have been reported in the Project area. Creation of such a vast reservoir with calm surface on their route will be of immense facility for them. This large water body will also change micro climate along the reservoir periphery resulting in more and better vegetation stands (improved habitat) which will provide ample food for birds and infrequent visitors like wild animals. It will become an excellent staging point for birds besides increasing avian beauty of the area – an attraction for eco-tourists, bird watchers and researchers. Thus the impact of the Project is largely positive for avifauna and wildlife.

10.2.2 Erection of Transmission Line for Electricity

Transmission lines are expected to run almost parallel to the Indus river from Dasu Hydropower Station to Bisham, diverting from there to Mansehra/Gujjar Khan. The transmission line will stretch over about 375 km containing 750 kW lines. These electric lines may be a hazard in the flight of birds while landing/take-off especially for heavy birds like already endangered Mademoiselle Crane, Common Crane, and Siberian Crane which may get entangled and killed. Normally the migratory birds keep 2000 feet above ground while in flight but descend to low heights when settling down. 10.2.3 Fragmentation of Area

With the filling up of reservoir suspension bridges connecting areas on right and left banks of Indus river will submerge breaking linkage for men, livestock/animals and timber/forest produce movement/export. In order to keep these areas connected a suitable replacement will have to be established. 10.2.4 Tourism/Water Games

Introduction of water games, fishing, angling and suitable infrastructure like hotels/restaurants will boost tourism/eco-tourism in the Project area thus creating job opportunities/ raised level of income for locals which will help raise standard of living and poverty alleviation in the Project area. 10.2.5 Avifauna and Wildlife

Creation of a reservoir will improve micro climate of the dry sub-tropical Project area. Increased evaporation and humidity will help in successful establishment of vegetation and flora on the reservoir periphery resulting in improved habitat for birds and wild mammals thus attracting large number of migratory/resident birds and wild mammals. Bird watchers and researchers in migratory birds will be attracted to this area to pursue their hobby/profession. This beneficial affect will go upto lower reaches of Kohistan area thus improving ecological conditions in Dry Oak Temperate stands which bear the onslaught of over-grazing and cutting for fuel.


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10.2.6 Development of Forest Industries and Handicrafts

With the increased tourism activities forest industries like carving of walnut wood, manufacture of small wooden articles, souvenirs etc will develop thus creating employment and added income for locals raising socio-economic standards in the Project area. 10.2.7 Enhancement of Agro-Forestry Wealth

With better micro climate, increased quantum and easy accessibility to water, all blank plantable areas can be brought under agriculture, forest/non-forest trees and local/exotic vegetation by locals and forest functionaries thus increasing agricultural produce, forest/tree stands, fruit orchards etc. Improved humidity conditions in dry subtropical fringe around the Project area will help in establishment of grass glades along slopes and areas unfit for other cultural activities. This will increase grazing areas for livestock. Forest nurseries which are non-existent at present can be established with the help of improved irrigation facilities. These nurseries will be helpful in afforestation of large blanks, sparsely vegetated Oak forests at lower end of Study area. Oak forests are major, perhaps the only source of food in winter for livestock, wild animals, birds and a vital source of fuel wood. This will be a significant perpetual positive impact during operation of the Project. Plants from these nurseries can also be distributed in villages to boost farm forestry. 10.2.8 Fisheries

A big pond with calm and deep water can be used for fish culture to boost economy of area and provision of high protein food to people. The subject has been dealt with separately by an Aquatic Ecologist. 10.3 Mitigation Measures

In order to offset/neutralize negative impacts during construction/operational stage of project following mitigation measures are suggested. 10.3.1 Clearing of Vegetation for Labour Colonies/Project Site

Although some vegetation has to be removed for construction works but the vegetation so destined is of least economic importance removal of which has no significant impact on ecological resources. However some 20,000 trees which will submerge need to be replaced and planted along outer rim of the reservoir where local people as well as forest department functionaries can embark upon a plantation/afforestation campaign. Three times (60,000) the number of trees should be planted to offset the impact. Efforts should be made to axe as minimum area as possible. 10.3.2 Agricultural Area

32 hactre (78 acres) agricultural lands and 21 hactre (52 acres) of rangeland which will submerge can be more than compensated by setting up new agricultural farms above the impoundment level of the reservoir. The tribes in upper area need to be convinced to allow agriculture and livestock in their domains. A Rehabilitation Action Programme may be made to address this issue. In addition to it there are 2.4 hactre (6 acres) downstream of the Dam Axis which will be affected due to the project construction works. Overall about 34 hactre (84 acres) will be the affected agricultural land.


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10.3.3 Insects and Vectors

In order to keep a check on insects and vectors, water should not be allowed to accumulate in open places/pools. If water stands or stagnates, a thin layer of kerosene oil be spread over the surface of water or spray with suitable safe insecticides be resorted to control breeding of these harmful creatures. In addition field dispensaries be set up in camps for treatment and prophylaxis measures. Stores and grains be properly and securely locked to avoid damage and control multiplication of rodents. 10.3.4 Blasting – Birds and Mammals

In the project area, there will be direct impact of blasting and dynamiting on the wildlife mammals and avifauna who will be scared away from the area but this will be temporary impact.

In the area away from the construction site loud noises and bang will echo in the valley which is likely to disturb wildlife and negatively impact reproductive processes of already endangered pheasants and birds. The impact can be mitigated by lull in blasting during May- June.

10.3.5 Fragmentation of Area

In order to overcome difficulties arising on account of submergence of bridges and links between right and left bank of Indus river suitable arrangements be made to maintain link between both banks. All other impacts are positive and need no mitigation measures. Overall impacts of Dasu Hydropower Project are beneficial to the ecological resources of Project area.


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REFERENCES

1. Dasu Hydropower Project, Feasibility Study March, 2007 Report. 2. Working Plan for Kandia – Uthor Forests of Kohistan Forest Division 1985-86 to

1999 2000 by Amanullah Khan Assistant Conservator of Forests, NWFP. 3. Working Plan for Harban Forests of Kohistan Forests Division by Ehsanullah,

Deputy Conservator of Forests for 1988 – 2003 NWFP. 4. Working Plan for Seo Forests of Kohistan Forests Division for (1987-2002) by

Hanif Shah Divisional Forest Officer, NWFP. 5. Working Plan for Jalkot Guazara Forests of Kohistan Forests Division

(1998-2008). 6. Survey of Pheasants in Hazara NWFP – UNDP, Government of Pakistan,

December 1998. 7. Status of Pheasants in Hazara NWFP – UNDP, Government of Pakistan. 8. Palas, Biodiversity Hot Spot WWF, Birdlife International. 9. Western Tragopan, Jajeel, Palas Conservation & Development Project, NWFP

(Urdu). 10. Importance of Wildlife in Environment & Human Life, Palas Conservation Project

NWFP (Urdu). 11. Palas, Non-Timber Forest Products Management Project Conservation of Moist

Temperate Forest Ecosystems UNDP, Government of Pakistan. Birdlife International NWFP.

12. Forest Flora of Punjab & Hazara by RN Parker 1956. 13. Trees of Pakistan by Mahmood Iqbal Sheikh 1993. 14. Working of Pabbi – Rasul Reserved Forest (Range Management) by M.Attaullah

Rana Divisional Forest Officer (1991 – 2001). 15. Pakistan Manual of Plant Ecology by Sayed Sadar-ud-Din Hussain. 16. Gazetteer of the Hazara District 1907. 17. Gazetteer of the Hazara District 1883 – 84. 18. Gazetteer of Hazara District Part “B” Statistical Tables, 1914 NWFP. 19. District Gazetteers Vol. ‘IB’ Hazara District Statistical Tables, 1907 NWFP. 20. A Text Book on Forest Management by M.R.K. Jerram. 21. NWFP Gazetteers Peshawar District Vol. ‘B’ Statistical Table 1931. 22. NWFP Gazetteer Peshawar District Vol. ‘A’, 1931. 23. Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series, NWFP, 1908. 24. Forest Types of Pakistan by Sir Harry G. Champion. 25. Personal Experiences and Observations. 26. Discussions with various Persons and Scoping Sessions.

ANNEXURE D – 1

Table D-1 Trees Shrubs Herbs And Grasses

Table D-2 Deodar Volume table - Kohistan Forests

Table D-3 Kail Volume table – Kohistan Forests

Table D-4 Fir Volume table – Kohistan Forests

Table D-5 Spruce Volume table – Kohistan Forests

Table D-6 Trees, Plants, Herbs and Shrubs of Medicinal and Economic

Value of Pattan Valley

Table D-7 Mammals/Wild Animals Found At Different Altitudes in the

Study Area

Table D-8 Birds & Fowls Dasu – Chilas Belt

Table D-9 Important Pheasants and Birds of Galli Formes Order

Table D-10 Plants Used as Fuel Wood

Table D-11 Plants Used as Vegetables and Pot Herb

Table D-12 Fruit Plants Grown for agriculture

Table D-13 Honey Bee Species

Table D-14 Plants Used for Thatching, Sheltering and Roofing

Table D-15 Poisonous Plants

Table D-16 Timber Yielding Plants

Table D-17 Persons Contacted

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 3


TABLE D – 1: TREES SHRUBS HERBS AND GRASSES IN DASU HYDROPOWER

PROJECT AREA UPPER KOHISTAN FOREST DIVISION – DASU

Family Scientific Name Vernacular Name Remarks

(Botanical Name)

TREES

Acanthaceae Adhatoda vasica Bhaikar Shrub

Strobilanthus

glutonousus

Aceraceae Acer spp. Triken Tree

Ampelidaceae Vitis lanata Dhak Tree

Vitis himalayana Dhak Tree

Anacardiaceae Pistacia Chinensis Kangar/Shinai Tree

Rhus spp. Titar Shrub

Berberidaceae Barberies lyceum Simbul/Kuarae Shrub

Berberis vulgaris Simbul/Kuarae Shrub

Podophylum emodii Bankakri Herb

Caprifoliaceae Loniecin quainqueloeularis Kainthi/Kashi/Lohain Shrub

Vibernum, cotinifolium Guch/Chamiarey/Anzah Shrub

Viburnum nervosium Guch/Chamiarey/Anzah Shrub

Vibrnum stelluslatum Guch/Chamiarey/Anzah Shrub

Celastraceae Euonymus spp. - -

Compositeae Artimisia spp. Tarkha/Zhoonoh Shrub

Saussurea lappa Kut Shrub

Conifereae Abies pindrow Parthal/Achar Tree

Cedrus deodara Diar/Ranzrha/Beetch Tree

Picea smithiana Parthal/Kachar/Charoo Tree

Pinus wallichiana Biar/Chogoin/Pewich Tree

Pinus gerardiana Chilghoza Tree

Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa Akash bel Climber

Cupulifereae Alnus nitida Sharhol/Girey Tree

Betula utilis Bhierj/Bruj/Joojh Tree

Quercus incana Rhin/Bank/Jharyuum Tree

Quercus dilatata Barungi/Banj Tree

Quercus ilex Bang/Jhynd Tree

Ebebnaceae Diospyros lotus Amlok Tree

Ericaceceae Rhododendron arboretum Ikhar/Ranthol Tree

Euphor biaceae Buxus sempervirens Shamshad Tree

Euphorbia royleans Thordana Tree

Germilae Oxalis spp. Kad Kurla Herb

Annexure D–1

Page 2 of 3





(Botanical Name)

Gnelaceae Ephedra spp. Asmani Booti Shrub

Gentiana spp.

Hamamelidaceae Parrotia Pasher/Beranj/Pashoo Shrub

jacquemontiana

Illicaceae Ilex diprena - -

Juglandaceae Juglans regia Akhrot/Ghuz/Choan Tree

Labiateae Mentha sylvestris Podiana Herb

Otostegia lambata - Shrub

Plectranthus rugosus Bui Shrub

Leguminoseae Acacia modesta Phulai/Palosa Tree

Indigofera spp. Kainthi/Ghoreja/Kasi Shrub

Mimosa spp.

Sophora sp..

Lythraceae Punica granatum Daru/Anar Tree

Meliaceae Cedrella serrata Drawi/Barabru Tree

Melia azedrah Bakain Tree

Myrsinaceae Myrsine africana Kukal Shrub

Oleaceae Jasmimum spp. Ku/Khuwand Tree

Olea cuspidate

Platanacea Platanus orientalis Chinar Tree

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca acinosa Tamaku Saag Herb

Polygonaceae Polygonum spp. - -

Rheum emodi Rubarb -

Ranunculaceae Aconitum spp - -

Clematis spp - -

Paeonia emodi Mamekh Herb

Rhamnaceae Rhamnus spp. Jalidar Shrub

Zizyphus mauritiana Beri Tree

Zizyphus numularia Beri Tree

Zizyphus sativa Unab Tree

Rosaceae Cotoneaster spp. - Tree

Fragaria spp. - Herb

Prunus armenica Hari Tree

Prunus cornuta Kalakat/Bareet Tree

Prunus cuberneae Jangali Badam Tree

Prunus padus Kalakat/Bareet Tree

Pyrsu pashia Batangi Tree

Annexure D–1

Page 3 of 3





(Botanical Name)

Rosa muschata Phulwari/Baganra Shrub

Spiraea spp. Karai Shrub

Salicaceae Populus alba Sofeda Tree

Populus ciliate Palach Tree

Populus nigra Sofeda Tree

Salix tetrasperma Bisoon Tree

Salix spp. Bisoon Tree

Sapindaceae Aesculus indica Bankhor/Jawaz Tree

Dodonea Viscosa Sanatha/Ghorshakey Shrub

Sapotaceae Monotheca Buxifolia Gurgura Tree

Saxifragaceae Ribes spp. Zakhmi Hayat Herb

Saxifraga spp. Zakhmi Hayat Herb

Solanaceae Datura spp.

Datura Herb

Hyosymes Niger Ajwain/Sperkai Herb

Thymelaeaceae Daphne oleoides Kutilal Shrub

Ulmaceae Ulmus spp. - Tree

Umbellifereae Carem spp. Zera Herb

Cannabis satwa Bhang Herb

Urticaceae Celtis sustralis Barkarav/Tagha Herb

Valerianacea Valeriana spp. Mushk bala Herb

Verbinaceae Vitax spp. - Herb

Vwlaceae Viola serpens Banafsha Herb

GRASSES

1. Alpluda aristida

2. Brachiaria spp.

3. Bothriochloea intermedia

4. Bothriochloa pseudoischacmum

5. Artistida Cyanantha

6. Chrysopogon aucheri

7. Chrysopogon martini

8. Digitaria spp.

9. Heteropogon contortus

10. Imperata cylindrical

11. Pennisetum orientalis

12. Rotthoellia exaltata

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 2: Local Volume Deodar - Kohistan Forests

(Total Volume = Stem Volume + Smallwood Volume, Total height above ground)

D.B.H. Estimated

Total Height

Estimated

Volume

D.B.H. Estimated

Total Height

Estimated

Volume

Inches/Cm. Feet/M Cft/M3 Inches/Cm. Feet/M Cft/M

3

4 (10.0) 15 (4.6) 2 (0.06) 39 (97.5) 87 (26.5) 225 (6.37)

5 (12.5) 20 (6.1) 3 (0.08) 40 (100.0) 87 (26.5) 237 (6.71)

6 (15.0) 25 (7.6) 4 (0.11) 41 (102.5) 88 (26.8) 250 (7.10)

7 (17.5) 29 (8.8) 4 (0.11) 42 (105.0) 88 (26.8) 262 (7.42)

8 (20.0) 34 (10.4) 4 (0.11) 43 (107.5) 89 (27.1) 277 (7.84)

9 (22.5) 37 (11.3) 4 (0.11) 44 (110.0) 89 (27.1) 289 (8.20)

10 (25.0) 41 (12.5 6 (0.17) 45 (112.5) 89 (27.1) 302 (8.55)

11 (27.5) 45 (13.7) 9 (0.25) 46 (115.0) 90 (27.4) 318 (9.00)

12 (30.0) 48 (14.6) 13 (0.37) 47 (117.5) 90 (27.4) 332 (9.40)

13 (32.5) 51 (15.5) 16 (0.45) 48 (120.0) 90 (27.4) 345 (9.80)

14 (35.0) 54 (16.5) 21 (0.59) 49 (122.5) 91 (27.7) 363 (10.30)

15 (37.5) 56 (17.1) 25 (0.71) 50 (125.0) 91 (27.7) 377 (10.70)

16 (40.0) 59 (18.0) 30 (0.85) 51 (127.5) 91 (27.7) 392 (11.10)

17 (42.5) 61 (18.6) 35 (0.99) 52 (130.0) 91 (27.7) 407 (11.52)

18 (45.0) 63 (19.2) 40 (1.13) 53 (132.5) 91 (27.7) 422 (11.95)

19 (47.5) 65 (19.8) 45 (1.27) 54 (135.0) 92 (28.0) 442 (12.52)

20 (50.0) 67 (20.4) 51 (1.44) 55 (137.5) 92 (28.0) 458 (12.97)

21 (52.5) 69 (21.0) 58 (1.64) 56 (140.0) 92 (28.0) 474 (13.42)

22 (55.0) 70 (21.3) 64 (1.81) 57 (142.5) 92 (28.0) 491 (13.90)

23 (57.5) 72 (21.9) 71 (2.01) 58 (145.0) 92 (28.0) 508 (14.40)

24 (60.0) 73 (22.3) 78 (2.21) 59 (147.5) 92 (28.0) 525 (14.90)

25 (62.5) 75 (22.9) 86 (2.43) 60 (150.0) 92 (28.0) 542 (15.35)

26 (65.0) 76 (23.2) 94 (2.66 61 (152.5) 92 (28.0) 560 (15.86)

27 (67.5) 77 (23.5) 102 (2.89) 62 (155.0) 92 (28.0) 578 (16.40)

28 (70.0) 78 (23.8) 110 (3.11) 63 (157.5) 92 (28.0) 596 (16.9)

29 (72.5) 79 (24.1) 119 (3.37) 64 (160.0) 92 (28.0) 615 (17.40)

30 (75.0) 80 (24.4) 128 (3.62) 65 (162.5) 92 (28.0) 634 (17.95)

31 (77.5) 81 (24.7) 137 (3.88) 66 (165.0) 92 (28.0) 653 (18.50)

32 (80.0) 82 (25.0) 147 (4.16) 67 (167.5) 92 (28.0) 673 (19.10)

33 (82.5) 83 (25.3) 158 (4.47) 68 (170.0) 92 (28.0) 692 (19.6)

34 (85.0) 84 (25.6) 169 (4.78) 69 (172.5) 92 (28.0) 713 (20.2)

35 (87.5) 84 (25.6) 178 (5.04) 70 (175.0) 92 (28.0) 733 (20.8)

36 (90.0) 85 (25.9) 190 (5.38) 71 (177.5) 92 (28.0) 754 (21.35)

37 (92.5) 86 (26.2) 202 (5.72) 72 (180.0) 92 (28.0) 775 (21.90)

38 (95.0) 86 (26.2) 212 (6.00) 73 (182.5) 92 (28.0) 1049 (29.7)

* Ref: M. Azam Malik 1970. Local Volume Tables of coniferous forests of NWFP Pakistan, No.3 (PP 26-27).

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 3: Local (Total) Volume Kail – Kohistan Forests


D.B.H. Estimated

Total Height

Estimated

Volume

D.B.H. Estimated

Total Height

Estimated

Volume


3

4 (10.0) 9 (2.74) 3 (0.08) 33 (82.5) 109 (33.2) 227 (6.43)

5 (12.5) 19 (5.80) 4 (0.11) 34 (85.0) 111 (33.8) 245 (6.94)

6 (15.0) 28 (8.54) 5 (0.14) 35 (102.5) 112 (34.1) 262 (7.42)

7 (17.5) 37 (11.3) 5 (0.14) 36 (90.0) 113 (34.4) 279 (7.90)

8 (20.0) 42 (12.8) 5 (0.14) 37 (92.5) 115 (35.1) 300 (8.49)

9 (22.5) 47 (14.3) 8 (0.23) 38 (95.0) 116 (35.7) 318 (9.00)

10 (25.0) 52 (15.85 11 (0.31) 39 (97.5) 117 (35.4) 338 (9.57)

11 (27.5) 57 (17.4) 15 (0.42) 40 (100.0) 118 (36.0) 358 (10.14)

12 (30.0) 61 (18.6) 20 (0.57) 41 (102.5) 119 (36.3) 379 (10.73)

13 (32.5) 65 (19.8) 24 (0.68) 42 (105.0) 121 (36.9) 404 (11.44)

14 (35.0) 68 (20.7) 29 (0.82) 43 (107.5) 122 (37.2) 427 (12.09)

15 (37.5) 72 (21.95) 35 (0.99) 44 (110.0) 123 (37.5) 450 (12.74)

16 (40.0) 75 (22.9) 41 (1.16) 45 (112.5) 124 (37.8) 474 (13.45)

17 (42.5) 78 (23.8) 47 (1.33) 46 (115.0) 125 (38.1) 500 (14.16)

18 (45.0) 80 (24.4) 54 (1.53) 47 (117.5) 126 (38.4) 526 (14.89)

19 (47.5) 83 (25.3) 61 (1.73) 48 (120.0) 127 (38.7) 553 (15.66)

20 (50.0) 85 (25.9) 69 (1.95) 49 (122.5) 128 (39.0) 580 (16.42)

21 (52.5) 88 (26.8) 78 (2.21) 50 (125.0) 129 (39.3) 609 (17.24)

22 (55.0) 90 (27.4) 87 (2.46) 51 (127.5) 130 (39.6) 638 (18.06)

23 (57.5) 92 (28.01) 97 (2.75) 52 (130.0) 131 (39.9) 669 (18.94)

24 (60.0) 94 (28.7) 107 (3.03) 53 (132.5) 132 (40.2) 700 (19.82)

25 (62.5) 96 (29.3) 118 (3.34) 54 (135.0) 133 (40.5) 732 (20.73)

26 (65.0) 98 (29.9) 130 (3.68) 55 (137.5) 133 (40.5) 758 (21.46)

27 (67.5) 100 (30.5) 142 (4.02) 56 (140.0) 134 (40.8) 792 (22.43)

28 (70.0) 101 (30.8) 153 (4.33) 57 (142.5) 135 (41.1) 827 (23.42)

29 (72.5) 103 (31.4) 167 (4.73) 58 (145.0) 136 (41.5) 863 (24.44)

30 (75.0) 105 (32.0) 182 (5.15) 59 (147.5) 137 (41.8) 900 (25.48)

31 (77.5) 106 (32.3) 196 (5.55) 60 (150.0) 138 (42.0) 938 (26.56)

32 (80.0) 108 (32.9) 212 (6.00)

*Ref: M. Azam Malik 1970. Local Volume Tables of the coniferous forests of NWFP Pakistan, Vol: 3 (PP 30-31)

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 4: Local (Total) Volume Fir – Kohistan Forests


D.B.H. Estimated

Total Height

Estimated

Volume

D.B.H. Estimated

Total Height

Estimated

Volume


3

4 (10.0) 19 (5.8) 2 (0.06) 39 (97.5) 126 (38.4) 327 (9.26)

5 (12.5) 25 (7.6) 3 (0.08) 40 (100.0) 127 (38.7) 346 (9.80)

6 (15.0) 30 (9.1) 4 (0.11) 41 (102.5) 129 (39.3) 368 (10.4)

7 (17.5) 36 (11.0) 4 (0.11) 42 (105.0) 130 (39.6) 388 (11.98)

8 (20.0) 41 (12.5) 5 (0.14) 43 (107.5) 131 (39.9) 408 (11.55)

9 (22.5) 46 (14.0) 8 (0.23) 44 (110.0) 132 (40.2) 429 (12.15)

10 (25.0) 51 (15.5) 11 (0.31) 45 (112.5) 133 (40.5) 451 (12.77)

11 (27.5) 55 (16.8) 15 (0.42) 46 (115.0) 134 (40.8) 478 (13.53)

12 (30.0) 60 (18.3) 19 (0.54) 47 (117.5) 135 (41.1) 497 (14.07)

13 (32.5) 64 (19.5) 24 (0.68) 48 (120.0) 136 (41.5) 521 (14.75)

14 (35.0) 68 (20.7) 29 (0.82) 49 (122.5) 137 (41.8) 545 (15.43)

15 (37.5) 71 (21.6) 34 (0.96) 50 (125.0) 138 (42.1) 571 (16.17)

16 (40.0) 75 (22.9) 41 (1.16) 51 (127.5) 139 (42.4) 597 (16.90)

17 (42.5) 78 (23.8) 47 (1.33) 52 (130.0) 140 (42.7) 623 (17.64)

18 (45.0) 82 (25.0) 54 (1.53) 53 (132.5) 141 (43.0) 651 (18.43)

19 (47.5) 85 (25.9) 62 (1.75) 54 (135.0) 142 (43.3) 697 (19.23)

20 (50.0) 88 (26.8) 70 (1.98) 55 (137.5) 143 (43.6) 708 (20.25)

21 (52.5) 91 (27.7) 78 (2.20) 56 (140.0) 143 (43.6) 733 (20.76)

22 (55.0) 93 (28.4) 87 (2.46) 57 (142.5) 144 (43.9) 763 (21.6)

23 (57.5) 96 (29.3) 97 (2.75) 58 (145.0) 145 (44.2) 794 (22.5)

24 (60.0) 98 (29.9) 104 (3.03) 59 (147.5) 145 (44.2) 821 (23.25)

25 (62.5) 101 (30.8) 118 (3.34) 60 (150.0) 146 (44.5) 854 (24.18)

26 (65.0) 103 (31.4) 129 (3.65) 61 (152.5) 147 44.8) 887 (25.12)

27 (67.5) 105 (32.0) 140 (3.96) 62 (155.0) 147 (44.8) 916 (25.94)

28 (70.0) 107 (32.6) 153 (4.33) 63 (157.5) 148 (45.1) 950 (26.90)

29 (72.5) 109 (33.2) 166 (4.70) 64 (160.0) 148 (45.41 980 (27.75)

30 (75.0) 111 (33.8) 179 (5.07) 65 (162.5) 149 (45.4) 1016 (27.77)

31 (77.5) 113 (34.4) 193 (5.46) 66 (165.0) 150 (45.7) 1053 (29.82)

32 (80.0) 115 (35.1) 208 (5.89) 67 (167.5) 150 (45.7) 1085 (30.72)

33 (82.5) 117 (35.7) 224 (6.34) 68 (170.0) 151 (46.0) 1123 (31.80)

34 (85.0) 118 (36.0) 239 (6.77) 69 (172.5) 151 (46.0) 1156 (32.73)

35 (87.5) 120 (36.6) 256 (7.25) 70 (175.0) 152 (46.3) 1195 (33.84)

36 (90.0) 122 (37.2) 274 (7.76) 71 (177.5) 152 (46.3) 1229 (34.80)

37 (92.5) 123 (37.5) 290 (8.21) 72 (180.0) 152 (46.3) 1264 (35.80)

38 (95.0) 125 (38.1) 310 (8.78)

* Ref: M. Azam Malik 1970. Local Volume Tables of the coniferous forests of NWFP Pakistan, Vol: 3 (PP 28-29)

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 5: Local (Total) Volume Spruce – Kohistan Forests


D.B.H. Estimated

Total Height

Estimated

Volume

D.B.H. Estimated

Total Height

Estimated

Volume


3

4 (10.0) 11 (3.35) 3 (0.08) 36 (90.0) 118 (36.0) 264 (7.47)

5 (12.5) 19 (5.79) 4 (0.11) 37 (92.5) 119 (36.3) 280 (7.93)

6 (15.0) 27 (8.23) 5 (0.14) 38 (95.0) 120 (36.6) 297 (8.41)

7 (17.5) 35 (10.67) 5 (0.14) 39 (97.5) 121 (36.9) 315 (8.92)

8 (20.0) 42 (12.80) 6 (0.16) 40 (100.0) 121 (36.9) 330 (9.34)

9 (22.5) 49 (14.94) 10 (0.28) 41 (102.5) 122 (37.2) 348 (9.85)

10 (25.0) 55 (16.77) 14 (0.40) 42 (105.0) 123 (37.5) 368 (10.42)

11 (27.5) 61 (18.60) 19 (0.35) 43 (107.5) 124 (37.8) 388 (10.99)

12 (30.0) 66 (20.12) 23 (0.65) 44 (110.0) 124 (37.8) 405 (11.47)

13 (32.5) 70 (21.34) 28 (0.79) 45 (112.5) 125 (38.1) 426 (12.06)

14 (35.0) 75 (22.86) 34 (0.96) 46 (115.0) 126 (38.4) 448 (12.68)

15 (37.5) 78 (23.78) 39 (1.10) 47 (117.5) 126 (38.4) 467 (13.22)

16 (40.0) 82 (25.00) 45 (1.27) 48 (120.0) 127 (38.7) 490 (13.87)

17 (42.5) 85 (25.91) 52 (1.47) 49 (122.05) 127 (38.7) 509 (14.41)

18 (45.0) 88 (26.82) 59 (1.67) 50 (125.0) 128 (39.0) 534 (15.12)

19 (47.5) 91 (27.74) 66 (1.86) 51 (127.5) 128 (39.0) 554 (15.69)

20 (50.0) 93 (28.35) 74 (2.09) 52 (130.0) 129 (39.3) 580 (16.42)

21 (52.5) 96 (29.27) 83 (2.35) 53 (132.5) 129 (39.3) 602 (17.05)

22 (55.0) 98 (29.88) 91 (2.58) 54 (135.0) 130 (45.6) 629 (17.81)

23 (57.5) 100 (30.49) 100 (2.83) 55 (137.5) 130 (45.6) 652 (18.46)

24 (60.0) 102 (31.10) 110 (3.11) 56 (140.0) 131 (45.9) 680 (19.25)

25 (62.5) 104 (31.71) 121 (3.42) 57 (142.5) 131 (45.9) 704 (19.93)

26 (65.0) 105 (32.01) 130 (3.68) 58 (145.0) 132 (40.2) 734 (20.78)

27 (67.5) 107 (32.62) 142 (4.02) 59 (147.5) 132 (40.2) 759 (21.49)

28 (70.0) 108 (32.93) 153 (4.33) 60 (150.0) 132 (40.2) 784 (22.20)

29 (72.5) 110 (33.54) 166 (4.70) 61 (152.5) 133 (40.5) 816 (23.31)

30 (75.0) 111 (33.84) 178 (5.04) 62 (155.0) 133 (40.5) 842 (23.84)

31 (77.5) 112 (34.15) 190 (5.38) 63 (157.5) 134 (40.8) 876 (24.80)

32 (80.0) 114 (34.76) 205 (5.80) 64 (160.0) 134 (40.8) 903 (25.57)

33 (82.5) 115 (35.06) 219 (6.20) 65 (162.5) 134 (40.8) 930 (26.33)

34 (85.0) 116 (35.36) 234 (6.63) 78 (165.0) 138 (42.1) 1371 (38.82)

35 (87.5) 117 (35.67) 249 (7.05)

* Ref: M. Azam Malik 1978. Local Volume Tables of the coniferous species of NWFP Pakistan, Forestry Research Series

No.3 (PP 31-32)

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 4


TABLE D – 6: Trees, Plants, Herbs and Shrubs of Medicinal and Economic Value

Pattan Valley

Sr.

No. Local Name

Common

Name Botanical Name

Plant

Type Part Used Uses

1 Aob Shrub Leaf Tea

2 Aocho Shrub Fruit Food

3 Aoon Vibernum

contifolium Tree Fruit Food

4 Aozake Shrub - Medicine

5 Ashano Aesculus indica Tree Seed Medicine

6 Aspinder Tree Seed -

7 Asano Shrub Leaf Medicine

8 Badbatin Deutzia staminea - - -

9 Balo Shrub Root Medicine

10 Bangra Shrub Leaf Medicine

11 Bani Quercus baloot Tree Leaf Fodder

12 Banke Polygonum

paronychioides Shrub Leaf/Seed Medicine

13 Barbateen Salix species Tree Wood Firewood

14 Bareet Prunus cornuta Tree Fruit Food

15 Basmol Fern - Medicine

16 Batpaleo Herb Leaf Food

17 Baon Salix willichianum Tree Leaf Fodder/

Firewood

18 Bhang Cannabis sativa Shrub Leaf Medicine

19 Bareet Prunus cornuta Tree Wood Firewood

20 Burbur Anthriscus

nemorose Herb - -

21 Buti Geum elatum Herb Leaf Medicine

22 Chain Acer cappocicum Tree Leaf Food/

Firewood

23 Chylon Dioscorea

deltoidea Climber Root Medicine

24 Chaygori Herb Root Medicine

25 Chin Acer Caesium Tree Wood Firewood

26 Chodan Taxus wallichiana Tree Fruit Medicine/

Food

27 Choee Blue Pine

Kail Pinus wallichiana Tree Wood

Firewood

Timber

28 Chokibeiyon Shrub Leaf Medicine

29 Choko Aconogonum

Alpinum Shrub Leaf -

30 Cholaki Fern - -

31 Choro Tree Root Medicine

32 Chotyal Rheum

webbianum Herb Root Medicine

33 Chukni Jurinea

doloamiaea Herb Root Medicine

35 Danon Pomagranate Punica granatum Tree Fruit/-Bark Medicine/

Food

36 Dandasa Walnut Juglans regia Tree Fruit Bark

Medicine/

Annexure D–1

Page 2 of 4


Fruit/

Furniture

37 Geroli/Bani Quercus baloot Tree Seed Leaf Medicine

Fodder

38 Ghandii Sambucus

wightianum Shrub Root Medicine

39 Gorte Sorbus lanata Tree Fruit Food

40 Guchi Morcela esculanta Fungus Fruit Food

41 Gup Sorbus

chrysanthemoides Herb Leaf Fodder

42 Gurtu/Gorte Sorbus lanata Tree Fruit Food

43 Hebre Fern - Food

44 Hargoli Tree Fruit Food

45 Hatoi Pteridium

aquilinum Fern Leaf Food

46 Hayon Herb Seed Food

47 Hobobal Rumex dentatus Shrub Leaf/Root Medicine

48 Ispabote Shrub Leaf Medicine

49 Isparki Thymus linearis Herb Seed/ Leaf Medicine

50 Jocho Circium

falconeri Herb Root Food

51 Jaman Herb Flower Medicine

52 Jhojh Betula utilis Tree Bark/-Leaf

Paper/

Medicine/

Fuelwood/

Timber

53 Jomi Urtica dioica Herb Leaf/Root Medicine

54 Jaglot Viburnum

grandiflorus Tree Fruit/Wood Food/Fuel

55 Kalbeer Sorbus

Microphyla Tree Root Medicine

56 Kao Olea ferruginae Tree Leaf Medicine

57 Karal Spruce Picea simithiana Tree Wood Fuelwood/

58 Karhi Sorbaria

tomentosa Herb Leaf -

59 Kasodar Fraxinus

xanthoxyloides Tree Leaf Medicine

60 Kasti Indigofera

heterantha Bush Root Medicine

61 Kathan Wichstromia

canescens Shrub - -

62 Kaur Palao Seseli libonatis Herb - -

63 Kayrmat gel Tarxacum

officinalis Herb Root Medicine

64 Khako Tree Fruit/Wood Food/

Medicine

65 Khakra Herb Root Medicine

66 Khardal Herb Leaf Medicine

67 Khegio Herb - -

68 Kiklohukbursa Chenopodium

folisum Herb - -

69 Koindaru Valeriana

stracheyi Herb - Medicine

70 Kondral Impatiens sp Herb - -

71 Kono Bush Root Medicine

72 Korat Berginea ciliata Herb Root Medicine

72 Logan Tree Leaf -

74 Lilyo Viola caespitosa Herb Flower Medicine

Annexure D–1

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75 Loh Herb Root Medicine

76 Loni Cotoneaster

bacillaris Shrub Fruit Food

77 Magrath Vitis jaquemontii Climber Fruit Food

78 Malkaoh Bistorta affine Bush - -

79 Malphatoi Pedicularis spp Herb - -

80 Mamaikh Paenia emodi Herb Root Medicine

81 Mamere Cirydalis sp. Herb Root Medicine

82 Maniri Aconitum sp. Herb Root Medicine

83 Marerang Tree Seed -

84 Marjana Fern - Medicine

85 Minayl Saussuria Lappa Herb Root Medicine

86 Mukbuesah Fragaria nubicola Herb Fruit Food

87 Murel Herb Root Medicine

88 Mushkbala Valeriana

jatamansi Herb Root Medicine

89 Mushkoro Bush Root Medicine

90 Namero Rhododendron

arboreum Shrub

Leaf/

Flower Medicine

91 Nik Shrub Leaf -

92 Ocho Shrub Root Medicine

93 Pabra Herb - Medicine

94 Palon Allium humile Herb Leaf Food

95 Paloojh Deodar Cedrus deodara Tree Wood Firewood/

Timber

96 Pashay Myostis alpestris Herb - -

97 Pashakar Lonicera

caucasica Shrub - -

98 Pashot Patrotiopsis

jaquemontiana Shrub Wood Firewood

99 Phagol Herb Flower Medicine

100 Peechii Sedum Tree Fruit Food

ewersii

101 Phebel Mentha Herb Leaf Medicine

longifolia

102 Pulpalak Aconogonon

alpinum Shrub Lead

Fish

Poison

103 Punar Inula royleana Herb - -

104 Rain Bistorta

amplexicaulis Herb Leaf/Root Vegetable

105 Rain Fir Abies pindrow Tree Wood Firewood/

Timber

106 Rangsalu Lonicera ayrtsllua Shrub Fruit Food

107 Raon Achillea

millifolium Herb - -

108 Ratajokh Geranium

wallchianum Herb Root Medicine

109 Ratrati Arnebia benthamii Herb Root Medicine

110 Satetab Herb Root Medicine

111 Sezan Ziziphus sp. Tree Root/Bark Medicine

112 Shangoy Podophyllum

hexandrum Herb Root Medicine

113 Shegay Rosa webbiana Bush Flower Medicine

114 Sheteel Fungus Fruit Food

115 Shugloo Berberis

brandisiana Bush Root Medicine

Annexure D–1

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116 Shukhan Aesculus indica Tree Wood/

Fruit

Firewood/

Timber

Food

117 Shwansh Filipendula

vestitas Herb - Medicine

118 Sumbul Adiantum

venustum Fern Leaf Medicine

119 Tali Shisham Dalbergia sissoo Tree Bark Timber

Firewood

120 Taren Shrub Fruit Food

121 Thoktkoe Shrub Leaf Medicine

122 Tholesh Caltha palustris Tree Fruit Food

123 Titreen Euphorbia

wallichiana Shrub Root Medicine

124 Tondel Tree Fruit Food

125 Trepth Saussurea

candolleana Herb - -

126 Tubuoki Chambeli Jasminium humile Shrub Flower Aromatic

Scent

127 Urni Corylus

jacquemontii Tree Seed Medicine

128 Yumpi Nepeta sp. Herb Leaf Medicine

129 Zacali Herb - Food

130 Zain Tree Fruit Food

131 Zazalo Rabdosia rugosa Herb Root Medicine

132 Zakeeni Shrub Leaf -

133 Zoon Shrub Leaf -

Annexure D–1

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TABLE D – 7: Mammals/Wild Animals Found At Different Altitudes in the Study Area

Sr.

No. Scientific Name

Sheena or

Kohistani

Name

English/Common

Name

UrduVernacular

Name

1 *Uncia uncia Deen/Seho Snow Leopard Barfani Cheeta

2 Panthera pardus Karao Leopard Cheeta

3 Felis lynx Buk Biaroo Lynx Sia Gosh

4 Felis bengalensis Sher Deen Leopard Cat Cheeta Bili,

Guldar

5 Canis lupus

pallipes Shal/Shurmukh Wolf Bheria

6 **Ursus arctos Gordanch/Each Brown/Red Bear Bhoora Reesch

7 Selanaretos

thibetanus Kanwanch/Eech Black Bear Kala Reesch

8 *Moschus

moschiferus/

Chrysogaster

Rooz/Ramosai Musk Deer Mushk Nafa

9 Capra falconeri Sharao/Boom Markhor Markhor

10 Capra Ibex cibirica Keel Humalayan Ibex Keel

11 Hystrix indica She Porcupine/Chinese

Birch Mouse She/Khar Pusht

12 Murmota caudata - Himalayan/ Golden

Mermot -

13 Martes flavigula - Yellow throated

Marten -

14 Martes foina - Stone Marten -

15 Mustela altaica - Altai Weasel -

16 Pseudois nayyar - Blue Sheep -

17 Vulpes vulpes - Red Fox -

18 Lepus capensis - Cape Hare -

19 Eupetaurus

cinereus -

Wolly Flying

Squirrel -

20 Hylopetes

fimbicatus -

Small Kashmir

flying Squirrel -

21 Ochotona roylei - \rpu;e’s Pika -

22 Apodemus rusiges

(syn: sylvaticus) -

Long tailed Field

Mouse -

23 Mus booduga - Field Mouse -

24 Rattus

turkestanicus - Turkestan’s Rat -

25 - - Lesser Shrew -

26 Dryomys nitedula - Forest Darmouse -

27 Alticola roylei (Syn:

argentatus) -

Royle’s High

mountain Vole -

28 - - Migratory Hamster -

29 Hyperacrius fertilis - True’s Vole -

30 Lutra lutra - Common Otter -

*Asterisk marked animals are rare/ at the verge of extinction

**Animals supposed to be extinct or critically endangered.

Annexure D–1

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TABLE D – 8: Birds & Fowls Found In the Belt Of Dassu – Chilas at Different Altitudes In

The Mountains along the Indus River and kkh

Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name

1 Long legged Buzard Buteo rufinus

2 Lanceolated Jay Garrulus lanceolatus

3 Spotted Nutcracker Nucifragta caryocatactes

4 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos

5 Northern Wren Troglodytes troglodytes

6 Jerduous Accentor Prunella strophiata

7 Black Redstart Phoenicurus caeruleocephalus

8 Yellow-browed Warbler Phyllooscopus inornatus

9 Brooke’s Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus subvirides

10 Salty Blue Flycatcher Fecidula tricolor

11 White Cheekd Nuthatch Aegithalos leucogenys

12 Gold Fronted Finch Sitta leucopsis

13 Gold Fronted Finch Serinus pussillus

14 Grey-headed Gold Finch Carduelis carduelis caniceps

15 Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus

16 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

17 Himalayan Griffon Vulture Gyps himalayensis

18 Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus

19 Chukar Alectoris chukar

20 Lammergier Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus

21 Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis

22 Eastern Rock Dove Columba rupestris

23 Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota

24 Eastern Rock Dove Apus apus

25 Snow Pigeon Eremophila alpestris

26 Eastern Swift Ptyoproprogne rupestris

27 Horned Lark Delichon urbica

28 Brown Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis

29 Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris

30 Blue Throat Luscinia svecica

31 Phoenicurus pleschanka

32 Wall Creeper Tichodroma muraria

33 Red-billed Chough Phyrrhocorax granculus

34 Yellow-billed Chough Phyrrhocorax phyrrocorax

35 Red-breasted Rosefinch Carpodacus puniceus

36 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citerola

37 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla cinerea

38 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea

39 Pied Wagtail Motacillaalba

Annexure D–1

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TABLE D – 9: Important Pheasants and Birds of Galli Formes Order

Sr.

No. Scientific Name

Sheena or

Kohistani

Name

English/Common

Name

UrduVernacular

Name

1 Aloctoris graeea Kanks Chakor Chakoor

2 *Tragopan

melanoeephalus Jageel

Western Horned

Tragopan Dangir

3 Lophophorus impeyanus Bolash, Lasch,

Lent, Shaeer

Himalayan Monal

pheasant Murgh-e-Zareen

4 *Lophura leucomelana Kaleej Whilte crested Kalij Kaleej, Ban Kukri

5 Pucrasia macrolopha Bachaehoo Koklas pheasant Begaar, Behgir

6 Tetraogaeeus

himalayensis -

Himalayan Snow

Cock Ram Chukor

7 * Chir Pheasant Cheer Pheasant Chir Pheasant

*Asterisk marked animals and birds are rare at the verge of extinction

Annexure D–1

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TABLE D – 10: Plants Used as Fuel Wood

Sr.

No. Scientific/Botanical Name

Local

Name Common Name

Family/Sub

Family

1 Acacia modesta wall Kaker Phulahi Leguminoseae

2 Abies pindrow, Royle Rhein Silver Fir/

Shamshad Conifereae

3 Aesculus indica wall Kasunar Paludar Hippocastinaceae

4 Artemisia scoporia Zoon Artemesia Asteraceae

5 Berberis lyceum Royle Churka - Berberidaceae

6 Bergenia stracheyi Boiss Korat - Saxifragaceae

7 Cedrus deodara (Roxb ex

Lamb) Phlooj Deodar, Cedar Pinaceae

8 Diospyrus lotus Linn Amlook Amloak, Embenaceae

9 Ficus carica Forsk Phag Injeer Moraceae

10 Hippophae rhamnoides Linn Buru - Elaegnaceae

11 Juglans regia Linn Achoey Walnut, Akhrot Juglandaceae

12 Juniperus communis Linn Chilli Juniper Pinaceae

13 Juniperus macropoda Boiss Tik chilli Juniper Pinaceae

14 Morus alba Linn Sho marosh Mulberry, Toot

Safed Moraceae

15 Morus nigra linn Kino marosh Mulberry, Toot Siah Moraceae

16 Melia azedarach Linn Nirku Bakain Meliaceae

17 Myrsine Africana Linn Abou Myrsinaceae

18 Olea furrugenea Linn Kou Wild Zaitoon Oleaceae

19 Pinus gerardiana Wall Yonjii Chilgoza, Nut Pine Pinaceae

20 Pinus wallichiana A.B

Jackson Chein Blue Pine, kail Pinaceae

21 Pinus roxburghii sergent Chein Chir Pine, chil Pinaceae

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 11: Plants Used as Vegetables and Pot Herb

Sr.

No. Scientific/Botanical Name

Local

Name Common Name Family/Sub Family

1 Allium cepa Linn Kashoo Liliaceae

2 Allium sativum Linn Thoom Garlic, Lassan Liliaceae

3 Amaranthus caudatus Ghenari - Amaranthaceae

4 Brassica compastris Linn Asger - Brassicaceae

5 Brassica oleracea Linn Gobhi Cabbage Bassicaceae

6 Brassica capitata Linn Ban gobhi - Brassicaceae

7 Brassica botrytis Linn Phul gobhi Cauliflower, Phul

Gobhi Brassicaceae

8 Beta vulgaris Linn Chakandar Beet Root,

Chukandar Chenopodiaceae

9 Cucurbita pepo Linn Sesi wond - Cucurbitaceae

10 Citrullus vulgaris Linn Wond - Cucurbitaceae

11 Cucumis sativus Linn Laa - Cucurbitaceae

12 Daucus carota Linn Gazari Carrot, Gajar Apiaceae

13 Hibiscus esculentus Linn Bhindi Lady Finger,

Okra Cucurbitaceae

14 Ipomea batatus Linn Razalo alu Potato, Aaloo, Convolvulaceae

15 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill Balugan - Solanaceae

16 Luffa escutangula (Linn) Roxb Kinnnu

baluga - Cucurbitaceae

17 Malva parviflora Shanee - Malvaceae

18 Memordica charantia Linn Toki - Brassicaceae

19 Pisum sativum Linn Mattar Peas, Papilionaceae

Annexure D–1

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TABLE D – 12: Fruit Plants Grown in the area, also used for agricultural implements

Sr.

No.

Scientific/

Botanical Name

Local


1 Abies pindrwo Royle Rhein Fir, Shamshad Pinaceae

2 Aescules indica Kasunar Hipocartinaceae

3 Acacia modesta Wall Kaker Phulahi, Momosaceae

4 Betula utilis D.Don Janji - Betulaceae

5 Betula alnoids Ham Chonijonji - Betulaceae

6 Cedrus deodara (Roxb) Phlooj Deodar, Cedar Pinaceae

7 Disospyrus lotus Linn Amlook Amloak Ebenaceae

8 Ficus palmate Forsk Phag Injeer Moraceae

9 Juglans regia Linn Achoey Walnut, Akhroat, Juglandaceae

10 Morus alba Linn Sho Marosh Mulberry, Toot

White/Safed Moraceae

11 Morus nigra Linn Kino Marosh Mulberry, Toot Siah Moraceae

12 Olea ferrugenea Royle Kao - Oleaceae

13 Pinus wallichiana Kachal Blue Pine, Kail Pinceae

14 Pinus longifolia Roxb Chein Chir Pine, Chil Pinceae

15 Pius gerardiana Wall Yonji Chilgoza, Nut Pine Pinceae

16 Platanus orientalis Linn Bichu Chinar, Platanaceae

17 Prunus armeniaca Marsh Juei - Rosaceae

18 Prunus amygdalus Batsch Badam Almond, Badam Rosaceae

19 Pyrus communis Linn Tango Pear – Nashpati Rosaceae

20 Pyrus pashia Ham x D. Don Tango - Rosaceae

21 Prunus avium Linn Gilas Cherry Rosaceae

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 13: Honey Bee Species

Sr.

No.

Scientific/

Botanical Name Local Name Common Name

Family/Sub

Family

1 Acacia modesta Wall Kaker Phulahi Memosaceae

2 Adhatoda vesica Nees Ak - Acanthaceae

3 Cannabis sativa Linn Thooji Bhang, Marijuana Canabaceae

4 Cannabis sativa Linn Pely phunar - Asteraceae

5 Cucubita maxima Linn Sangare

phunar - Cucurbitaceae

6 Dicliptra aroxbugiana Nees Jabati phunar - Acanthaceae

7 Fragaria vesica Linn Tunder - Rosaceae

8 Helianthus annus Linn Sadbaru - Asteraceae

9 Hippophae rhamonoides Linn Buru - Elaeagnaceae

10 Indegofera heterantha Wall ex

Brand Nili phunar - Papilionaceae

11 Jasminum humile Linn Chambeli Yellow Jasmine Pleaceae

12 Malus pumila Mill Fala - Rosaceae

13 Melia azadarach Linn Nirku Bakain Meliaceae

14 Narcissus tazetta Linn Nagas Nargis Amarullidaceae

15 Nerium indicum Mill Nirku Kanar Myrtaceae

16 Papaver somniferum Linn Kashkhas - Papaveraceae

17 Pisum sativum Linn Khuken - Papilionaceae

18 Prunus armeniaca Marsh Jueyi - Rosaceae

19 Prunus arygdalus Btsch Bedam Almond, Badam Rosaceae

20 Pyrus bokhariensis Royle Alu bukhara Alu Bukhara Rosaceae

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 14: Plants Used for Thatching, Sheltering and Roofing

Sr.

No. Scientific/Botanical Name Local Name Common Name Family/Sub Family

1 Abies pindrow Nees Muthari/Rhein Fir, Shamshad Pinaceae

2 Artemisia scoporia Royle Zoon - Asteraceae

3 Betula utilis D.Don. Jongi - Betulaceae

4 Cedrus deodara (Roxb ex

lanb) Phlooge Deodar, Cedar Pinaceae

5 Juglans regia Linn Achoey Walnut, Akhroat Juglandaceae

6 Morus alba Linn Sho marosh Mulberry, Toot

Safed Moraceae

7 Morus nigra Linn Kino marosh Mulberry, Toot

Siah Moraceae

8 Myrsine africana Linn Abou - Myrsinaceae

9 Malus pumila Mill Fala - Rosaceae

10 Olea ferrugenea Royle Kao Wild Olve Oleaceae

11 Juniperus macropoda Boiss Chilli Juniper Cupressaceae

12 Juniperus communis Linn Bari chilli Juniper Cupressaceae

13 Populus nigra linn Phus Poplar, Safeda Salicaceae

14 Pinus gerardiana Wall Yonji Chilgoza, Nut

Pine Pinaceae

15 Pinus longifolia Roxb Chein Chir Pine, Chil Pinaceae

16 Picea smithiana (wall) Boiss Kachal Spruce, Sanober Pinaceae

17 Populus ciliate Linn Sho phus Poplar Safed Salicaceae

18 Platanus orientalis Linn Bichu Chinar Platanaceae

19 Prunus amygdalus Batsch Badam Almond, Badam Rosaceae

20 Quercus incana Roxb Bani Oak, Baloot Fagaceae

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 15: Poisonous Plants

Sr.

No.

Scientific/

Botanical Name Local Name

Common

Name

Family/Sub

Family

1 Arisaema flavum schoii Morilboti - Acanthaceae

2 Aconitum leave Linn Bish - Ranunculaceae

3 Aconitum chasmanthum Bishmolo - Ranunculaceae

4 Buxus sempervirens HK Kilimamure - Buxaceae

5 Calotropis procera (Willd)

R.Br. Mthary AK, Aspiadaceae

6 Euphorbia helioscopia(L) Sanger-e-phunar - Euphorbiaceae

7 Euphorbia wallichii Muril - Euphorbiaceae

8 Polygonum barbatum Linn Bish kasoor - Polygonaceae

9 Traxicum officinale webber Cheenga - Asteraceae

10 Taxus wallichiana (Zucc) Han - Taxaceae

11 Vitis negundo Linn Jangli zach - Verbenaceae

12 Sorghan helepense (Linn) Phunar Poa Poaceae

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 16: Timber Yielding Plants

Sr.

No.

Scientific/

Botanical Name

Local


1 Abies pindrow Royle Muthari Fir, Shamshad Pinaceae

2 Aesculus indica Wall Nirku - Hippocastinaceae

3 Betula utilis D.Don Jonjii - Betulaceae

4 Acacia modesta Wall Kaker Phulahi Memosaceae

5 Cedrus deodara (Roxb) Phulooj Deodar, Cedar Pinaceae

6 Diospyrus lotus Linn Amlook Amloak Ebenaceae

7 Ficus carica Linn Phang Injeer Moraceae

8 Juglans regia Linn Achoey Walnut, Akhroat Juglandaceae

9 Morus alba Linn Shoe Marosh Muberry, Toot Safed Moraceae

10 Morus nigra Linn Kino Marosh Mulberry, Toot Siah Moraceae

11 Pinus gerardiana Wall Jholash Chilgoza, Nut Pine Pinaceae

12 Pinus wallichiana Chein Blue Pine, Kail Pinaceae

13 Picea smithiana (Wall) Rein Spruce/Sanobar Pinaceae

Annexure D–1

Page 1 of 1


TABLE D – 17: Persons Contacted

Sr.No. Name of Person

1. Malik Muhammad Mumtaz, Chief Conservator (Director General) Wildlife

NWFP. (Phone 091-9211479)

2. Mr. Hyder Zaman, Conservator of Forests Abbotabad Circle, Abbotabad.

3. ( Phone 0992-9310232)

4. Mr. Naseem Hijazi, Divisional Forest Officer, Upper Kohistan Forest

Division, Dasu. (Phone 0998-407022)

5. Mr.Gul Muhammad, Deputy Director (EDO) Agriculture Dasu. (Phone

0998-407106)

6. Dr. Razaul Haq, Director General Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

(Phone 091-9216129)

7. Mr. Shabbir Mughal, Forest Botanist, Pakistan Forest

Institute, Peshawar. (Phone 091-9216187)

8. Mr. Muhammad Tehmasp, Sub Divisional Forest Officer, Harban, Shatyal

(Dasu)

9. Mr.Muhammad Riaz, Sub Divisional Forest Officer, Komila/Seo/Khandia

Area and Jalkot Forest Range, Dasu.

10. Mr. Muhammad Mumtaz, Deputy Ranger, Incharge Wildlife Dasu

11. Mr. Faizullah, Livestock & Dairy Development Deptt. Veterinary Assistant

Dasu

12. Haji Abdul Latif Afridi, Forest Contractor And Businessman, Dasu.(Phone

0998-407102)

13. Mr.Muhammad Nazir Qureshi, Area Officer, Pakistan Tourism

Development Corporation Abbotabad.

14. Mr.Toor Mullah, General Store & Medicinal Plant Dealer, Main Bazar,

Dasu/Kamila.

15. Mr.Haleem Fazalur Rehman, Herbal Physician (Unani Hakeem) Komila

Road, Dasu.

16. Mr. Muhammad Asghar, Forester Check Post Shatyal

17. Mr.Abdul Hadi, Forest Guard Shatyal.

18. Mr. Umer Khan, Forest Guard, Harban/Shtyal.

19. Mr. Mir Hassan, Forest Guard Harban/Shatyal.

20. Mr. Chiragh Din, Forest Guard Basha/Harban.

21. Mr. Fazalur Rehman, Fisherman Harban Nullah

22. Dr. Muhammad Qasim, Medical Superintendent Chilas/Shatyal.

23. Mr. Raza Wali Khan, Nazim Shatyal/Sazin.

24. Mr.Salah-ud Din, Forest Contractor, Soomer Nallah.

25. Mr. Gul Mian, Local Resident Dasu.

26. Malik Mukhtar, Prominent Landlord/Ex-Tehsil Nazi Sigloo/Seo Vally

27. Mr. Gul Dad, Landlord Shinglee/Sigloo,Seo Valley.

28. Mr. Abdul Qadoos, Junior Clerk, DCO District Council, Dasu.

29. Mr. Yousaf Khan, Landlord, Employees of Education Department, Dasu.

30. Mr. Muhamamd Sabir, Farmer Seo Valley.

31. Mr. Hussain Khan, Agricultural Assistant (Crops &

32. Poultry Unit) Dasu.

33. Mr. Fazal Dad, Shopkeeper Aleel – Khandia Valley

34. Malik Sikandar Gabral, Khandia Valley

35. Malik Samander, Thuthi Village, Khandia Valley.

36. Malik Fareedoon, Thuthi Kandia Valley.

ANNEXURE D – 2

NATURAL FAUNA AND FLORA OF

KANDIA AND UTHER VALLEYS

Annexure D–2 Page 1 of 10


NATURAL FAUNA AND FLORA OF KANDIA AND UTHER VALLEYS

1. General

Natural Fauna and Flora of Kandia and Uther Valleys is diversified and variety of Flora and Fauna exists. This Flora and Fauna is though out of the Project area yet its significance as a part of the overall equal system of these regions can hardly be over-emphasized.

2. Upper Area

The area which is much above the influence of Project has some of the globally endangered species of wildlife, Medicinal Plants and Avifauna. Among Wildlife Mammals are Flare Horned Markhor, Brown Bear, Musk Deer and Snow Leopard. Avifauna includes Tragopan Pheasant, Koklas, Monal and Snow Cock Pheasants. A list of threatened animals & birds is given in Table 3. Medicinal plant which have become rare or threatened with extinction are Karru, and Costus roots.

3. Typical Montane Ecosystem (Kandia And Uther Forests)

Kandia – Uther is one of the important and largest watershed of the area. It is located on right bank of Indus river. It contains a typical Vibrant Montane Ecosystem These valleys have a unique, but fragile eco-system comprising a rich bio-diversity of plants, wildlife, birds, fish etc. Kandia-Uther valley has a total surface area of 622,720 acres (252,014 ha), of which 122,249 acres (49,470 ha) i.e. 20% area is covered by Forests. The maximum length of valley along river Khandia is about 97 km and maximum width is about 74 km of which 28 km are approachable by un-metalled Jeep Road upto Zambil. Kandia valley is drained by Kandia river into Indus near suspension bridge, 22 km upstream of Dasu. Uthor valley drains directly into river Indus through Uthor Khawar near Gobar about 10 km upstream from Khandia bridge. Kandia valley has a number of sub - valleys. 3.1 Forests and Vegetation

The forests in kandia – Uther valley are generally confined to steep and precipitous slopes. The watershed is characterized by high mountains having 18 high peaks between El. 3963 m and 5945 m (13,000 feet and 19,500 feet respectively). Means of communication are nearly extinct. Physiography is complex and outcrops, talus slopes and cliffs are common. Prominent dividing ridges and Indus river delineate the watersheds of Kandia - Uther valley from adjoining areas. The tract lies between 35o – 17’ and 35o – 54’ N - latitudes and 72o – 45’ and 73o – 25’ E longitudes. It is bounded by Diamer district of Gilgit Agency, Swat district, Pattan, Dubair and Seo – Goyal valleys and Indus river. However all the boundaries of the valley with adjoining districts are un-demarcated. Dasu Hydropower Project Area is located between El. 772m (at Dam Axis) and El. 957 m and do not exert any significant impact on the bio-diversity of upper areas because real forests and prime vegetation are situated above El. 1677m (5500 ft). However bio-diversity of upper areas of watershed have very profound effect on the water quality/quantity and other factors flowing down therefore a modest account of the Terrestrial Eco-system of the Upper area is deemed to be necessary. Moreover an understanding of the eco-systems and eco-resources of this area which is representative of entire area is of vital importance. Water quality, quantity and water storage life of Dasu reservoir will also improve by proper management and functioning of this eco-system.



3.2 Altitudes and Vegetation

Elevations in the Kandia – Uthor valley vary from about 1035m (3395 feet) at Thuti in the South-East to about 5946 m (19500 feet) in the North-West on boundary with Swat district at Falakser top. Naturally occurring level grounds are rare in the valley. The only level area is about 101 ha (250 acres) in Maidan Dara. There are however a number of man-made level areas of varying extent in the form of agricultural fields carved out of mountain slopes by clearing tree growth, levelling and terracing it for practicing agriculture. The real forests are situated mainly between an elevation of 1677m (5500 feet) and 3200m (10500 feet) which is far above the Project reservoir area. The forest form more or less a continuous belt above the cultivated fields and habitations and below the alpine pastures. The main species are Deodar (Cedrus deodara), Kail, Fir (Abies pindrow), Spruce (Picea smithiana), and Chilgoza pine ( Pinus gerardiana). The lower limit comes down to El. 1035 m (3400 feet) where broad leaved Quercus baloot (oak) is the dominant tree species. Below this level (1035 m) are least important scrub forests of low economic value which spread through the entire Project reservoir area. Forests are generally better stocked on northern and eastern aspects as compared to southern and western. The most degraded forests are found on southern aspect especially on precipitous slopes. The limiting factor in such areas is the non-availability of adequate moisture to help establish tree growth on shallow rocky soils. Avalanches (snow slides) occur commonly in the higher parts of valley. Snow stays all year round in glaciated zone, sheltered places and in beds of khwars above El. 3963 m (13000 feet). Land slides are not common in the area, however soil erosion, weathering, scree formation and cloud bursts transporting huge masses of mud and debris are a regular phenomenon. 3.3 Geology Rocks and Soils

The major rocks of the Kandia – Uther valley area are amphibolites (gneissose metaigneous); some banded (meta sedimentary), and morites-diorites (the former also having a clinopyroxene) and minor alpine periodotites, granitic rocks, pegmatites, and low grade regionally metamorphosed schists in Kandia valley. The norites-diorites are abundant in the north, the amphibolites in the south. Tentative ages have been assigned to the rocks: the various igneous rocks are considered to be related to the Himalayan orogeny and emplaced between Middle/Late cretaceous and Early Tertiary. The rocks of district Kohistan (Kandia and Uthor valleys) are composed of the following types:

i) The Upper Swat Hornblendic group ii) The Kandia schists. iii) The Amphibolites. iv) Norite-Diorite rocks. v) Ultramafic rocks. vi) The Komila Granites. It is expected that sizeable granitic bodies occur in the upper reaches of the Khandia river. Some of the granite boulders, however, are slightly different from those of Komila due probably to the greater proportion of chlorite etc. Under the miscroscope, these rocks are composed mainly of feldspar, quartz and mica with minor proportions of epidote, garnet, chlorite , ore, apatite, and in some hornblende and rutile.



Hornblende is generally in traces except in some. Mica is represented by one or both of biotite and Muscovite.

3.4 Climate

The climate varies with altitude from dry sub-tropical in lower parts of the valley (including Reservoir Area) to dry-temperate, sub-alpine and alpine in upper reaches of Kandia and Uthor valleys of Upper Indus Kohistan. Summers are hot along Kandia and Indus rivers, but Winters are mild below an altitude of 5000 ft. (1538 m). However, summers are mild and winters severely cold in the sub-valleys and throughout the valley above an elevation zone of 1982 m (6,500 ft). Summer monsoons are generally not received except in Bagrodara and in areas adjoining Dubair valley. These areas are on the transititional zone situated at the tail end of the monsoon winds and as such receive showers of light intensity during July-August The dry spell starts from September and ends in December when winter snow starts falling and continues till the end of March above El. 2,896 m (9,500 ft). Occasionally snowfall does occur in April. Lower limit of snowfall is about El. 1,525 m (5,000 ft). Below El. 1,982 m (6,500 ft.) it does not stay long. The weather is hot from May to July at elevations below 1,538 m (5,000 ft). But, it is generally very pleasant in June, July, August and September at elevations above1,982 m (6,500 ft). 3.5 Meteorological Data

No meteorological observatory has been established in the area which might have up-to-date climatic data. Therefore, figures of the adjoining meteorological stations like Chilas and other dry-temperate zones notably Naran and Chitral having close similarity with the climate of the area are reproduced. This gives an idea of the climate of the tract in the wake of the non-availability of reliable data for the area. 3.5.1 Rainfall

The distribution of rainfall is controlled by two factors: namely monsoon winds and the relative elevation. By the time monsoon winds reach this area, they are devoid of moisture and hence they bring comparatively little rain to the area. Rainfall increases with increasing elevation upto 2,134 m (7,000 ft.) and then decreases due to reduced humidity. As the air becomes thinner and free of dust and moisture, it absorbs less radiation and consequently brings less rains to the area. The nearest observatory is at Chials (El. 1,015 m). The averages of the monthly precipitation recorded at this station as well as Naran (El. 2,490 m) and (Dir El. 1,707 m) having dry temperate climate are reproduced below in Table– 3.1.

Table 3.1: Rainfall Data (mm)

Month Chilas Naran Dir

January 7.9 64.5 127.2

February 14.5 294.1 154.2

March 27.4 337.1 192.5

April 46.0 255.8 158.1

May 30.2 90.2 96.1

June 6.1 25.7 50.9

July 11.7 58.4 143.5

August 7.1 38.1 131.7

September 2.3 62.0 90.9

October 18.8 92.2 38.6

November 5.1 49.0 40.3

December 11.2 77.5 64.9

TOTAL: 188 1,471 1,293

Note: i. Chilas averages are from 1967 to 1986. ii. Naran averages are for 1962 to 1965. Naran received 6m 19.7 ft.

snow and 983 mm rainfall in 1979. iii. Dir averages are from 1970 to 1981.



The average annual precipitation for Khandia and Uthor valleys is expected to be between 380 mm and 890 mm for the major part of the valleys. 3.5.2 Temperature

The temperature varies from place to place depending upon the elevation above mean sea level. The temperature in the lower parts (Project Area) may rise to 41oC – 42oC in summer. The averages of air temperature – daily (max. and min.) for Chilas, Naran and Dir are given below in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: Monthly Averages of Temperature (Fo)

Chilas Naran Dir Month

Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.

January 52.3 32.5 37.9 19.6 51.1 29.8

February 58.5 37.2 39.9 21.6 53.6 31.1

March 67.8 46.8 45.0 27.0 61.5 38.1

April 76.1 54.7 39.4 34.0 73.6 47.8

May 87.3 62.4 64.6 48.0 81.5 54.3

June 96.4 72.9 76.6 53.6 90.6 62.2

July 103.3 80.4 77.0 51.1 88.2 67.8

August 101.7 79.5 76.8 54.7 86.4 66.0

September 95.5 74.5 68.9 49.3 83.5 5.9

October 80.8 56.7 62.6 30.9 77.2 46.9

November 67.5 13.2 52.3 36.0 68.5 37.6

December 55.9 36.7 42.2 22.3 57.7 32.9

Note: Chilas averages are from 1967 to 1986. Naran averages are from 1962 to 1965. Dir averages are from 1970 to 1981.

3.5.3 Relative Humidity

The average monthly humidity percentages collected at Chilas and other stations are given below in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3: Monthly Average Relative Humidity (%)

Chilas Naran Dir Month

08:00 17:00 0800 hrs. 1700 hrs. 0800 hrs 1700 hrs

January 66 33 64 68 85 57

February 57 30 75 70 85 54

March 47 24 70 71 78 45

April 50 27 69 68 70 43

May 36 18 58 45 55 39

June 25 13 45 39 52 35

July 32 14 49 47 71 52

August 36 17 65 53 79 63

September 34 15 62 49 79 54

October 36 18 60 58 73 44

November 40 26 71 63 72 42

December 64 34 61 64 80 52

Note: Chilas averages are for 1987 to 2007. Naran averages are for 1962 to 1965. Dir averages are for 1970 – 1981.



3.6 Water Supply/Drainage

Water is available in abundance in Kandia and Uthor valleys both of which drain into river Indus. All the main streams originating from the sub-valleys are snow-fed and are perennial. Wherever possible, water of these streams is utilized for irrigation of the agricultural fields and pastures (Sharhs).

3.7 Distribution of Forest Area

The forests in Kandia and Uthor valleys form more or less a continuous belt above the cultivated fields and habitations, and below the alpine pasture. These have been divided into 42 forest blocks with total area of 49,470 ha (122,240 acres).

3.8 Boundaries and Maps

No regular settlement and forest demarcation of the Upper Indus Kohistan have been done so far. There are no distinct boundaries demarcating these forests, therefore, permanent topographic features such as ridges, spurs and nullah have been taken as natural boundaries to delineate forest blocks compartments and sub-compartments. General topographic sheets, base maps and aerial photographs of the area are available. The base maps (Scale 1:50000) have been prepared by Survey of Pakistan in 1968 from aerial photographs taken in 1967 with very little ground verification. Latest satellite imagery of the area is also available. 3.9 Composition and Condition of the Crop

3.9.1 Forest Types and their Distribution

The forests of Kandia and Uthor valleys have characteristics of the dry sub-tropical broadleaved, Himalayan dry temperate and sub-alpine temperate regions. According to the species composition these can be divided into the following forest types: a) Scrub Forests; (Lowest Altitudes – Ground to 1034 m) b) Dry Oak (Quercus baloot) Forests; (1035 m – 1675 m) c) Dry Zone Deodar (Cedrus deodara) Forests; (1675 m – 2285 m). d) Mixed Sivler Fir (Abies pindrow), Spruce (Picea smithiana), Kail (Pinus

wallichiana) and Deodar Forests; (2285 m – 3355 m).

e) Sub-Alpine Scrub; and (3355 m – 3810 m). f) Alpine Pastures.(Highest Altitude – 3555 m and above). The quantitative species – wise composition of the crop (stand and stock) of Kandia and Uthor valleys forests for the period ending year 200 is given in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Stand and Stock of Kandia and Uther Valleys Forests

Stand Stock

Species No. of Trees %age M

3 %age

Deodar 1188572 61.1 1561370 50.4

Fir/Spruce 394364 20.3 819913 26.4

Kail 218778 11.2 520022 16.8

Chilghoza pine 22830 1.2 34132 1.1

Broad leave 120491 6.2 163642 5.3

Total: 1945035 100.0 3099080 100.0



3.9.2 Scrub Forests in Project Area

The least important of all and not of any appreciable extent, these forests are found below an altitudinal zone of 1035 m, which is the Project/Reservoir Area of Dasu Hydropower Project. The principal species are kao (Olea ferruginea), phulai (Acacia modesta), sanatha (Dodonaea viscosa), Carissa opaca, Pistacia spp., Punica granatum, Adhatoda

vasica, Zizyphuys nummularia and Ziziyphus sativa, etc. This forest type has been subjected to heavy fellings, lopping and topping as well as excessive grazing in the past till today, and is in an extremely degraded condition. The upper canopy of these forests is open. The forests of this type cannot be brought under management at present, unless the consent of locals is obtained., who maintain these for meeting their firewood, fodder and grazing requirements. 3.9.3 Dry Oak (Quercus baloot) Forests

These are open forests with the xerophytic evergreen oak greatly dominating. Oak occurs in pure form alongside Khandia river and the nullahs of the sub-valleys. These forests are generally confined to the elevation zone between El. 1035 and 1675 m just above the Project Area and are part of the catchment area. The density of the crop varies from place to place but generally it is low, as this has been put to excessive biotic pressure due to their proximity to centres of population concentration. The crop has been ruthlessly cut for firewood, excessively lopped, browsed and over-grazed, and is in degraded condition. Towards the upper reaches around El. 1675 m, this forest type gives way to deodar or mixed deodar/chilghoza and kail forest. A fair amount of shrub growth also exists in the open parts, mostly of zerophytic types such as Daphne oleoides, particularly do exist. 3.9.4 Dry Zone Deodar Forests

Deodar (Cedrus deodara) locally known as ‘Beetch’ generally occurs in pure form in the altitudinal zone of El. 1675 – 2285 m and with sporadic admixture of kail, fir/spruce and Q. dilatata. It extends upto El. 2745 m. In the lower altitudinal range, on hot southern and exposed slopes, chilghoza pine is found mixed with deodar, as in Thuti. Dry zone deodar forests represent a climax form and in KKandia-Uthor valleys it consists above 60% of the total coniferous stand, and 50% of total coniferous stock volume as detailed in Table 7. The density of the crop and its state of regeneration vary depending on aspect, slope and soil condition. In places where slopes are moderately steep, soil sufficiently deep and moisture adequately available, good quality and high density crop is found. The regeneration in these compartments is adequate and established. On cool aspects where sufficient gaps has been created regeneration of deodar is excellent and comes up profusely. The excessive fellings by the forest contractors generally have eliminated large size trees. In these compartments the crop ranges from young to sub-mature ages with sporadic occurrence of mature and over-mature trees. The most important broadleaved associate of deodar is oak (Q. baloot and Q. dilatata).

3.9.5 Mixed Silver Fir, Spruce, Kail and Deodar Forests

The mixed silver fir (Charu), spruce (Reeun), Kail (Chogoi), and deodar (Beetch) forests are generally found in almost all compartments in the form of a belt above deodar zone, at elevations ranging from El. 2285 m into 3355 m with variation in altitudinal range according to aspect. The fir/spruce crop generally has mixture of deodar at lower elevations and sporadic mixture of high altitude kail, birch (Betula utilis) and Holly oak (Q. dilatata) in upper reaches. Odd trees of horse-chestnut Aesculus indica), Maple (Acer caesium), bird’s cherry (Prunus padus), walnut (Juglans regia), Jhaand (Q.

baloot), amlok (Diospyros lotus), and Salix spp; are met with in cool shady places.



Spruce generally occupies sheltered places and its proportion is limited as compared to fir. Mostly the fir and spruce trees are mature to over mature. Regeneration is scanty on hot southern and western aspects and satisfactory in almost all cool shady places and on northern and eastern aspects.

3.9.6 Sub-Alpine Scrub

This type is found above mixed silver fir spruce, kail and deodar forests in Mashbil, Soyal and Bagro sub valleys between El. 3350 m and 3810 m) elevations. The main species is birch (Betula utilis). The associate shrubs are salix spp., Juniperus spp., Prunus

jacquemontii, Prunus prostrata, Rhmanus spp.; Parrotia jacquemontii, Rices spp., Ephedra gerardiana, Hippophae rhamnoides and Rhododendron, spp. These plants usually draw moisture from the nearby snow covered peaks and the accumulated snow in depressions.

3.9.7 Alpine Pastures

These are vast alpine pastures in the sub-valleys above the tree limit usually starting from El. 3505 m upwards. These pastures extend from west to east and from north-west to south-west along the mountain tops of Kandia – Dubair – Pattan, Kandia-Swat, and Kandia-Uthor Gilgit valleys. These grassy lands store huge quantities of water in the form of snow during winter supplying the streams of the sub-valleys, terminating at Khandia river which in turn ends up in river Indus. As the snow starts melting in April/May and retracts, the locals and the Gujar nomads who usually pay Kalang fee for grazing rights to Kohistani Maliks of the area start moving upwards to use these areas as grazing grounds for the herds of their goats, sheep and cattle, right upto the middle October. These alpine pastures play a pivotal role in the agrarian economy of local people. A substantial portion of their day to day requirements are met from the sale of products obtained from their livestock raised on these pastures.

3.9.8 Cultivated Plants/Farm Trees

In and around the villages besides oak, locals also grow trees for fruit and shade. The most popular tree grown for nuts is walnut (Choun). Fruit trees are not much popular among the locals, however, scattered trees of pear (Pyrus communis), amlook (Dispyros lotus), apple (Malus pumila), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), mulberry (Morus spp.) pums (Prunus bokhariensis) and grape (Vitis vinifera) are seen growing in the area. The valley has a great potential for a variety of fruit trees such as pomegranate (Punic

granatum), sweet cherry (Prunus avium), peach Prunus persica), fig (Ficus carica),

almond (Amygladus communis), Pista (Pistacia vera), apples, grapes, amlok, plums, apricots and walnut. Forest and Agriculture Departments of the province are doing good work to introduce valuable fruit and fast growing energy plants so as to provide an additional source of income and energy to the locals living under extreme socio-economic depression. This will on the one hand help to improve the socio-economic status of the locals and on the other reduce excessive pressure on the dwindling forest resources of the valley.

3.10 Injuries to Forests

The crops in Kandia and Uther velleys are liable to injuries due to two main type of causes, natural and human, which are described below:



3.10.1 Natural Causes

(a) Snow

Damage by snow, though insignificant and limited in the lower reaches, is rather pronounced in the upper most parts in almost all the forests of the Valley.

(b) Erosion

The valley has a very rugged topography. The only insurance against erosion and landslides is an effective vegetative cover. As a result of steady decimation of the forests by excessive grazing, forest cutting and clearing of land for cultivation, the hillsides are subjected to erosion. The culturable land is quite limited. The locals have to feed themselves, therefore, they resort to clearing of forests, terracing the land, levelling and using it for raising of agricultural crops. (c) Frost

The damage by frost is negligible in the forests.

(d) Drought

The damage to young seedlings due to drought is not recorded. The monsoon rains are scanty in the area, therefore, drought or semi-drought conditions prevail over most of the area from May to June. The effect of drought is not much important for the natural regeneration of the conifers in the area but is of significant importance if forests are to be restored artificially.

(e) Insects and Fungi

The damage by insects and fungi is negligible in the area. In addition to limited incidence of stem and bark borers like Ips longifolia (Scolytidae, Coleoptera) on fir and defoliator such as Ectropis deodarae (Geometriidae, Lepidoptra) on deodar, no other damage by insects worth to mention has been observed in the forests. The usual victims of fungi are those trees having injuries deep to the heart wood through lopping, logging, etc., in the living trees. The dead wood is attacked only by Lenzites spp in the forest as well as in the storage. Phellinus pini (=Fomes pini), the red-ring-rot fungus attack living heartwood of the conifers and of them the most susceptible species is the blue pine. Polyporous

schwinitzi known as red velvet fungus causes the butt and the root-rot in fir and spruce. Fomes spp. are the deadly destructive pathogens causing serious heart-rot in oaks.

(f) Wild Animals

Flying squirrels and monkeys cause damage to unripe cones of the conifers. Bears and monkeys peel off the bark of kail, deodar and fir/spruce poles to lick resin and sap. Monkeys also damage walnut seed and pull out walnut seedlings to eat tender roots. On the whole the damage due to wild animals is not much to be worried about and must be accepted as a natural phenomenon of the prevailing ecosystem.

(g) Lightenings

Lightening frequently occurs especially in the upper reaches of the forests on mountain tops. Fir trees are the usual victims of lightening. Many trees can be seen standing dry or top broken. A ribbon of bark in spiral shape is usually stripped off the main stem from top to bottom in Kail and Deodar stands.This damage is beyond the control of human agency and is a part of the ecosystem of high hill forests.



(h) Windfalls

The damage by wind storms or hurricanes is rare but it does occur in the area. The damage to trees due to wind storm, whenever it occurs is to kail or deodar trees hollowed for torchwood or which have been damaged by fire before. Torchwood extraction of kail and deodar trees can be seen near dwellings, “Bandas” or along village paths passing through the forests and sometimes it is quite heavy. The people are extremely poor and there is no electric or fossil energy available. The locals are thus compelled to extract torchwood to light their way at nights. There is no way to eradicate this damage unless the socio-economic lot of the locals improves.

3.10.2 Human Interferences

Interference by human being residing in the area is causing degradation of the environments through grass cutting, grazing and browsing by their livestock, torchwood extraction tree felling and fires.

(a) Grass Cutting

Local people as a common practice protect grass on comparatively flat grounds in summer for making hay at the beginning of autumn for feeding their cattle during winter months. Flat grassy grounds (locally called sharhs) are regularly irrigated to get more grass. In many places check dams like structures are raised to hold soil and water, and encourage good grass growth. These sharhs are generally maintained near villages in Quercus baloot (formerly known Q. ilex) zone where cutting of seedlings alongwith grasses is not a problem. However in deodar, kail or fir/sprice zone seedlings of coniferous species are eliminated from area maintained for raising of grasses so as to obtain more grass for making of winter feed (hay). This practice negatively impacts the establishment of regeneration and density of forest. Palatable shrubs like Indigofera species, which is a weed from forester’s point of view in regeneration areas is ironically a valuable fodder for Kohistanis. Thus areas once cleared for agricultural or grass raising usually do not become available for growing trees.

(b) Grazing and Browsing

Grazing and browsing are an ever increasing and incessant processes, being a visible phenomena of the socio-economic scene in the poverty ridden hilly regions of the province, and have done much damage to these forests. Excessive grazing tramples the soil, reduces soil aeration, permeability and plant cover, and accelerates soil erosion. Indiscriminate grazing may totally eliminate forest growth and may bring about irreversible ecological changes which are detrimental to forest conservancy. Damage by grazing and browsing is generally more pronounced near the habitation and water points. The most seriously hit forest type is Q. baloot, where regeneration is unsatisfactory and the trees have been turned to bush form. In addition to the cattle of the locals, ponies, herds of sheep, goats, kine and buffaloes are brought by Gujar nomads during summer when the locals lease out the high-hill pastures and forest land to seasonal graziers. These herds also do considerable damage to the forests on their way to and back from the pastures. Grazing and browsing are two of the many social problems plaguing forestry and ecosystems in hilly regions which are the hardest of all the prevailing problems to be solved.



(c) Torchwood Extraction

Near habitations, bases of the standing trees of kail and deodar are constantly scooped for the extraction of torchwood. Such trees ultimately fall or are uprooted by winds. This practice is much in vogue near “Bandas” situated in the high-hills. The locals have no facility of electricity, fossil or other fuel, living 30-40 km inside valleys. Moreover, they are extremely poor to afford any of these facilities, therefore, they are compelled to light their way in the forest during night or the surroundings in the mosque or hujra under a roof by burning the extracted torchwood. (d) Illicit Felling and Lopping

There is no control of the Forest Department over the lopping and felling of broadleaved Q. baloot done for fuel and fodder. Conifers are not damaged for grazing, however, for constructional purposes and clearing of land for cultivation, excessive felling of conifers is a common practice. The damage is in the form of removing green trees for dry/wind fallen, vigorously growing instead of diseased and dying, good quality against the suggested malformed and wolf trees, as well as felling more than the prescribed yield. In the past large tracts of kail and deodar forests of the valley have been ruthlessly felled by forest contractors with the result that trees over 50 inches diameter are rarely seen in these so called virgin forests of Kohistan.

(e) Fires

Fires are mostly accidental as a result of negligence by graziers or travellers . In some areas these are deliberately caused so as to clear land for cultivation or to encourage grass growth. The damage due to fire is not extensive, however, there area number of places in the valley where fire had occurred in the past thus damaging forests in small patches of 10-15 acres. Occasional small fires usually occur in kail-deodar zone.

3.11 Developmental Works

Until 1976, when the tract was declared settled and Kohistan district was created the area had remained a tribal territory for centuries. The area remained totally cut off from the other parts of the country and the people remained ignorant. There is still lack of basic education, communication, health and other facilities. Illiteracy, poverty and economic depression prevails over the area. After 1976, a lot of developmental works have been completed by The Government through Kohistan Development Board (KDB) which was scrapped during 1984/85, and the works are now looked after by respective departments.

APPENDIX E

ACCESS REPLACEMENT

AND UPGRADATION


i



APPENDIX E – ACCESS REPLACEMENT AND UPGRADATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY S-1

1. COMMUNICATIONS ACROSS THE INDUS RIVER E-1

1.1 General E-1

1.2 Downstream Area E-1

1.3 Largani Bridge E-1

1.4 Kandia Bridge E-2

1.5 Tangir Suspension Bridge E-2

1.6 Shatial Suspension Bridge E-2

1.7 Dadishall Bridge E-3

1.8 Roads / Tracks on the Right Bank of River Indus E-3

1.9 Cable Car (Doli) E-3

2. TRAFFIC SURVEY E-5

3. REHABILITATION OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES E-6

3.1 Largani Bridge and Kandia Bridge E-6

3.2 Tangir Bridge and Shatial Bridge E-6

3.3 Dudishall Bridge E-6

3.4 Summary of Rehabilitation Works E-6

4. REHABILITATION OF ROADS AND TRACKS E-7

5. COST OF REHABILITATION WORKS E-8

FIGURES

SATELLITE IMAGERY

PHOTOLOG


S-1


ACCESS REPLACEMENT AND UPDGRADTION

SUMMARY

There are five suspension bridges across the river Indus in the proposed Dasu reservoir

area. These bridges (namely Largani, Kandia, Tangir, Shatial and Dudishall are shown in

Figure E-1) form vital communication links between ten valleys on right bank of the river

and the Karakoram Highway (KKH) on the left bank. It has been estimated that a human

population of over one hundred thousand is currently using the five suspension bridges.

The traffic includes passenger vehicles, goods transport vehicles, pedestrians and

livestock. Transport of agriculture and forest produce from the valleys to the KKH and

further to the markets forms a vital economic activity of the area which is dependent on

the suspension bridges. On impoundment of the Dasu reservoir, these suspension

bridges will be inundated and communication across the river will have to be

rehabilitated.

For assessment of the rehabilitation needs, a site visit was made and 24-hours traffic

count surveys were carried out on all of the five suspension bridges. The survey showed

that the bridges were being used by vehicular traffic, pedestrians and livestock. Based

on the field observations and a desk study of Survey of Pakistan maps and high

resolution satellite imagery, the following works are recommended to mitigate the

adverse effects.

i) New bridge at Kandia:

The existing Kandia bridge and Largani bridge are located 7 km apart (Figure E-3).

Kandia bridge is being used by the dwellers of Kandia valley, which is thickly populated.

The traffic includes vehicles pedestrians and livestock. Largani bridge is being used by

dwellers of Duga Khar valley which is thinly populated. Having a wooden deck, the

bridge is non-operational for vehicular traffic and is only being used by pedestrians and

livestock. For rehabilitation of the river crossing facility for these two valleys, it is

recommended to construct a new bridge near the existing Kandia bridge and link the

Duga Khar valley traffic with this bridge through construction of a 7 km long road. The

road will connect the two valleys and also provide a vehicular river crossing to Duga

Khar valley dwellers, which is currently not available.

ii) New bridge at Shatial:

Tangir and Shatial suspension bridges across the river Indus are located 6 km apart and

serve the residents of Tangir and Shatial valleys respectively (Figure E-4). As these

bridges will be inundated by the Dasu reservoir, it is recommended to construct a new

bridge near the existing Shatial bridge to rehabilitate the river crossing facility for the

traffic from the two valleys. Access to the new bridge will be provided for Tangir valley

residents through construction of a 6 km long road from the new bridge to the existing

Tangir bridge.

iii) Dudishall bridge:

Dudishall bridge is located just downstream of the proposed site of Diamer Basha Dam

(Figure E-5). Close to the Dudishall bridge location, a new steel bridge is planned to be

constructed as part of Diamer Basha Dam Project. The currently available river crossing

facility will not be disrupted by inundation of Dudishall suspension bridge.


S-2

iv) Upgradation of Seo Road Link:

Seo village, located about 2 km downstream of the proposed site of Dasu dam, is

currently linked with Dasu bridge and the KKH through a 6 km long motorable road

(Figure E-2). This road will be widened and upgraded to two-lane facility for vehicular

traffic. In addition a 2 km long road will be constructed from Seo to the Dasu dam site.

The road will link Seo to the new steel bridge, which will be constructed just downstream

of the dam as part of Dasu Hydropower Project. Residents of Seo village and the

adjoining valley will thereby have easy access to the KKH, both from Dasu bridge and

also Dasu Hydropower Project bridge.

v) Construction of Roads / Tracks on the Dasu reservoir rim:

A total of about 13 km of roads and 41 km of tracks are running along the right bank of

the river Indus, and will be inundated of the Dasu reservoir. To mitigate this adverse

impact, 18 km of new roads and 31 km of new tracks will be constructed on the rim of the

Dasu reservoir. In addition a 6 km long road from Dasu bridge to Seo village will be

widened and upgraded.

The total cost of the replacement and upgradation works is estimated to be Rs. 1487

million.


E-1


ACCESS REPLACEMENT AND UPGRADATION

1. COMMUNICATIONS ACROSS INDUS RIVER

1.1 General

The existing two-lane Karakoram Highway, popularly known as the KKH is 810 km long and was constructed in 1978. It is one of the important roads of the entire communication network of the Northern Areas of Pakistan linking with China. The road not only serves as an important international trade route but also connects some important towns such as Havelian, Mansehra, Abbottabad, Batgram, Besham Qila, Dasu, Chilas, Gilgit, Baltit, Hunza and Khunjrab pass. In the Dasu project area, communication between the valleys located on right bank of river Indus and the KKH is facilitated by the following five suspension bridges.

1) Largani bridge 2) Kandia bridge 3) Tangir bridge 4) Shatial bridge 5) Dudishall bridge

The location of these bridges is shown in Figure E-1. In addition to the human and lives tock movement, these bridges are used for transportation of agriculture and forest produce from the valleys on the right bank to the KKH and then further on to markets. An assessment of the population benefiting from the five suspension bridges located in the area of the proposed Dasu reservoir was made through study of the available Survey of Pakistan maps, high resolution satellite imagery and the population census data of 1998. The study shows that roughly over 100,000 population of the ten valleys are using these bridges.

Figures E-2 to E-5 shows the sections of the valleys relevant to the study of the bridges. The description of the areas/valleys with respect to Dasu damsite and the suspension bridges is given in the following sub-section. 1.2 Downstream Area

The Dasu damsite (Axis 5) is located about 8 km upstream of Dasu bridge on river Indus and about 2 km upstream of Seo village. A 6 km long motorable road exists from Dasu bridge to Seo village. From Seo onwards tracks provide communication links to the valley dwellers.

The road linking Seo village with Dasu bridge will not be inundated as it is located downstream of the proposed Dasu damsite. Therefore, communications for the dewellers of Seo village and the settlements in the adjoining valley will not be disrupted by the construction of Dasu Hydropower Project.

1.3 Largani Bridge

Largani suspension bridge on river Indus is located 8 km upstream of the proposed damsite with its deck at El. 880 m (Figure E-3). The bridge has a wooden deck and is used for pedestrian and livestock traffic only by the dewellers of the Duga Khar valley. The valley is thinly populated with five prominent settlements in its 8 km length. The dewellings are connected to the bridge with a track. An estimated total population 1153


E-2

living in the immediate vicinity in the valley use the Largani bridge river crossing. The bridge will be inundated on impoundment of the Dasu reservoir, warranting mitigation measures for the adverse effects produced. 1.4 Kandia Bridge

Kandia suspension bridge is located on the river Indus about 15 km upstream of the proposed Dasu damsite and about 7 km upstream of Largani suspension bridge (Figure E-3). The bridge is 157m long, having a steel deck with a total width of 3.65 m. The deck is placed at elevation 920 m asl.

Kandia bridge servs the population of Kandia valley so that they can cross the river Indus and access the KKH. The Kandia valley stretches over a length of about 37 Km, starting from the left bank of river Indus and extending to Parai town. On its way, a large number of tributaries join the Kandia river from both sides of its banks. The side valleys are also populated.

The population of the Kandia valley having access to Kandia suspension bridge is estimated as10,000. A motorable road runs along right bank of Kandia river whereas the population in the side valleys use tracks for access to the Kandia valley road.

The facility of this heavily used Indus river crossing will cease to exist for the Kandia valley population when the Kandia suspension bridge is inundated by the proposed Dasu reservoir. Rehabilitation of the river crossing facility will have to be undertaken to mitigate the adverse effect.

1.5 Tangir Suspension Bridge

Tangir suspension bridge is located on river Indus about 48 km upstream of the proposed Dasu damsite (Figure E-4). The bridge is 202m long having a 3.65 m wide, steel deck at El. 950 m and provides a river crossing facility to the settlements of the Tangir river valley. The valley is about 43 km long, extending from the right bank of river Indus to Tangir town. A motorable track exists along the Tangir river providing access to the settlements existing on both of its banks.

A large population is settled in the Tangir valley which benefits from the Tangir suspension bridge. This bridge will also be inundated on impoundment of the proposed Dasu reservoir and measures will be needed to replaced the disrupted river crossing facility. 1.6 Shatial Suspension Bridge

Shatial suspension bridge is located on the river Indus 54 km upstream of the proposed Dasu damsite and 6 km upstream of Tangir suspension bridge (Figure E-4). Shatial bridge is 149 m long, provided with a 3.65 m wide, steel deck at elevation 950 m asl. About 75 m upstream there exists an older suspension bridge with a wooden deck, which has been abandoned.

Shatial suspension bridge is a vital Indus river crossing in the proposed Dasu reservoir area, which is being used by a large population of living in the Darel valley. The valley is thickly populated for a reasonable length of about 20 km and accessed through a motorable road passing through the settlements. Submergence of this bridge will also occur when the proposed Dasu reservoir is impounded, which will require replacement of the river crossing facility at this location.


E-3

1.7 Dudishall Bridge

Dudishall suspension bridge is located on the river Indus about 69 km upstream of the proposed Dasu damsite and 2 km downstream of the proposed Diamer Basha damsite (Fig E-5). The bridge is 168 km long and provided with a 3.65 m wide steel deck at elevation 950 m asl. The bridge facilitates crossing of the river Indus to the settlers of the Dudishall valley. The Dudishall valley extends over a length of about 15 km and is thinly populated, having tracks linking the settlements. A large population living in the Dudishall valley benefits from the river crossing facility provided by the suspension bridge.

Dudishall bridge will be adversely affected by construction of both Dasu Hydropower Project and the Diamer Basha Dam Project. Mitigation measures would be needed for replacement of the river crossing facility for the residents of the Dudishall valley.

1.8 Roads / Tracks on Right Bank of River Indus

Dasu damsite is proposed to be located about 8 km upstream of Dasu bridge and about 2 km upstream of Seo village. A 6 km long motorable road connects Seo village with Dasu bridge. From Seo village to the north a 28 km long track extents along the right bank of the river Indus, which terminates at the confluence of the Uther Gah with the river Indus. From there on the terrain of right bank of river Indus between Uther Gah and Tangir valley is very rugged and steeply sloping. As such no track exists in this 22 km stretch of the rim of the proposed Dasu reservoir. Between Tangir valley and Shatial valley there exists a motorable road along the river bank. From Shatial valley further upstream to Dudishall bridge a 13 km long track exists along the right bank. The roads and tracks existing on right bank of river Indus, as described above are listed below. Roads - Dasu bridge to Seo village 6 km - Tangir valley to Shatial valley 7 km_ Total: 13 km Tracks - Seo village to Uther Gah 28 km - Shatial valley to Dudishall bridge 13 km

Total: 41 km Study of the available topographic maps shows that most of the roads / tracks running along right bank of Indus river and upstream of the dam will be inundated by the proposed Dasu reservoir. As a result measures will be needed to mitigate these adverse effects. 1.9 Cable Car (Doli)

In the project area there are five cable cars known as “Doli” in local language. These Dolies (plural) are being used to cross the river at five different locations across the Indus river (Figure1). These locations are: (i) Seglo (ii) Barseen (iii) Gayal (iv) Gummo


E-4

(v) Kot Gul These Dolies are pulled across through a hanging iron rope. These are operated either manually or mechanically. Each Doli can take a load of four persons or equivalent weight across the river width. Due to the construction of reservoir these cable cars operating system will be submerged in water, and one of the mode of traveling across the river will be abandoned. This will disrupt the communication link, which need to be mitigated through the construction /rehabilitation of suspension bridges and roads / tracks on the right bank.


E-5

2. TRAFFIC SURVEY In order to assess the traffic load, using these bridges, a 24 hour traffic count

survey over each of five bridges was carried out in July 2007. The results of the traffic count are given below.

Daily Traffic Count Survey on Suspension Bridges across Indus River (July 2007)

* Non-operational for vehicular traffic Largani bridge is provided with a wooden deck and it is non-operational for vehicular traffic. The other four suspension bridges are provided with steel decks and are being used for vehicular traffic. On the day of the count, only 23 vehicles crossed Dudishall bridge, whereas the vehicular traffic count on the other three bridges i.e. Kandia, Tangir and Shatial was 168, 264 and 225 respectively. The pedestrians and livestock count crossing the five bridges varied from 184 to 613, which is significant for the area. The traffic count survey indicates that the bridges are being used by vehicular traffic as well as pedestrians and livestock to cross river Indus. Inundation of these bridges by impoundment of the Dasu reservoir would have significant adverse effect on the communication links between the two banks of river Indus and mitigation measures are needed.

Suspension Bridges

Largani* Kandia Tangir Shatial Dudishall

Traffic

Category Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge

Total

Daily

Traffic on

All

Bridges

(A) Vehicles

Bicycle 0 0 20 4 0 24

Motor Cycle 0 0 36 36 0 72

Car/Jeep 0 64 68 128 16 276

Loader/Pickup 0 12 24 18 2 56

Van 0 92 88 24 3 207

Tractor/Trolly 0 0 28 15 2 45

Total Traffic 0 168 264 225 23 680

(B) Human

Pedestrian 428 16 192 184 336 1156

(C) Livestock

Cow 19 0 17 188 0 224

Buffalo 0 0 0 0 0 0

Goat/Sheep 86 0 48 0 0 134

Other Animals 17 0 0 16 0 33

Total Animals 122 0 65 204 0 391

Total 550 184 521 613 359 2227


E-6

3. REPLACEMENT OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES

River crossing facilities disrupted by the impoundment of Dasu reservoir will be replaced as part of the implementation of the project. The optimum engineering solutions to mitigate the adverse effects of inundation of the five suspension bridges are presented in the following.

3.1 Largani Bridge and Kandia Bridge

As stated earlier, Largani bridge is provided with a wooden deck and is being used for river crossing by pedestrians and livestock. It is not operational for vehicular traffic. A relatively small population of the Dongah valley (about 1000) are using this river crossing facility. About 7 km upstream of this bridge, there exists the Kandia suspension bridge, which is being used for vehicular traffic, pedestrians and livestock. Kandia bridge is serving a large population (about 10000) of the Kandia valley.

As the two bridges will be inundated by the Dasu reservoir, it is proposed to construct a new bridge at Kandia to replace the river crossing at this location (Figure 3). In addition, an 8 km long road will be constructed from Largani bridge to the new Kandia bridge on right bank. The road will provide access to enhanced travel facilities to the the vehicular river crossing for Dongah valley residents through the Kandia bridge as against the present facility of only pedestrian crossing on the existing Largani bridge.

The deck of the new Kandia bridge will be higher, at elevation 960 m asl. against the 920m level of the existing bridge. Accordingly the length of the new bridge will be increased to about 460 m as against the 157 m length of the existing bridge. The new bridge will have two-lane vehicular traffic facility with a total width of 7.3 m. 3.2 Tangir Bridge and Shatial Bridge

Tangir and Shatial suspension bridges are located on the river Indus 6 km apart, providing vehicular access to the dwellers of Tangir valley and Shatial valley respectively (Figure E-4). A vehicular track, connecting the two bridges exists on the right bank of the river. With impoundment of the Dasu reservoir, both of the bridges will be inundated. The vehicular track connecting the two bridges will also be inundated. The river crossing facility now available to the population of the Shatial and Tangir valleys will be replaced by constructing a two-lane bridge with deck raised to El. 960m. The existing location of the Shatial bridge offers a promising site and a new bridge with a length of about 180m will be constructed at this location. A 7 km long two-lane, asphalt road will be constructed on the rim of the reservoir, which will provide easy vehicular access from the Tangir valley to the new bridge.

3.3 Dudishall Bridge

The Diamer Basha Dam Project plan includes construction of a bridge over the river Indus just upstream of the existing Dudishall suspension bridge (Figure 5). The new bridge will be available for use by the present users of the Dudishall bridge. 3.4 Summary of Bridges Replacement

As described above the replacement of the communication links across the river Indus will require construction of the following two new suspension bridges. (1) New bridge at Kandia, 7.3 m wide, 460 m long (2) New bridge at Shatial, 7.3 m wide, 180 m long


E-7

4. REPLACEMENT AND UPGRADATION OF ROADS AND TRACKS

All the roads and tracks which will be inundated in Dasu reservoir will be replaced with new roads and tracks constructed above the reservoir maximum water level. In addition, the existing road from Dasu bridge to Seo village, although not affected by the Dasu project, will be widened and upgraded to provide improved access to the residents of Seo and the adjoining valley settlements. New Roads - Seo village to Dasu damsite 2 km - Existing Largani bridge to the new Kandia bridge 7 km - Existing Tangir bridge to Darel valley 9 km_ Total 18 km New Tracks - Dasu damsite to the existing Largani bridge 8 km - Kandia valley to Uther Gah 12 km - Darel valley to the existing Dudishall bridge 13 km Total 31 km Upgradation of Existing Road - Dasu bridge to Seo village 6 km


E-8

5. COST OF REPLACEMENT AND UPGRADATION WORKS

The rehabilitation works include construction of suspension bridges, roads and tracks and also upgrading of existing roads. The estimated cost of these works is based on the prevailing unit costs in similar hilly terrain. The component-wise costs are summarized below.

Estimated Cost of Replacement and Upgradation Works

Sr.

No. Component of Work Quantity

Rate

(Rs.)

Cost

(Rs.)

1. New suspension bridge at Kandia

460 m long 7.3 m wide

85,000/m2 285,430,000

2. New suspension bridge at Shatial

180 m long 7.3 m wide

85,000/m2 111,690,000

3. New roads 18 km 28,000,000/km 540,000,000

4. New tracks 31 km 14,000,000/km 465,000,000

5. Upgradation of existing road 6 km 14,000,000/km 85,027,740

Total 1,487,147,740

Say Rs. 1,487 million

The total cost of replacement and upgradation works is estimated as Rs. 1487 million.

PHOTOLOG

Bridge at Chainage 6+000


Sheet 1 of 2

DASU HYDROPOWER PROJECTPHOTOGRAPH OF CONCRETE BRIDGES ON KKH

IN PROPOSED RESERVOIR AREA



Sheet 2 of 2

DASU HYDROPOWER PROJECTPHOTOGRAPH OF CONCRETE BRIDGES ON KKH

IN PROPOSED RESERVOIR AREA

Plate E-1 Largani Suspension Bridge (Looking from Downstream).

Plate E-2 Kandia Suspension Bridge (Looking from Downstream).

Sheet 1 of 3

Sheet 2 of 3

Sheet 3 of 3

APPENDIX F

PETROGLYPHS IN THE

PROJECT AREA


i



APPENDIX F – PETROGLYPHS IN THE PROJECT AREA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY S-1

1. ARCHEOLOGY IN THE PROJECT AREA F-1

2. CUSTODY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IN PAKISTAN F-1

3. PROCEDURE FOR EIA OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES F-1

4. CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES F-2

5. HISTORY OF ROCK CARVINGS BETWEEN SHATIAL AND CHILAS F-2

6. STUDY OF PETROGLYPHS AT SHATIAL BY CONSULTANTS F-3

7. LEVELING SURVEY OF PETROGLYPHS F-4

REFERENCES

FIGURES

PHOTOLOG


S-1

DASU HYDROPWOER PROJECT

PETROGLYPHS IN THE PROJECT AREA

SUMMARY

This appendix addresses the Petroglyphs (rock paintings and carvings) that exist near

Shatial bridge on periphery of the proposed Dasu reservoir. These petroglyphs are 46 in

number and clustered on right bank of Indus River (see Figure F-1). Some of these

petroglyphs have been dated from the 4th and 5

th century AD and are of international

importance, particularly to Buddhist travelers and especially those from Japan. The

petroglyphs are under the jurisdiction of the Archaeology Department who manage the

sites and have erected explanatory plaques about the rock carvings.

Leveling survey has been conducted in order to ascertain the level of the Petroglyphs

and it has been found that the Petroglyphs are located above elevation 960 m. Since the

full supply level of Dasu reservoir is 950 m, the Petroglyphs will not be inundated. Even

during flood routing through the Dasu reservoir, the Petroglyphs will not be affected.

Rather the proposed reservoir will add to the beauty and grandeur of these Petroglyphs

by providing an environment with a beautiful water body and in a background of this

location. Consequently it will have a positive impact and encourage tourism.


F-1

DASU HYDROPWOER PROJECT


1. ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE PROJECT AREA

The aim of this study is to document the archaeological finds and study the likely environmental impact on them due to the proposed project so that the authority with the appropriate legal mandate may act to take the necessary protective actions if needed.

It is well known that many ancient civilizations have existed and flourished along rivers. The Indus river is one of the largest rivers in the world and the evidence of the existence of very old civilizations along this river had been of interest to historians and archeologists. The Indus Civilization has been documented, (including remains in the Lower Indus at Mohanjodaro and also upstream at Harappa), and is regarded as one of the oldest civilizations in the world, having been established around 4500 years before the present. The Upper Indus civilization has also been recorded by historians, archaeologists and researchers. The following details focus on physical evidence of civilization in the upper Indus river valley. A common history would seem to apply to petroglyphs (rock carvings) at both Chilas and Shatial, the latter which lie within the proposed Dasu reservoir area the Chilas being in the proposed Diamer Basha reservoir area. The locations of the petroglyphs near Shatial town are shown in Figures F-1 on satellite imagery. Some selected petroglyph photographs of Shatial area is given in photolog. Archaeologists have discovered many signs of the old civilization in the northern reaches of the Indus river. Among these findings are the rock carvings/paintings along Indus river in the reach 25km either side of the settlement of Chilas. Their artwork depicts the detail of daily life and holy ceremony centered on the image of the Buddha. Similar petroglyphs exist further downstream at Shatial which lies in the Dasu dam reservoir area. A German team, in association with Department of Archaeology & Museum Pakistan, had been active in the Chilas area, searching for more rock carvings and have documented their locations. The German study was conducted under the South Asian Institute Heidelberg, Germany in 1983. Those prominent among the study group were Prof. Dr H. Hauptman, and Prof. Dr Holfman who was the Project Director. The Department of Archaeology & Museum Pakistan considers these rock carvings to be “ethnic clues in the history of Pakistan”. 2. CUSTODY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IN PAKISTAN

The Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums of the Government of Pakistan is the sole custodian of all articles of archaeological finds and historical heritage. The Antiquity Act 1975 of the Government of Pakistan and International Agreements with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) provide the necessary legal framework for protection of the historical structures and sites. The provincial Governments have also created provincial Archaeological Departments in Punjab, NWFP and Sindh. The exception is Balochistan. These departments have been established with the specific aim of protecting the historical sites in the respective provinces. 3. PROCEDURE FOR EIA OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

The guideline procedure for Environment Assessment of archaeological sites given by the Pakistan EPA reads as follows:


F-2

“If the proponent or the consultant identifies an archaeological site that appears to be of importance but the site is not listed they should discuss the site with the relevant conservation authority”. “The relevant conservation authority should inform the Responsible Authority of their assessment of the significance of likely impact of the proposed development early in the process in order for the Responsible Authority to determine the level of documentation required. The provincial EPA will then be in a position to review the level of reporting required in the light of advice from the Archaeology Department”. 4. CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

The conservation authorities for archaeological sites in the Federal and Provincial Governments are as follows: - The Director General,

Federal Department of Archaeology & Museum 1st Floor, Block 4, Sitara Market, G-7 Markaz, Islamabad. Tel. 92 - 51-9206236, Fax 92 - 51-2201592

- The Deputy Director (DD) Department of Archaeology and Museum, Government of Pakistan, Lahore Fort Office, Lahore. Tel 92-42-7662657, Fax 92-42-7662656

- The Director General, Punjab Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Lahore.

- The Director Archaeology, Department of Culture and Tourism Government of NWFP, Peshawar.

- The Assistant Director, Sub Regional Office, Gilgit. Tel 92 -5811-55016

5. HISTORY OF ROCK CARVINGS BETWEEN SHATIAL AND CHILAS

The history of these carvings has been assembled by historians and experts of the Department of Archaeology & Museums of the Government of Pakistan and also eminent international experts. An edited extract of the history of these carvings is given as follows: “The rock carvings at Shatial~Chilas belong to 4th to 8th century AD. It has been imagined that local lords and noble men ordered Buddhist carvings and inscriptions to be made for their spiritual salvation and that of their loved ones. These carvings were made by foreign artists. The local lords were thought to be independent. Being independent empowered them to give shelter to refugees from countries where Buddhist faith and its followers were harassed by the invading barbarians who were of Hunnish descent and were close relatives of Hephthalites. The harassed artists ran away to take refuge in this mountainous territory, which is now Chilas and took refuge of the locals who were independent and God-fearing people. The artists from many lands resulted in carvings showing great diversity of style and artistic quality”. A group of figural carvings with pertinent Buddhist inscriptions has recently been discovered east of Chilas at the mouth of Shing Gah. Whilst this location is upstream of the proposed Dasu reservoir it is useful to outline the results of investigations here as it throws light onto the likely origins of the petroglyphs in the Shatial area that lies within the proposed Dasu reservoir area. The Indus river at the location east of Chilas flows in a narrow gorge and the flow is fast. It is thought that a sanctuary nearby existed where


F-3

the travelers offered prayers before or after crossing the river, as depicted by the pious artistic activities. The carvings of the 8th century AD have impressive inscriptions of the ruler with royal title ‘Sahi’, Vagrasura by name. Some of the names are certainly not derived from Sanskrit. These are non Indo-European languages, perhaps a sort of Proto-Burushaski. The ruler was a Buddhist, but the stupa carving over the inscriptions has a “solar rosette” instead of normal “anda”. The rock carvings with “solar rosettes” are seen on the rocks very near to this location indicating that they were executed by the same technique. The research has suggested that emergence of these arts took place in the upper part of Gilgit valley and Chitral. This era, according to a report of Huei-ch’ao (1938), was the beginning of 8th century AD. It has been assumed that Burushaski was spoken. It has been suggested that Tibetans invaded the Gilgit valley (the old name was Little Bolor) and the attackers were held back by Chinese army, who had to depend on supplies from Kashmir via Gilgit to the Bunar valley. Kashmir was in alliance with China in order to push back the Tibetans. It is assumed that it was during the times of war that these anti- Buddhist carvings with their martial mood were carved and which were rarely expressed in earlier monuments. These carvings are scattered in a large area along Indus river and are not limited to the Chilas and Thalpan areas as claimed by Monenco. The carvings have been identified in many valleys, including the Khanbari valley, the Thor valley, the Hodar valley, the Kiner valley, the Thak valley, the Shing valley, the Ges Bala valley and also at the mouth of Shatial Gah. All these carvings are on rocks on both banks of the Indus river and also rocks along the side valleys. According to Dr. M. Arif (Department of Archaeology & Museum-2003) these carvings date back to between the 5th and 8th century AD. The inscriptions are in the following languages: - Brami - Sanskrit - Soghdin (a Central Asian language) specific to Shatial village - Chinese A plaque at the site explains the significance of these Petroglyphs (photo log sheet 1). There can be tens of carvings at one boulder stone at a specific location.

In brief it can be said that these carvings ‘have a history to tell.’ More details about the rock carvings and the history of the Northern area are available in authoritatively written documents by various writers. Some important publications include: i. History of Northern Areas of Pakistan By Dr. Ahmad Hasan Dani – 2001 ii. Cultural Heritage of the Northern Regions of Pakistan Down to the Islam. A handout from a photographic exhibition arranged by the Department of Archaeology and Museum, Government of Pakistan in collaboration with the Heidelberg, Germany Academy for the Humanities and Sciences. 6. STUDY OF PETROGLYPHS AT SHATIAL BY CONSULTANTS

The Consultants visited the Dasu project area and identified the locations of petroglyphs commonly known to the people in the area. Among the sites visited was Shatial along the Karakoram highway (KKH). The carvings on the rocks are located just downstream


F-4

of the suspension bridge across the River Indus at Shatial town. The rock carvings are on a large boulder very close to the left bank of the river channel. Some of these petroglyphs are in very good condition whilst others are damaged due to weathering of the rock. These petroglyphs along the KKH at Shatial are the most easily accessible rock carvings in the area and are of interest to tourists, especially foreigners. Buddhists from Japan particularly stop to see these with great interest. The site is managed by the Archaeological Department. The Consultants photographed the rock carvings at Shatial during April 2007. Some of these images are given in photo log. 7. LEVELING SURVEY OF PETROGLYPHS

Leveling survey has been conducted in order to ascertain the level of the cluster of Petroglyphs in Shatial area. The boundary of the cluster was picked through the survey. The contour line of El. 960 m was marked on the ground with burjies for future reference. The survey data along with the plot is given in Annexure F-1. As a result of this survey it has been found that the Petroglyphs are located above elevation 960 m. Since the full supply level of Dasu reservoir is 950 m, the Petroglyphs will not be inundated. Even during flood routing through the Dasu reservoir the Petroglyphs will not be affected as the PMF flood discharge will be about 955 m. Rather the proposed reservoir will add to the beauty and grandeur of these Petroglyphs by providing an environment with a beautiful water body and in a background of this location. Consequently it will have a positive impact and encourage tourism REFERENCES

1. Dani, Ahmad Hasan Dr. (2001): “History of Northern Areas of Pakistan”. Sang –e-Meel Publication, 25 Shaahrah-e-Pakistan (Lower Mall) Lahore.

2 Jettmar Karl (1992):“Cultural Heritage of Northern Regions of Pakistan – An

Introduction” Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan, Karachi, in Collaboration with Heidelberg Academy for Humanities and Sciences, Germany.

3. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) No. XXXIV of 1997. 4. Government of Pakistan (1999) “District Census Report of Kohistan” – Population

Census Organization Statistics Division, Islamabad.

PHOTOLOG

of 3


Plate F-1 Plaque at Site Describing Rock Carving at Shatial

Plate F-2 A View of Rock Carving at Shatial

of 3

Plate F-3 Another Plaque at Shatial Describing Rock Carvings

Plate F-4 Another Boulder Showing Rock Carving at Shatial

of 3

Plate F-5 Boulder Showing Rock Carvings at Shatial

Plate F-6 Rock Carvings in Shatial Area

ANNEXURE F – 1

Survey Data at Archaeological Site – Shatial

Annexure F–1

Page 1 of 3


TABLE F-1: Survey Data Archaeological Site – Shatial

Point

No. Easting Northing Elev. Remarks

4 3247363.81 1263085.45 982.7 RE

5 3247362.66 1263074.99 982.7 RE

6 3247366.11 1263097.12 982.5 RE

6 3247372.83 1263097.76 982.5 RE

7 3247378.91 1263107.61 982.5 RE

8 3247387.42 1263118.26 982.6 RE

9 3247401.11 1263132.13 982.9 RE

10 3247416.75 1263145.82 983.7 RE

11 3247412.01 1263149.59 983.5 RE

12 3247395.29 1263135.39 982.9 RE

13 3247382.02 1263122.47 982.7 RE

14 3247374.06 1263112.18 982.6 RE

15 3247373.51 1263115.51 981.9 RE

16 3247385.16 1263134.53 979.5 RE

17 3247380.86 1263136.7 979.4 RE

18 3247367.46 1263114.94 982.2 RE

19 3247357.51 1263078.47 982.7 RE

20 3247398.88 1263163.54 976.4 RE

21 3247403.53 1263161.94 976.3 RE

22 3247415.46 1263186.89 975.9 RE

23 3247411.44 1263189.09 975.8 RE

24 3247424.55 1263212.29 975.6 RE

25 3247428.96 1263210.22 975.5 RE

26 3247440.29 1263237.76 973.1 RE

27 3247443.07 1263242.58 972.8 RE

28 3247447.6 1263241.55 972.8 RE

29 3247426.39 1263252.5 970.6 BW

30 3247429.54 1263255.32 970.4 BW

31 3247424.03 1263249.55 971.3 BLD

32 3247420.9 1263246.15 971.2 BLD

33 3247424.57 1263242.58 971.2 BLD

34 3247469.37 1263288.88 970.4 RE

35 3247473.51 1263286.83 970.4 RE

36 3247483.54 1263325.54 969.9 RE

37 3247486.69 1263330.07 970.1 RE

38 3247493.36 1263332.76 970 RE

39 3247495.39 1263328.59 970.1 RE

40 3247489.67 1263325.21 970 RE

41 3247485.32 1263314.94 970.1 RE

43 3247346.71 1263197.9 957 BW

44 3247386.779 1263245.135 962.7 BW

45 3247412.23 1263266.83 962.7 BW

46 3247415.04 1263278.9 961.4 BW

47 3247429.22 1263295.94 958.6 BW

48 3247415.44 1263312.78 952.4 BW

51 3247462.04 1263320.92 963.2 BW

52 3247479.23 1263312.25 969.8 BW

56 3247549.22 1263382.7 970.4 RE

57 3247537.3 1263364.57 970.3 RE

58 3247524.13 1263345.46 970 RE

60 3247516.44 1263331.89 970.1 RE

Annexure F–1

Page 2 of 3


61 3247535.2 1263349.75 970.1 RE

62 3247547.1 1263370.35 970.4 RE

63 3247562.48 1263395.76 970.3 RE

64 3247538.6 1263404.59 961 BW

65 3247534.29 1263407.92 960.8 BW

66 3247529.22 1263401.38 960.4 BW

67 3247532.15 1263388.55 962.4 BW

68 3247537.11 1263379.41 967.8 BW

69 3247543.12 1263373.41 970.4 BW

70 3247557.86 1263397.72 970.4 BW

71 3247580.45 1263437.01 966.8 BW

72 3247586.22 1263434.16 966.9 RE

73 3247572.73 1263444.36 958.9 BW

74 3247576.23 1263449.16 959 BW

75 3247584.83 1263442.49 966.2 BW

77 3247596.29 1263447.38 965.3 RE

78 3247592.9 1263452.17 965.3 RE

79 3247626.39 1263477.74 962.3 RE

80 3247628.5 1263475 962.3 RE

81 3247642.29 1263486.77 961.2 RE

82 3247639.97 1263489.83 961.3 RE

83 3247659.72 1263501.68 959.5 RE

84 3247657.33 1263504.84 959.5 RE

85 3247668.12 1263509.2 958.3 RE

86 3247671.61 1263519.22 957.8 RE

87 3247662.97 1263525.05 957.3 RE

88 3247644.44 1263519.71 956.1 RE

89 3247644.81 1263516.67 956 RE

90 3247627.43 1263513.49 954.2 RE

91 3247629.53 1263518.01 954.2 RE

92 3247623.65 1263520.94 953.7 BRG

93 3247619.91 1263517.63 953.7 BRG

94 3247609.79 1263528.52 954 BRG

95 3247613.44 1263531.78 953.9 BRG

96 3247655.27 1263525.76 957.1 BW

97 3247658.98 1263532.47 958.4 BW

98 3247670.47 1263530.78 958 BW

99 3247668.62 1263526.64 957.6 BW

100 3247666.54 1263547.48 954.9 BW

101 3247663.52 1263546.51 954.8 BW

102 3247671.98 1263548.14 955.3 BW

103 3247669.29 1263557.82 952.6 BW

104 3247664.36 1263559.41 952.3 BW

105 3247655.96 1263553.79 952.8 BW

106 3247687.19 1263563.85 954.1 BW

107 3247690.99 1263562.94 954.3 BW

108 3247688.56 1263565.54 953 BW

109 3247685.4 1263563.18 953.4 BW

110 3247686.2 1263559.52 954 BW

111 3247707.513 1263551.82 960.18 F

112 3247688.518 1263529.487 960.361 F

113 3247627.59 1263482.949 960.033 F

114 3247577.234 1263450.664 959.906 F

115 3247532.464 1263409.316 960.251 F

116 3247466.696 1263340.553 959.912 F

117 3247488.595 1263355.787 960.241 F

Annexure F–1

Page 3 of 3


118 3247456.499 1263331.175 960.2 F

119 3247413.056 1263281.783 960.188 F

120 3247381.293 1263246.477 960.131 F

121 3247446.678 1263271.018 968.274 MONUMENT

122 3247425.511 1263279.694 963.287 MONUMENT

123 3247350.513 1263179.13 960.23 F

NOTE

RE, Stands for Road Edge

BLD, Stands for building

BRG, Survey points at left bank of the Darel Bridge over Indus River

BW, Points at the boundary of the site.

F, Stands for survey points at + 960.0 m elev.

APPENDIX G

WATER, AIR AND NOISE

QUALITY DATA

Pakistan Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission SUPARCO HQs, Sector-28, Off University Road, Gulzar-e-Hijri, P.O. Box 8402,

Karachi-75270, Ph: (021) 4650765-79, 042-7047448 Fax: (021) 4644928, 4644941

AAMMBBIIEENNTT AAIIRR AANNDD WWAATTEERR QQUUAALLIITTYY MMOONNIITTOORRIINNGG AATT

DDAASSUU DDiissttrriicctt KKoohhiissttaann

2007-2008

Executed By

Environmental Monitoring at DASU for Hydropower Project DASU

PPAAKKIISSTTAANN SSPPAACCEE AANNDD UUPPPPEERR AATTMMOOSSPPHHEERREE RREESSEEAARRCCHH CCOOMMMMIISSSSIIOONN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. TITLE PAGE

1 Summary i

2

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Description of Project

1.2 Ambient Air Quality

1.3 Water Quality

1

1

1

2

3

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Physical Resources

2.2 Ecological Resources

2.3 Economic Development

2.4 Social and Cultural Resources

3

3

3

3

3

4

SCOPE OF WORK

3.1 Air Quality Study

3.2 Water Quality Study

3.3 Noise

4

4

4

4

5

Map of Sampling Sites

5

6

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Objectives

4.2 Air Quality sampling / Testing Plan

4.3 Water Analysis Methods

4.4 Ambient Air Monitoring Methods

4.5 Ambient Air quality Standards

4.6 NEQS

6

6

6

7

8

9

10

7

Ambient Air Quality

5.1a Sampling Site 1 (Near Harban Bridge)

5.1b Sampling Site 2 (Near Summer Nallah)

5.1c Sampling Site 3 (Near DAM Axis-5)

5.2 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL PHASE II

5.3 COMPARISON OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

DURING PHASE I & PHASE II

11

11

12

13

14

14

8

Water Quality

6.1 Results for Water samples at River site

6.2 Results for water samples of Nallahs

15

25

29



9

COMPARISION OF WATER QUALITY RESULTS OF PHASE II WITH PHASE I

7.1 Comparison of Phase I and Phase II River

Water samples

7.2 Comparison of Phase I and Phase II Nallahs

Water samples

32

32

35


PPAAKKIISSTTAANN SSPPAACCEE AANNDD UUPPPPEERR AATTMMOOSSPPHHEERREE RREESSEEAARRCCHH CCOOMMMMIISSSSIIOONN i

SUMMARY

Pakistan Water & Power Development Authority (WAPDA) appointed the consultants

(a Joint Venture of NESPAK, ACE, MWH (USA), CPE (Switzerland) in association with

Binnie and Partners (UK)) to prepare a Feasibility Study for the DASU Hydropower

project.

Pakistan Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) was

awarded the Environment Baseline data collection part of the Feasibility Study.

Ambient air quality and water quality monitoring was performed twice i.e. in high flow

condition of Indus River (July-August) and in low flow condition of Indus River

(December).

Air Quality and Noise level monitoring was performed at three sites viz. HARBAN

Bridge (SW-I), SUMMER Nallah (SW-2) and At Dam Axis-5 (SW-3) with online

analyzers for SO2, NOX, CO, CO2, PM10, HC and Noise level (dB).

Water samples were collected from 11 sites, 5 at Indus River and 6 at Nallahs joining

Indus River. Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Specific Conductance and pH

values were taken at the spot whereas the remaining tests were performed at

SUPARCO’s analytical lab. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)

was used for trace & toxic metals analysis.

Results of ambient air quality were compared against USEPA World Bank & WHO

standard while the results of water sample of River & Nullah were compared against

USEPA fresh water standard. During Phase-I (Summer) and Phase-II (Winter), results

of ambient air, water samples (River & Nullah) and Noise level were found within

international limits at all sampling sites. Hence environmental condition at selected

sampling site complies with international standard limits.


1


1. INTRODUCTION

Demand for electricity in Pakistan currently outstrips supply. Inadequate generation,

transmission, and distribution, as well as the inefficient use of electricity, lead to

shortages, particularly at peak times. Recognizing that the electricity is one of the key

drivers of rapid economic growth and poverty reduction, the Government of Pakistan is

striving at meeting the electricity demand. Other objectives include providing all

households an access to the electricity. The substantial demand for electricity will be

met mainly by the installation of new power stations including hydro power plants and

thermal power plants.

1.1 Description of Project

DASU HYDROPOWER PROJECT.

Location Dasu Hydropower project is a run of river scheme located 2 km upstream of Dasu village on Indus river, 69 km (43 miles) downstream of Basha.

Province NWFP

Installed Capacity 3700 MW

Gross Head 650

Cost 3107 million

The project was identified and ranked as most attractive after

Basha in the overall Inventory and Ranking study of Major

Hydropower Projects carried out by MECO under CIDA grant

during 1984. PC-II Proforma for feasibility study, detailed

design and preparation of tender documents has been

approved by ECNEC on 27.09.2003.

Power

2712 MW

Source: http://www.wapda.gov.pk

1.2 Ambient Air Quality

Anthropogenic air pollution originates from a variety of sources, including vehicles,

large stationary sources, small and medium-size industries, thermal power plants,

windblown dust, fugitive emissions as a result of mechanical break-up, abrasion etc.

The economic damage from urban air pollution (including its effects on structures,

crops, vegetation and forests) is estimated as US$ 1 billion to US$ 4 billion annually in


2


cities in Asia (World Bank)1. Rapid urbanization in many cities of the developing world

and in particular South-East Asia, together with the associated industry and transport

network expansion, has led to a situation where individuals will face similar health

risks from air pollution to those experienced in Europe forty years ago. A study carried

out by the Ministry of Environment reports that about 16.28 million2 people (32.5

percent of which live in urban population) of Pakistan are at health risk due to air

pollution because the country does not comply with World Health Organization (WHO)

ambient air quality standards. In addition, air pollutants contribute to acidification and

global climate change, which have impacts on crop productivity, forest growth,

biodiversity, buildings and cultural monuments. Higher air pollution levels in major

cities of Pakistan have been observed especially the particulate levels (TSP, PM10 &

PM2.5), CO, and NOx.3

The burning of these fossil fuels in power plants and for other energy requirements

results in the emissions of a wide variety of pollutants, principally, particulate matter,

carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulphur, hydrocarbons

(Methane & Non-Methane), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). The emissions have

an adverse impact on the air quality and health of human being especially those who

are directly exposed to this polluted air. The health effects associated with the most

common pollutants include respiratory effects ranging from minor symptoms (cough)

to more serious (chest congestion and asthma) children, elderly, and those with pre-

existing respiratory and cardiac conditions are more susceptible. However the hydro-

power plants use energy stored in water and there are no fuel combustion

requirements in this mode of generation of electricity.

1.3 Water Quality

Water is basic component of our life and widely used for domestic and industrial

purpose. In both of these major applications, high quality water is required. In industry,

many chemicals are used in different processes that may pollute downstream water.

The use of polluted water may be harmful causing many diseases. The current

examples of the use of polluted water are the incidences that occurred in Karachi and

Faisalabad causing hospitalization of thousands of people. Noise is mainly produced

from traffic and different industrial processes. Prolonged exposure to noise can cause

loss in concentration, stress and hearing loss in human beings.

1 World Bank Technical Paper No. 508, Pollution Management Series, Sep 2001. 2 http://www.irinnews.org 11 Oct, 2004. 3 Ghauri, B, Lodhi, A, Mansha, M, “Development of baseline (Air Quality) data in Pakistan”,

Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 2006

http://www.irinnews.org/


3


2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2.1. Physical Resources

The topography at monitoring site is mountainous. This region has rugged terrain and

tough climatic conditions. In this area the summer prevails from April to September

and the maximum temperature ranges 25-30 ºC with minimum below zero during

winter.

2.2 Ecological Resources

This region has rugged terrain and tough climatic conditions that force plants and

animals to adapt and become stronger. The genetic resources of crops and fruits in

these areas are adaptable to the local environment such as extreme cold, heat, frost

and drought. Mountains are effective reserves for the future as far as the biodiversity

of the world is concerned, especially as more and more lowland areas are turned into

high cash yielding fields. These mountains possess rich varieties of plants and

animals, many of which are unique to their landscapes. Flora and fauna that is found

in these mountains is often endangered or extinct in the surrounding regions due to

human contact and exploitation.

There are about 5,700 species of flowering plants reported, with almost 400 endemic

species, found in the northern and western mountains of Pakistan. Region has a

variety in crop and fruit species as well as domesticated animals, which make up the

agricultural biodiversity due to its close location with two major centers of agro

biodiversity.

Region has a variety of mammal species particularly, large mammals. It is estimated

that around fifty-four species of mammals are found in this region.

2.3 Economic Development

Mining and cultivation is the dominant land use activity in the area. The livelihood of

people of region is dependent mainly on agricultural biodiversity.

2.4 Social and Cultural Resources

The access to the site is through a Karakorum road at Dasu district Kohistan. Health

care facilities are limited. Same is the case with education.


4


3. SCOPE OF WORK

The Scope of Work entails providing primary environmental data for the project site at

Dasu. This covered data on prevailing Air, Water quality and noise.

3.1 Air Quality Study

The Air Quality study for project site needed to cover the following:

Primary data: collection of statistically valid sample of ambient air at the project site (at

least 24 hour recording of relevant parameters). The Air quality sampling included

measurements of NOx, SO2, TSP/PM10, Ozone, CO and CO2 using USEPA

sampling methods as set forth in 40 CFR 50 methods. The results/ measurements

were compared with the ambient air quality standards of the World Bank, World Health

Organization, and US EPA.

Three monitoring/ sampling location(s) were selected as Site No. 1(HARBAN Bridge),

Site No. 2 (SUMMER Nallah) and Site No. 3 (DAM AXIS 5) as indicated in the Fig 1.

The site monitoring included simultaneous collection of meteorological and noise data.

3.2 Water Quality Study

The Water Quality study for project site needed to cover the following:

Primary data: collection of statistically valid sample of the water at the project site and

their analysis. Water sampling and analysis include collection of sample and then

analyzing them for parameters such as COD, BOD, pH, TSS, oil and grease, total

residual chlorine, chromium, copper, iron and zinc. Water temperature data and

measurements of TDS, conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, and alkalinity were also

determined. Water samples were also analyzed for potassium, sodium, silicon, nickel,

magnesium, aluminum, chromium, lead and other trace elements.

3.3 Noise

Ambient noise monitoring was performed in the site vicinity at several locations.


5


1 Km from DAM

AXIS-5 (SW-4)

WATER SAMPLING SITES

AIR SAMPLING SITES

HARBAN

Bridge (SW-1)

DAREL River

(NSW-3)

SUMMER

Nallah (SW-2)

SUMMER

Nallah (NSW-2)

CHURI

Nallah

KANDIA

River (NSW-1)

BARSIN

Nallah (NSW-5)

DAM AXIS-5

(SW-3)

Fig.1 Map of the Sampling Site

After DASU City (SW-5)


6


4. METHODOLOGY

Mobile laboratory, equipped with online US EPA designated ambient air analyzers for

all criteria pollutants and water tests was used. The sampling interval of measurement

was 15 minutes (for gaseous pollutants) and monitoring was carried out continuously

for 24 hrs at each site

4.1 Objectives:

a. To collect the data of ambient air for SO2, CO, NOx, CO2, TSP, PM10 and O3

b. To collect the noise levels in the site vicinity at three locations.

c. To collect and analyze the water samples for different parameters

4.2 Air Quality Sampling/Testing Plan:

The sampling and testing was carried out as per following schedule during phase-I

Site Name

Sampling/Testing

Start (hrs)

Sampling/Testing

Completion (hrs) Total Duration

(Hrs)

Date Time Date Time

HARBAN Bridge 27-09-07 1200 28-09-07 1100 23 HRS

SUMMER Nallah 28-09-07 1145 29-09-07 1045 23 HRS

DAM AXIS 5 29-09-07 1100 30-09-07 1100 24 HRS

Table: 4.1 a The sampling and testing was carried out as per following schedule during phase-II

Site Name

Sampling/Testing

Start (hrs)

Sampling/Testing

Completion (hrs) Total Duration

(Hrs) Date Time Date Time

HARBAN Bridge 29-01-08 0900 30-01-08 0900 24 HRS

SUMMER Nallah 30-01-08 1000 31-01-08 1000 24 HRS

DAM AXIS 5 31-01-08 1100 01-02-08 1100 24 HRS

Table: 4.1 b


7


4.3 WATER ANALYSIS METHODS

Sr. No. Parameters Testing Methods Used

1 pH ASTM D 6764-02 (2007)

2 Temperature ASTM D 6764-02 (2007)

3 DO

Titration ASTM D 888-03

4 TDS -

5 TSS HACH Method#8006

6 Total Hardness as

CaCo3 Titration

ASTM D 1126-02

7 Fecal Coliform HACH Method#10029

8 E-Coli HACH Method#10029

9 Nitrate (as N03 ) HACH Method#8171

10 Ammonia Nitrogen ASTM D 1426-03

11 Arsenic ASTM D 2972-03

12 Turbidity ASTM D 6698-07

13 Chloride Titration ASTM D 512-04

14 Iron ASTM D 3919-04

15 Sodium ASTM D 6071-06

16 Iodine ASTM D 4785-00a

17 BOD HACH METHOD 1009

18 COD Titration ASTM D 1252-00

19 Fluoride (F- ) ASTM D 1179-04

20 Cyanide ASTM D 2036-06

21 Sulphate ASTM D 516-07

22 Sulphide ASTM D 4658-03

23 Pesticides In-House Method

24 Cadmium ASTM D 3919-04

25 Chromium ASTM D 3919-04

26 Copper ASTM D 3919-04

27 Lead ASTM D 3919-04

28 Selenium ASTM D 3919-04

29 Nickel ASTM D 3919-04


8


30 Silver ASTM D 3919-04

31 Zinc ASTM D 3919-04

32 Chlorine-Total ASTM D 1253-03

Table: 4.2

4.4 AMBIENT AIR MONITORING MEHTODS

Pollutants Methods Title of US EPA 40 CFR Instruments/

Analyzer

NOx Reference Method in Appendix F of Part 50

Measurement of NOx in the Atmosphere (Gas Phase Chemiluminescence)

NOx Analyzer, USA.

SO2

Ambient Monitoring Reference & Equivalent Method in 40CFR Part32

Determination of SO2

Emissions in the Atmosphere (Fluorescence)

Fluorescence SO2 Analyzer, USA

O3 Method in Appendix D of 40 CFR Part 50

Measurement of O3. (UV Spectroscopy)

Ozone Analyzer, USA

CO Method in Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50

Measurement of CO.(GFC Spectroscopy)

CO Analyzer, USA

CO2 Method in Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50

Measurement of CO2. (GFC Spectroscopy

CO2 Analyzer, USA

TSP Reference Method in Appendix B of Part 50

Determination of Suspended Particulate Matter in Atmosphere (Gravimetric analysis)

1.High Volume Sampler 2.β-guage particulate counter

PM10 Reference Method in Appendix J of Part 50

Determination of Particulate Matter as PM10 in Atmosphere (Gravimetric analysis)

PM10 High Volume Sampler 2.β-guage particulate counter

Noise Level 40 CFR Part 201 Noise Emission Measurement Criteria

Sound Level Meter

Table: 4.3


9


4.5a Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant

USEPA WHO (2005)

Averaging Time

Standard Averaging

Time Guideline Values

SO2 24 HRS ANNUAL MEAN

365µg/m3 (140 ppb)

80µg/m3 (30 ppb)

24 HRS ANNUAL 10 MIN

125 µg/m3 (48 ppb) 50µg/m3 (20 ppb) 500µg/m3 (190 ppb)

CO 8 HRS 1 HR

10 mg/m3 (9 ppm)

40 mg/m3 (35 ppm)

8 HRS 1 HR

10mg/m3 (9 ppm) 30 mg/m3 (25 ppm)

NOx ANNUAL MEAN

100µg/m3 (50 ppb) ANNUAL 1 HR

40 µg/m3 (20 ppb) 200µg/m3 (105 ppb)

O3 1 HR 8 HRs

235µg/m3 (120 ppb)

160µg/m3 (80 ppb)

8 HRS

100µg/m3 (50 ppb)

PM10 24 HRS Annual Mean

150µg/m3

50µg/m3

ANNUAL MEAN 24 HRs

20 µg/m3 50 µg/m3

TSP 24-HRS 260 µg/m3 24-HRS 150-230 µg/m3

Table: 4.4

4.5b Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values (World Bank)

Pollutant

World Bank Guideline Values

Averaging Time Moderate Air Quality * Poor Air Quality **

SO2 Annual Mean 24 HRS

50µg/m3 (18ppb) 150µg/m3 (58 ppb)

100µg/m3 (35ppb) 150µg/m3 (58 ppb)

NOx Annual Mean 24 HRS

100µg/m3 (53 ppb) 150µg/m3 (79 ppb)

200µg/m3 (105 ppb) 150µg/m3 (79 ppb)

PM10 Annual Mean 24 HRS

50 µg/m3

150 µg/m3 100 µg/m3

150 µg/m3

Noise

Residential, Institutional Educational Commercial, Industrial

Day time 55dB Night time 45dB Day time70dB Night time70dB

Day time 55dB Night time 45dB Day time70dB Night time70dB

TSP Annual Mean 24-HRS

80 µg/m3

230 µg/m3

160 µg/m3

230 µg/m3

* 98th Percentile of 24 hours mean Values ** 95th Percentile of 24 hours mean Values

Table: 4.5


10


4.6 National Environmental Quality Standards

i) Sulphur dioxide

* For immediate values between 50 and 100 µg/m3 linear Interpolations should be true (No projects with sulphur dioxide emissions will be recommended)

Table: 4.6 ii) Nitrogen Oxide

Ambient air concentrations of nitrogen oxide, expressed as NO2 should not exceed the following Annual Arithmetic Mean: 100 µg/m3 (0.05 ppm)

Sulphur dioxide Background levels (mg/m3). Standards

Background Air Quality (SO2 Basis)

Annual Average

Max. 24-hours Interval

Criterion Max. SO2 Emission (Tons / day / plant)

Criterion Max. allowable ground level increment to ambient (µg/m3)

Unpolluted Moderately Polluted*

<50 <200 500 50

Low 50 200 500 50

High 100 400 100 10

Very polluted* >100 >400 100 10


11


5. Ambient Air Quality Phase II

Ambient air quality was monitored at three sites i.e. Near HARBAN Bridge, Near

SUMMER Nallah and At DAM AXIS 5. Of these three sites, the pollutants level at site

DAM AXIS 5 was relatively higher.

5.1a Sampling Site 1 (Near HARBAN Bridge):

Sampling site 1 (Near HARBAN Bridge) was located about 10 m away from the

Karakorum Highway. The area contains low vegetation and most of the land is

uncovered.

Table 5.1 Ambient Air Results Site No.1 (Near HARBAN Bridge)

Pollutants US EPA

Standards

Min. Con.

(24 hrs)

Max. Con.

(24 hrs)

Average Con.

(24 hrs)

S.D (±)

98th Percentile

SO2 ppb 140 (24 HRS)

5.1

9.6

7.6

1.20

9.60

NOx ppb 53 (Annual)

8.1

11.6

9.7

0.84

11.60

CO ppm 9 (8 HRS)

0.8

1.1

1

0.07

1.12

CO2 ppm - 284

309

297.4

7.13

306.24

PM10

µg/m3 150

(24 HRS) 34

58

46.3

6.68

56.16

HC ppm - 0.07 0.12 0.09 - -

The minimum SO2 concentration of 5.1 ppb and maximum 9.6 ppb was observed

(Table 5.1) While 24 hourly average concentration was found 7.6 ppb with 98th

percentile value 9.6 ppb and standard deviation (S.D) + 1.20. Minimum NOx

concentration was found 8.1 ppb while maximum of 11.6 ppb was observed at this

site. 24 hourly average for NOx was found 9.7 ppb with 98th percentile value of 11.6

ppb and S.D + 0.84. Minimum CO concentration was found 0.8 ppm while maximum of

1.1 ppm was observed at this site. 24 hourly average for CO was found 1.0 ppm with

98th percentile value 1.12 ppb and S.D + 0.07. Minimum CO2 concentration was found

284 ppm while maximum of 309 ppm was observed at this site. 24 hours average for

CO2 was found 297.4 ppm with 98th percentile value of 306.24 ppm and S.D + 7.13.

Heavy and Light vehicles passing from the Karakoram Highway can be thought to be

the major contributors for CO & CO2 at the sampling site. Minimum PM10 concentration

was found 34 µg/m3 while maximum of 58 µg/m3 was observed at this site. 24 hours

average for PM10 was found to be 46.3 µg/m3 with 98th percentile value of 56.16 µg/m3

and S.D + 6.68. Particulate Matter can be attributed to the local road dust due to


12


vehicles movement and strong wind. All the pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO, CO2 and PM10)

were compared with US EPA standards and were found well within limits.

5.1b Sampling Site 2 (Near SUMMER Nallah)

Suggested sampling site 2 located near SUMMER Nallah was about 8 m far from the

roadside (Karakorum Highway). Relatively Higher wind speed and lower pollutant

concentrations were found there. The minimum SO2 concentration of 6.4 ppb and

maximum of 11.4 ppb was observed. While 24 hours average concentration was found

8.9 ppb with 98th percentile value of 11.22 ppb and standard deviation (S.D) + 1.39.

(Table 5.2). Minimum NOx concentration was found 8.1 ppb while maximum of 15.2

ppb was observed at this site. 24 hourly average for NOx was found 11.2 ppb with 98th

percentile value 15.20 ppb and S.D + 2.19. Minimum CO concentration was found

0.8ppm while maximum of 1.2 ppm was observed at this site. 24 hourly average for

CO was found 1.0 ppm with 98th percentile value of 1.8 ppb and S.D + 0.10. Minimum

CO2 concentration was found 271 ppm while maximum of 308 ppm was observed at

this site. 24 hourly average for CO2 was found 290.9 ppm with 98th percentile value of

308.0 ppm and S.D + 10.22. Minimum PM10 concentration was found 38 µg/m3 while

maximum of 60 µg/m3 was observed at this site. 24 hourly average for PM10 was found

44.4 µg/m3 with 98th percentile value of 58.08 µg/m3 and S.D + 4.72.

Table 5.2 Ambient Air Results Site No.2 (Near SUMMER Nallah)

Vehicles movement on the Karakorum highway and natural windblown dust can be

regarded as the prevalent sources for the particulate matter at the sampling site. Local

dust due to construction work near the sampling site can also be a prime source for

particulate matter. Due to greater dispersion because of higher wind speed at the area

and low anthropogenic activities, all the pollutants concentrations were found to be the

Pollutants US EPA Standards

Min. Con.

(24 hrs)

Max. Con.(24

hrs)

Average Con.

(24 hrs)

S.D (±)

98th Percentile


6.4

11.4

8.9

1.39

11.22

NOx ppb 53 (Annual)

8.1

15.2

11.2

2.19

15.20

CO ppm 9 (8 HRS)

0.8

1.2

1

0.10

1.18

CO2 ppm - 271

308

290.9

10.22

308.0

PM10

µg/m3 150

(24 HRS) 38

60

44.4

4.72

58.08

HC ppm - 0.03 0.09 0.06 - -


13


minimum among the three sampling sites, and found well within the limits when

compared to the US EPA ambient air quality standards.

5.1c Sampling Site 3 (Near DAM AXIS - 5)

Sampling site 3, the proposed site for Dasu hydropower project, was located about 10

m far from the Karakorum highway. Relatively lower wind speed and higher % RH was

observed here. The minimum SO2 concentration of 7.9 ppb and maximum of 12.6 ppb

was observed. While 24 hourly average concentration was found 10.2 ppb with 98th

percentile value 12.50 ppb and standard deviation (S.D) + 1.32 (Table 5.3). Minimum

NOx concentration was found 9.1 ppb while maximum of 15.9 ppb was observed at

this site. 24 hourly average for NOx was found 13 ppb with 98th percentile value 15.72

ppb and S.D + 1.68. Minimum CO concentration was found 0.8 ppm while maximum of

1.1 ppm was observed at this site. 24 hourly average for CO was found 1 ppm with

98th percentile value of 1.09 ppb and S.D + 0.08. Minimum CO2 concentration was

found 291 ppm while maximum of 312 ppm was observed at this site. 24 hourly

average for CO2 was found 302.2 ppm with 98th percentile value of 310.16 ppm and

S.D + 4.69. Minimum PM10 concentration was found 51.0 µg/m3 while maximum of 56

µg/m3 was observed at this site. 24 hourly average for PM10 was found 45.5 µg/m3

with 98th percentile value 54.0 µg/m3 and S.D + 3.57.

All the pollutants (SO2, NOX, CO, CO2, PM10) concentrations were found higher as

compared to the data from the other sampling sites but found well within the limits

when compared with the US EPA standards. Relatively higher concentrations of

pollutants can be attributed, mainly, towards heavy machine work being done for the

construction of the dam, about 5 - 8 m away from the sampling site.

Table 5.3 Ambient Air Results Site No.3 (Near DAM AXIS 5) Phase II

Pollutants US EPA Standards

Min. Con.

(24 hrs)

Max. Con.

(24 hrs)

Average Con.(24 hrs)

S.D (±)

98th Percentile


7.9

12.6

10.2

1.32

12.50

NOx ppb 53 (Annual)

9.1

15.9

13

1.68 15.72

CO ppm 9 (8 HRS)

0.8

1.1

1

0.08 1.09

CO2 ppm - 291

312

302.2

4.69

310.16

PM10

µg/m3 150

(24 HRS) 51.0

56.0

45.5

3.57

54.00

HC ppm - 0.04 0.11 0.08 - -


14


5.2 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL PHASE II

Table 5.4 Noise Data Phase II

Sr. No. Site Noise Level (dB)

1 HARBAN Bridge 41 – 53

2 SUMMER Nallah 41 – 58

3 DAM AXIS 5 41 – 59

5.3 COMPARISON OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DURING PHASE I (Summer) &

PHASE II (Winter)

The Indus River at Dasu usually records high flow in July-August and low flow in late

December every year. The baseline ambient conditions of high flow (summer) and low

flow (winter) was compared and presented in Table 5.5 to Table 5.7 below. The overall

comparison shown the slightly high level for SO2, CO, CO2 and PM10 were recorded

during low flow (Phase II). Comparatively low levels were observed for HC in Phase II

at all sampling sites. However a little decline in NOx level was observed in Phase II.

PM10 level at site 3 Dam Axis 5 has also decreased in Phase II.

5.5 Site No. 1 (Harban Bridge)

Pollutant Phase I Phase II

Min Max Average Min Max Average

SO2 (ppb) 5.1 9.8 7.02 5.1 9.6 7.6

NOX (ppb) 8 14.3 10.09 8.1 11.6 9.7

CO (ppm) 0.74 1.09 0.92 0.8 1.1 1

CO2 (ppm) 279 310 291.2 284 309 297.4

PM10 (µg/m3) 32 55 41.55 34 58 46.3

HC (ppm) 0.1 0.2 0.14 0.07 0.12 0.09

5.6 Site No. 2 (Summer Nallah)



SO2 (ppb) 6 8 6.48 6.4 11.4 8.9

NOX (ppb) 9 14 11.3 8.1 15.2 11.2

CO (ppm) 0.71 1.8 0.93 0.8 1.2 1

CO2 (ppm) 267 302 285.72 271 308 290.9

PM10 (µg/m3) 26 42 34.37 38 60 44.4

HC (ppm) 0.08 0.1 0.089 0.03 0.09 0.06


15


5.7 Site No. 3 (Dam Axis 5)



SO2 (ppb) 8 11.9 10.31 7.9 12.6 10.2

NOX (ppb) 10.7 17.7 13.35 9.1 15.9 13

CO (ppm) 0.95 2 1.35 0.8 1.1 1

CO2 (ppm) 281 313 298.11 291 312 302.2

PM10 (µg/m3) 33 77 53.59 51 56 45.5

HC (ppm) 0.1 0.2 0.13 0.04 0.11 0.08

6. Water Quality Phase II

Water samples were collected from 11 sites, 5 from Indus River (one each from

HARBAN Bridge, SUMMER Nallah (SW-2), At DAM AXIS-5, 1 Km DAM AXIS-5 and

After DASU City) and the remaining 6 from the Nallahs joining Indus river (one each

from KANDIA River, SUMMER Nallah (NSW-2), DAREL River, UCHAR Nallah,

BARSIN Nallah and CHURI Nallah) for the laboratory analysis. However Water

Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Specific Conductance and pH values were taken at

the spot according to the ASTM guidelines (ASTM D 6764-02 (2007), “ Standard guide

for the Collection of Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Specific Conductance and pH

from Open Channels”). Detail of water parameters measured on spot and analysis

performed in laboratory are given in the following paragraphs. These 11 Samples were

analyzed for 40 parameters.

6.1 Temperature

Temperature of water samples ranged from 6.8° C to 8.2° C (Table 6.1). Minimum

temperature was found for the sample collected from Summer Nallah (SW-2) Site.

There was a general trend for the change of temperature for samples of Indus River. It

goes on increasing along the flow direction of river with slight deviations from the trend

due to branch nullahs joining at different sites.

6.2 pH

Range of pH for water samples was 7.5 to 8.2 units (Table 6.1). All values were within

the Standard range provided by US EPA for fresh water. There was very slight change

in pH value for different samples of Indus River from 1st site to the last one. For

nullahs joining main Indus River pH was very slightly different from that of Indus River

samples.


16


6.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen level ranged from 7.8 mg/l to 8.3mg/l (Table 6.1). Maximum

Dissolved Oxygen 8.3 was found at Summer Nullah SW-2. It is reduced to 7.8 mg/l at

the site After Dasu city SW-5. Hence DO goes on decreasing along the flow of river.

This reduction may be due to the mixing of some organic wastes like animal waste etc

to water as it flows from Harban Bridge to Dasu city. However there was a slight

reduction in the DO as River Indus flows down from Harban Bridge to Dasu city.

Dissolved oxygen for water samples collected from branch nullahs was found from 7.7

mg/l to 8.2 mg/l.

6.4 Conductivity

Conductivity of water samples of Indus River was found from 68.2 µS/cm at Dam Axis

5 (SW-3) site to 73.5 µS/cm at SW-5 site after Dasu city (Table 6.1). As the Indus

River passes from the Harban Bridge to Dam Axis-5 city it receives water from Darel

River with conductivity value 40.8 µS/cm, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with conductivity

43.6 µS/cm, Churi Nullah with conductivity 44.4 µS/cm, Kandia River (NSW-1) with

conductivity 46.2 µS/cm, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with conductivity 46.3 µS/cm, and

Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with conductivity 44.8 µS/cm (Table 6.2).

6.5 Turbidity

Range of turbidity values for Indus River water was found from 48 NTU to 81 NTU.

Minimum value was found at Harban Bridge (SW-1) (Table 6.1). There was a general

increase in turbidity values along the direction of flow of Indus River. This increase

may be due to addition or mixing of some insoluble waste like straws, animal waste to

water as it flows down. However turbidity for water samples collected from branch

nullahs was found in range of 7.9 NTU to 9.5 NTU (Table 6.2).

6.6 Hardness

The Hardness values for Indus River samples in mg/l of CaCO3 was found in a range

of 140 to 164 (Table 6.1). Maximum value was found at Harban Bridge (SW-1) while it

was minimum at Summer Nullahs (SW-2) site. As the Indus River passes from Harban

Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with hardness value 57 mg/l,

Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with hardness 59 mg/l, Churi Nullah with hardness 59 mg/l,

Kandia River (NSW-1) with hardness 64 mg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with hardness

64 mg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with hardness 62 mg/l (Table 6.2).


17


6.7 BOD and COD

BOD level for Indus river ranged from 2.0 mg/l to 2.6 mg/l (Table 6.1). Minimum value

was found at (SW-1) and maximum value at (SW-5). Hence there was an increasing

trend along the flow direction of the river. As the Indus River passes from Harban

Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with BOD value 2.1 mg/l,

Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with BOD 2.1 mg/l, Churi Nullah with BOD 2.2 mg/l, Kandia

River (NSW-1) with BOD 2.4 mg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with BOD 2.4 mg/l, and

Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with BOD 2.4 mg/l (Table 6.2).

COD level for Indus river ranged from 3.3 mg/l to 4.1 mg/l (Table 6.1). Minimum value

was found at (SW-1) and maximum value at (SW-5). Hence there was an increasing

trend along the flow direction of the river. As the Indus River passes from Harban

Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with COD value 4.2 mg/l,

Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with COD 4.2 mg/l, Churi Nullah with COD 4.3 mg/l, Kandia

River (NSW-1) with COD 4.4 mg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with COD 4.5 mg/l, and

Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with COD 4.4 mg/l (Table 6.2).

6.8 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids

Total dissolved solids for Indus River water samples ranged from 45.2 mg/l to 49.3

mg/l (Table 6.1). There is a general increase in the TDS values along the flow

direction of the river. As the Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city, it

receives water from Darel River with TDS value 26.8 mg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2)

with TDS 26.1 mg/l, Churi Nullah with TDS 29.2 mg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with TDS

28.1 mg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with TDS 30.0 mg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4)

with TDS 29.8 mg/l (Table 6.2).

Suspended solids in the Indus River water samples ranged from 126 mg/l to 160 mg/l.

At the site of Harban Bridge suspended solids were found 126 mg/l (Table 6.1). As the

Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city, it receives water from Darel

River with suspended solids level of 45 mg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with suspended

solids 48, Churi Nullah with suspended solids level of 51 mg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1)

with suspended solids 46 mg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with suspended solids 52 mg/l,

and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with suspended solids 57 mg/l (Table 6.2).

6.9 Chloride (Cl -1) and Chlorine Total

Chloride for Indus River water samples ranged from 3.7 mg/l to 4.1 mg/l (Table 6.1). At

Harban Bridge SW-1, Chloride was found to be minimum i.e. 3.7 mg/l. There is an

increasing trend along the direction of flow of river. As the Indus River passes from


18


Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with Chloride value of

2.6 mg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Chloride level 2.8 mg/l, Churi Nullah with

Chloride contents 3.2 mg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with Chloride level 3.5 mg/l, Barsin

Nullah (NSW-5) with Chloride 3.0 mg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with Chloride level

3.3 mg/l (Table 6.2), as a result there is a increase in Chloride value as Indus river

flows down.

For Indus River and branch Nullahs joining the Indus River, the Total Chlorine value

was found below detection limit.

6.10 Sodium (Na +1)

Sodium contents in the Indus River water samples ranged from 2.30 mg/l to 2.45 mg/l

(Table 6.1). At Harban Bridge site, Sodium conc. was found to be minimum i.e. 2.30

mg/l. There was a general increase in sodium conc. values along the direction of flow

of Indus River As the Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives

water from Darel River with Sodium value of 2.50 mg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with

Sodium of 2.58 mg/l, Churi Nullah with Sodium value of 2.60 mg/l, Kandia River

(NSW-1) with Sodium 2.60 mg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Sodium 2.58 mg/l, and

Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with Sodium 2.64 mg/l (Table 6.1), as a result there is a

reduction in sodium level as Indus River flows down.

6.11 Fluoride (F –1)

For most of the samples along the Indus River Fluoride Conc. was below detection

limit

6.12 Iodine

Iodine contents in the Indus River water samples ranged from 0.50 mg/l to 1.59 mg/l

(Table 6.1). Iodine conc. was found to be minimum i.e. 0.50 mg/l at Harban Bridge

(SW-1) and Maximum at After DASU City (SW-5) site. There was a general increase

in Iodine conc. values along the direction of flow of Indus River

6.13 Sulphate (SO4 –2)

Sulphate contents in the Indus River water samples ranged from 48 mg/l to 56.1 mg/l

(Table 6.1). At (SW-5) site, Sulphate was found to be maximum i.e. 56.1 mg/l. An

increase in Sulphate value was observed as Indus River flows down. As the Indus

River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with

Sulphate value of 44.7 mg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Sulphate value of 45.3

mg/l, Churi Nullah with Sulphate level of 45.2 mg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with


19


Sulphate 46.1 mg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Sulphate 46.2 mg/l, and Uchher

Nullah (NSW-4) with Sulphate level of 45.3 mg/l (Table 6.2).

6.14 Sulphide (S -2)

Sulphide contents in the Indus River water samples ranged from 153 µg/l to 212 µg/l

(Table 6.1). At (SW-5) site, Sulphide was found to be maximum i.e. 212 µg/l. An

increase in Sulphide value was observed as Indus River flows down. As the Indus

River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with

Sulphide value of 70.2 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Sulphide value of 81.2 µg/l,

Churi Nullah with Sulphide level of 84.6 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with Sulphide 82.6

µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Sulphide 86.8 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with

Sulphide level of 85.5 µg/l (Table 6.1).

6.15 Nitrogen Ammonia and Nitrate Nitrogen Ammonia in the Indus river water samples ranged from 0.01 to 0.13 (Table

6.1). There was no general trend observed in the nitrogen ammonia values along the

river. Nitrate concentration at Harban Bridge and Summer Nullah was found below

detection limit. Nitrate concentration at (SW-5) was 1.15 mg/l which was maximum.

There was an increasing trend along the flow direction of the river was observed.

Nitrate concentration for the branch nullahs joining the main river was observed in the

range 0.80 to 0.85 (Table 6.2).

6.16 Coliforms (E. Coli) and Coliforms (Fecal)

The most of the probable number count of Coliforms/100ml in the main Indus River

samples ranged from 9 to 12 (Table 6.1). Maximum number i.e 12 was found at After

DASU city (SW-5) cite. Out of branch Nullahs joining the Main River, water sample of

Kandia River (NSW-1) site was found most contaminated with E. Coli, The most

probable number count / 100ml at this site water sample was 7.

Most probable number of Coliforms (fecal) for main Indus River samples ranged from

17 to 22 / 100ml (Table 6.1). Maximum number i.e 22 was found at (SW-5). There was

an increasing trend along the direction of flow of the river.

6.17 Copper

Copper for Indus River water samples ranged from 0.88 µg/l to 2.3 µg/l. At the site of

Harban Bridge Copper was found 0.88 µg/l (Table 6.1). As the Indus River passes

from Harban Bridge to Summer Nullah (SW-2) it receives water from Darel River with


20


Copper contents of 1.22 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Copper contents 1.28

µg/l, Churi Nullah with Copper 1.38 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with Copper 1.26 µg/l,

Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Copper 3.1 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with Copper

level 5.0 µg/l (Table 6.2). As a result there is an increase in Copper concentration as

Indus River flows down.

6.18 Cadmium

Cadmium in the Indus River water samples ranged from 2.6 µg/l to 2.9 µg/l (Table

6.1). As the Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from

Darel River with Cadmium 1.72 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Cadmium 1.8 µg/l,

Churi Nullah with Cadmium 1.90 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with Cadmium 2.05 µg/l,

Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Cadmium 2.7 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with

Cadmium level of 2.1 µg/l (Table 6.2).

6.19 Chromium

Chromium for Indus River water samples ranged from 3.8 µg/l to 4.2 µg/l (Table 6.1).

Maximum Chromium concentration was observed at (SW-5) after Dasu city site. As

the Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city, it receives water from Darel

River with Chromium 1.98 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Chromium 2.2 µg/l,

Churi Nullah with Chromium conc. of 2.1 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with Chromium

2.05 µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Chromium 2.3 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4)

with Chromium 2.22 µg/l (Table 6.2). An increasing trend in chromium concentration

has been observed along the direction of the flow of Indus river.

6.20 Lead

Lead for Indus River water samples ranged from 17.2 µg/l to 19.5 µg/l (Table 6.1).

Maximum Lead concentration was observed at (SW-5) after Dasu city site. As the

Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city, it receives water from Darel

River with Lead 12.1 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Lead 12.5 µg/l. At Summer

Nullah (SW-2) site Lead concentration was found 17.2 µg/l. As Indus river Passes

from Summer Nullah (SW-2) to Dam Axis–5 (SW-3) site, it receives water from Churi

Nullah with Lead conc. of 12.5 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with Lead 12.1 µg/l, Barsin

Nullah (NSW-5) with Lead 12.8 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with Lead 12.2 µg/l

(Table 6.2).


21


6.21 Silver

Silver for Indus River water samples ranged from 0.01 µg/l to 0.1 µg/l (Table 6.1).

Maximum Silver concentration was observed at Dam Axis 5 (SW-3) site. All the values

complies the standard limits as given by US EPA. At branch Nullahs joining the Indus

River Silver was found below detection limit.

6.22 Zinc

Zinc for Indus River water samples ranged from 0.85 µg/l to 1.08 µg/l (Table 6.1). An

increasing trend was observed along the flow direction of the river and maximum Zinc

concentration was observed at (SW-5) after DASU city site. As the Indus River passes

from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with Zinc 0.86 µg/l,

Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Zinc 0.88 µg/l, Churi Nullah with Zinc 0.79 µg/l, Kandia

River (NSW-1) with Zinc 0.82 µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Zinc 0.84 µg/l, and

Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with Zinc 0.82 µg/l (Table 6.2).

6.23 Nickel

Nickel for Indus River water samples ranged from 5.8 µg/l to 7.1 µg/l (Table 6.1).

Maximum Nickel concentration was observed at (SW-5). As the Indus River passes

from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with Nickel 8.7 µg/l,

Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Nickel 8.8 µg/l, Churi Nullah with Nickel 9.1 µg/l, Kandia

River (NSW-1) with Nickel 10.7 µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Nickel 10.9 µg/l, and

Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with Nickel 9.2 µg/l (Table 6.2). As a result an increase in

nickel concentration was observed along the flow direction of the river.

6.24 Arsenic

Arsenic for Indus River water samples ranged from 1.82 µg/l to 2.45 µg/l (Table 6.1).

An increasing trend in Arsenic concentration has been observed along the direction of

the flow of Indus river. Maximum Arsenic concentration was observed at (SW-5) after

Dasu city site. As the Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city, it receives

water from Darel River with Arsenic 0.90 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with Arsenic

0.92 µg/l, Churi Nullah with Arsenic conc. of 0.92 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with

Arsenic 1.15 µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with Arsenic 1.80 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah

(NSW-4) with Arsenic 0.98 µg/l (Table 6.2).


22


6.25 Selenium

Selenium for Indus River water samples ranged from 0.01 µg/l to 0.098 µg/l (Table

6.1). Maximum selenium concentration was observed at (SW-5) and minimum at

Harban bridge (SW-1). As the Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it

receives water from Darel River with selenium 0.01 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with

selenium 0.01 µg/l, Churi Nullah with selenium 0.08 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with

selenium 0.07 µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with selenium 0.08 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah

(NSW-4) with selenium 0.07 µg/l (Table 6.2). An increase in selenium concentration

was observed along the flow direction of the river.

6.26 Manganese

Manganese for Indus River water samples ranged from 68 µg/l to 105.2 µg/l (Table

6.1). Maximum manganese concentration was observed at 1 Km D/S Axis 5 (SW-4).

As the Indus River passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city, it receives water from

Darel River with manganese 30.1 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with manganese 31.2

µg/l, Churi Nullah with manganese conc. of 30.5 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with

manganese 29.6 µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with manganese 31.5 µg/l, and Uchher

Nullah (NSW-4) with manganese 9.1 µg/l (Table 6.2).

6.27 Iron

Iron for Indus River water samples ranged from 90.7 µg/l to 289.8 µg/l (Table 6.1). Iron

concentration was minimum at (SW-1) and maximum at (SW-5). An increase in iron

concentration was observed along the flow direction of the river. As the Indus River

passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with iron

125.3 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with iron 130.6 µg/l, Churi Nullah with iron 155.8

µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with iron 145.6 µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with iron 168.5

µg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with iron 124 µg/l (Table 6.2).

6.28 Barium

Barium for Indus River water samples ranged from 14.6 µg/l to 17.7 µg/l (Table 6.1).

After DASU city (SW-5) site , barium concentration was found to be maximum i.e. 17.7

µg/l. There is an increasing trend along the direction of flow of river. As the Indus River

passes from Harban Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with barium

value of 11.8 µg/l, Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with barium level 12.1 µg/l, Churi Nullah

with barium contents 12.2 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with barium level 12.5 µg/l,


23


Barsin Nullah (NSW-5) with barium 12.7 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with barium

level 12.4 µg/l (Table 6.2).

6.29 Boron

Boron for Indus River water samples ranged from 26.2 µg/l to 36.4 µg/l (Table 6.1).

After DASU city (SW-5) site , boron concentration was found to be minimum i.e. 26.2

µg/l and maximum at 1 Km D/S Axis 5 (SW-4). As the Indus River passes from Harban

Bridge to Dasu city it receives water from Darel River with boron value of 9.2 µg/l,

Summer Nullah (NSW-2) with boron level 10.1 µg/l, Churi Nullah with boron contents

11.4 µg/l, Kandia River (NSW-1) with boron level 11.3 µg/l, Barsin Nullah (NSW-5)

with boron 13.2 µg/l, and Uchher Nullah (NSW-4) with boron level 11.8 µg/l (Table

6.2).

6.30 Alpha-BHC, Gamma-BHC and 4,4-DDT (Pesticides)

Alpha-BHC for Indus River water was found below detection limit at Harban Bridge

(SW-1). Maximum Alpha BHC concentration was found after DASU city (SW-5) i.e

0.59 µg/l. Similarly Gamma-BHC and 4,4-DDT concentrations were found below

detection limit at Harban Bridge. Maximum concentration for Gamma-BHC was found

at 1 Km D/S Axis 5 (SW-4) i.e 0.28 µg/l. And maximum concentration for 4,4-DDT was

found at after DASU city site (SW-5) i.e 0.44 µg/l.

6.31 Comparison of Phase-I and Phase-II

Phase I (summer study) and Phase II (winter study) results were compared (Table 7.1

and 7.2). Comparatively high level in river samples for BOC, COD, TDS, TSS,

Chloride, Sodium, Iodine, Sulfate, Sulphide, Coliform, Lead, Manganese, Iron, Boron

were observed in Phase-II, while nitrogen ammonia, copper, chromium, cadmium,

nickel, arsenic, selenium, barium level slightly reduced in winter sampling. Pesticides

were not detected at Harban Bridge site, however comparatively less level for alpha-

BHC, Gamma-BHC, 4,4-DDT were found at summer nallah (SW-2), at 1 Km D/S Axis

5 and after DASU city in Phase-II (Table 7.1). Chlorine, mercury and phenolic

compounds were not detected in Phase-II River samples. In Nallah samples the

comparatively higher concentrations were analyzed in Phase-II for turbidity, hardness,

BOD, COD, TDS, TSS (Kandia River, Summer Nallah, Uchhar Nallah, Barseen

Nallah), Chloride, Sodium, Flouride (Kandia River, Summer Nallah, Darel River,

Uchhar Nallah and Churi Nallah), Iodine, Sulfate, Sulphide, coliforms except at Kandia


24


River, copper, cadmium. Lead, manganese, iron, boron, chlorine, cyanide, silver,

phenolic compounds and pesticide (at Summer Nallah, Darel River, and mercury were

not detected in Phase-II samples (Table 7.2).

6.32 Conclusion:

Results of ambient air quality were compared against USEPA World Bank & WHO

standard while results of water sample of River & Nullah were compared against

USEPA fresh water standard. During Phase-I (Summer) and Phase-II (Winter), results

of ambient air, water samples (River & Nullah) and Noise level were found within

international limits at all sampling sites. Hence environmental condition at selected

sampling site complies with international standard limits.


25


6.1a WATER QUALITY RESULTS OF PHASE II

Sampling Sites : River Samples Sample collected on : January 29-30, 2008

Table: 6.1 WATER QUALITY RESULTS OF PHASE II

S.No Parameter Sampling Sites US EPA Standard

for Freshwater

Remarks

Harban Bridge SW-1

Summer Nallah SW-2

At Dam Axis 5 SW-3

At 1 Km D/S Axis 5

SW-4

After DASU City

SW-5

1. Temperature ( oC) 7.5 6.8 7.9 7.0 8.2

- No Standard Limit

2. Odour Odour Less

Odour Less

Odour Less

Odour Less

Odour Less

3. Taste

No Taste

No Taste

No Taste No Taste No Taste

4. pH 7.8 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.5

6.5-9.0 pH Complies

5. DO (mg/l) 8.2 8.3 8.2 7.9 7.8 >5.0 Complies

6. Conductivity (µS/cm)

73.1 70.7 68.2 71.4 73.5 - No Standard Limit

7. Turbidity (NTU) 48 71 78 72 81

15 NTU. Not Complies

8. Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l)

164 140 143 142 144 -


26


(Cont’d…)

S.No Parameter Sampling Sites US EPA Standard

for Freshwater

Remarks

Harban Bridge SW-1

Summer Nallah SW-2

At Dam Axis 5 SW-3

At 1 Km D/S Axis 5

SW-4

After DASU City

SW-5

9. BOD (mg/l) 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.6

- No Standard Limit

10. COD (mg/l) 3.3 3.4 3.9 3.4 4.1

- No Standard Limit

11. Total dissolved solids (mg/l)

45.3 45.5 46.2 45.2 49.3 - No Standard Limit

12. Chloride (mg/l) 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.1

1.0 to 35.0 Complies

13. Chlorine Total (µg/l) ND ND ND ND ND 19.0 Complies

14. Sodium (mg/l) 2.30 2.30 2.35 2.38 2.45 - No Standard Limit

15. Fluoride (mg/l) ND ND ND 65 62

50 - 2700 Complies

16. Iodine (mg/l) 0.50 0.60 0.98 0.98 1.59 - No Standard Limit

17. Sulphate (mg/l) 48 50.4 53.2 53.5 56.1 - No Standard Limit

18. Sulphide (µg/l) 153 159 184 181 212 200-40K Complies

19. Nitrogen Ammonia (mg/l)

0.13 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.09 6.12 - 6.67 Complies

20. Nitrate (mg/l) ND ND 0.93 1.10 1.15 - No Standard Limit

ND= Not Detected.


27


(Cont’d…)

S.No Parameter Sampling Sites US EPA Standard for Freshwater

Remarks

Harban Bridge SW-1

Summer Nallah SW-2

At Dam Axis 5 SW-3

At 1 Km D/S Axis 5

SW-4

After DASU City

SW-5

21. Cyanide (µg/l) ND ND ND ND ND

5.2 (Chronic) 22 (Acute)

Complies

22. Coliforms (E. Coli) Organisims/100 ml

9 10 10 11 12 126 Complies

23. Coliforms (Fecal) Organism/100 ml

17 17 20 22 22 200 Complies

24. Suspended Solids (mg/l)

126 155 158 160 160 - No Standard Limit

25. Copper (Cu) µg/l 0.88 1.9 1.95 2.1 2.3

0.2 – 30* Complies

26. Cadmium (Cd) µg/l 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.7


27. Chromium (Cr) µg/l 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.2

0.1 – 6* Complies

28. Lead (Pb) µg/l 18 17.2 17.5 19 19.5


29. Silver (Ag) µg/l 0.01 0.08 0.1 0.02 0.05

0.01 - 3.5* Complies

30. Zinc (Zn) µg/l 0.85 0.88 0.89 0.93 1.08


* Environmental Chemistry of the elements by H. J. M. Bowen (Department of Chemistry The University of Reading England


28


(Cont’d…)

S.No Parameter Sampling Sites US EPA Standard for Freshwater

Remarks

Harban Bridge SW-1

Summer Nallah SW-2

At Dam Axis 5 SW-3

At 1 Km D/S Axis 5

SW-4

After DASU City

SW-5

31. Nickel (Ni) µg/l 5.8 5.8 6.2 6.25 7.1


32. Arsenic (As) µg/l 1.82 1.96 1.99 2.15 2.45

0.2 - 230* Complies

33. Selenium (Se) µg/l 0.01 0.08 0.095 0.06 0.098


34. Alpha BHC (µg/l) (Pesticide)

ND 0.28 0.49 0.54 0.59 - No Standard Value

35. Gamma-BHC (µg/l) (Pesticide)

ND 0.16 0.25 0.28 0.26 0.95 Complies

36. 4,4’-DDT (µg/l) (Pesticide)

ND 0.11 0.41 0.41 0.44 1.1 Complies

37. Phenolic Compounds (n-Octylphenol)

ND ND ND ND ND - No Standard Value

38. Manganese (µg/l) 68 91 86 105.2 101.2 0.02-130

Complies

39. Iron (µg/l) 90.7 166.4 195.9 269.4 289.8 10-1400

Complies

40. Mercury (µg/l)

ND ND ND ND ND 0.0001-2.8 Complies

41. Barium (µg/l) 15.2 15.8 14.6 17.2 17.7 <3-150

Complies

42. Boron (µg/l) 30.2 35.5 35.9 36.4 26.2 7-500 Complies



29


Sampling Sites : Nullah Samples Sample collected on : January 29-30, 2008 Table 6.2 WATER QUALITY RESULTS OF PHASE II S.No

Parameter Sampling Sites US EPA Standard for Freshwater

Remarks

Kandia River NSW-1

Summer Nallah NSW-2

Darel River NSW-3

Uchhar Nallah NSW-4

Barseen Nallah NSW-5

CHURI NALLAH

1 Temperature (0C)

7.2 7.2 7.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 - No Standard Value

2 Odour Odour Less

Odour Less

Odour Less

Odour Less

Odour Less

Odour Less

3 Taste No Taste No Taste No Taste No Taste No Taste No Taste

4 pH 8.2 8.0 8.1 7.9 7.8 8.2 6.5-9.0 pH Complies

5 DO (mg/l) 7.9 7.8 7.7 8.1 8.2 7.9 >5.0 Complies

6 Conductivity (µS/cm)

46.2 43.6 40.8 44.8 46.3 44.4 - No Standard Value

7 Turbidity (NTU) 9.2 8.2 7.9 9.1 9.5 8.6 15 NTU. Complies

8 Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l)

64 59 57 62 64 59 - No Standard Value

9 BOD (mg/l) 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.2 - No Standard Value

10 COD (mg/l) 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.3 - No Standard Value

11 TDS (mg/l) 28.1 26.1 26.8 29.8 30.0 29.2 - No Standard Value

12 Chloride (mg/l) 3.5 2.8 2.6 3.3 3.0 3.2 1.0-35.0

Complies

13 Chlorine (mg/l) ND ND ND ND ND ND 19 No Standard Limit


30


(Cont’d…) S.No Parameter Sampling Sites US EPA Fresh

water Standard Remarks

Kandia River NSW-1

Summer Nallah NSW-2

Darel River

NSW-3

Uchhar Nallah NSW-4

Barseen Nallah NSW-5

CHURI NALLAH

14 Sodium (mg/l) 2.60 2.58 2.50 2.64 2.58 2.60 - Complies

15 Fluoride (mg/l) 28 30.8 30 30 48 31.2 50-2700

Complies

16 Iodine (mg/l) 0.78 0.78 0.82 0.82 0.85 0.79 - No Standard Limit

17 Sulphate (mg/l) 46.1 45.3 44.7 45.3 46.2 45.2 -

No Standard Value

18 Sulphide (μg/l) 82.6 81.2 70.2 85.5 86.8 84.6 200-40000 Complies

19 Nitrogen Ammonia (mg/l)

0.06 0.05 0.03 0.15 0.11 0.06 6.12 - 6.67 Complies

20 Nitrate (mg/l) 0.80 0.85 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.84 - Complies

21 Cyanide (mg/l) ND ND ND ND ND ND

5.2 (Chronic) 22 (Acute)

Complies

22 Coliforms (E. Coli) Organisims/100 ml

7 5 3 5 5 4 Complies

23 Coliforms, Fecal Organism/100 ml

19 12 8 10 20 12 200 Complies

24 Suspended Solids (mg/l)

46 48 45 57 52 51 - No Standard

Value

25 Copper (Cu) µg/l 1.26 1.28 1.22 5.0 3.1 1.38 0.2 – 30* Complies

26 Cadmium (Cd) µg/l 2.05 1.8 1.72 2.10 2.7 1.90 0.01 – 3* Complies



31


(Cont’d….)

27.

Chromium (Cr) µg/l 2.05 2.2 1.98 2.22 2.3 2.1 0.1 – 6* Complies

28.

Lead (Pb) µg/l 12.1 12.5 12.1 12.2 12.8 12.5 0.06 – 120* Complies

29.

Silver (Ag) µg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.01 - 3.5* Complies

30.

Zinc (Zn) µg/l 0.82 0.88 0.86 0.82 0.84 0.79 0.2 – 100* Complies

31 Nickel (Ni) µg/l 10.7 8.8 8.7 9.2 10.9 9.1 0.02 – 27* Complies

32 Arsenic (As) µg/l 1.15 0.92 0.90 0.98 1.80 0.92 0.2 - 230* Complies

33 Selenium (Se) µg/l 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.02 – 1* Complies

34 Alpha BHC (µg/l)

(Pesticide) 0.19 ND ND 0.18 0.28 0.2 -

No Standard Value

35 Gamma-BHC (µg/l) (Pesticide)

0.11 ND ND 0.19 0.18 0.08 0.95 Complies

36 4,4’-DDT (µg/l) (Pesticide)

0.15 ND ND 0.22 0.35 0.25 1.1 Complies

37 Phenolic Compounds

(n-Octylphenol) ND ND ND ND ND ND -

No Standard Value

38 Manganese (µg/l) 29.6 31.2 30.1 9.1 31.5 30.5 0.02-130 Complies

39 Iron (µg/l) 145.6 130.6 125.3 124 168.5 155.8 10-1400 Complies

40 Mercury (µg/l) ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.0001-2.8 Complies

41 Barium (µg/l) 12.5 12.1 11.8 12.4 12.7 12.2 <3-150 Complies

42 Boron (µg/l) 11.3 10.1 9.2 11.8 13.2 11.4 7-500 Complies

* Environmental Chemistry of the elements by H. J. M. Bowen (Department of Chemistry The University of Reading England ND= Not Detected.


32


7. COMPARISION OF WATER QUALITY RESULTS OF PHASE II WITH PHASE I

Sampling Sites : River Samples Sample collected on : September 27-28, 2007 Table: 7.1 COMPARISION OF PHASE I AND PHASE II

No. Parameter

Sampling Sites Harban Bridge Summer Nallah At Dam Axis 5 At 1Km D/S Axis 5 After DASU City

SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 SW-5

Phase I Phase II Phase I Phase II Phase I Phase II Phase I Phase II Phase I Phase II

1 Temperature (°C) 14.5 7.5 14 6.8 16.5 7.9 16 7 18 8.2

2 Taste No No No No No No No No No No

Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste

3 Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour

Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less

4 pH 6.8 7.8 6.8 8.1 6.9 8 6.8 7.7 7.01 7.5

5 DO (mg/L) 8 8.2 8 8.3 7.8 8.2 7.8 7.9 7.4 7.8

6 Conductivity (µS/cm) 70.9 73.1 68.6 70.7 67.3 68.2 71.2 71.4 72.8 73.5

7 Turbidity (NTU) 45 48 70 71 75 78 70 72 80 81

8 Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) 160 164 108 140 140 143 144 142 132 144

9 BOD (mg/L) 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.4 2 2.1 2.6 2.6

10 COD (mg/L) 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.8 4.1

11 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

42.6 45.3 41.5 45.5 41 46.2 42.8 45.2 44.1 49.3

12 Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)

118 126 134 155 145 158 137 160 83 160


33


No. Parameter




13 Chloride (mg/L) 3.5 3.7 2.5 3.7 2.75 3.9 2.9 3.9 2.4 4.1

14 Chlorine Total (µg/L) 10 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

15 Sodium (mg/L) 2.27 2.30 1.62 2.30 1.75 2.35 1.88 2.38 1.56 2.45

16 Fluoride (µg/L) ND ND ND ND ND ND 50 65 ND 62

17 Iodine (mg/L) 0.33 0.50 0.21 0.60 0.88 0.98 0.2 0.98 1.34 1.59

18 Sulphate (mg/L) 42 48 40 50.4 39 53.2 40 53.5 38 56.1

19 Sulphide (µg/L) 148 153 155 159 180 184 176 181 201 212

20 Nitrogen Ammonia (mg/L) 0.47 0.13 0.98 0.07 0.95 0.01 0.89 0.1 0.65 0.09

21 Nitrate (mg/L) ND ND ND ND ND 0.93 ND 1.10 ND 1.15

22 Cyanide (µg/L) ND ND ND ND 0.85 ND 0.92 ND 1.1 ND

23 Coliforms (E.Coli) (org/100ml)

7 9 13 10 9 10 12 11 2 12

24 Coliforms (Fecal) (org/100ml)

15 17 21 17 46 20 24 22 5 22

25 Copper (Cu) (µg/L) 0.83 0.88 6.36 1.9 4.82 1.95 12.21 2.1 4.76 2.3

26 Cadmium (Cd) (µg/L) 2.8 2.8 2.71 2.5 3.71 2.9 2.92 2.9 1.61 2.7

27 Chromium (Cr) (µg/L) 4.2 3.8 3.1 3.9 4 3.9 4.5 4.2 4.8 4.2

28 Lead (Pb) (µg/L) 17.06 18 17.14 17.2 16.36 17.5 16.93 19 19.22 19.5

29 Silver (Ag) (µg/L) 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.1 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.05

30 Zinc (Zn) (µg/L) 0.82 0.85 0.85 0.88 0.79 0.89 2.01 0.93 0.86 1.08

ND= Not Detected.


34


(Cont’d…)

No. Parameter




31 Nickle (Ni) (µg/L) 12.7 5.8 9.8 5.8 3.8 6.20 8.7 6.25 6.8 7.1

32 Arsenic (As) (µg/L) 3.6 1.82 3.1 1.96 2.9 1.99 3.5 2.15 3.8 2.45

33 Selenium (Se) (µg/L) 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.095 0.09 0.06 0.12 0.098

34 Manganese (Mn) (µg/L) 62.38 68 70.5 91 84 86 65.48 105.2 72 101.2

35 Iron (Fe) (µg/L) 68 90.7 142 166.4 170 195.9 72 269.4 78 289.8

36 Barium (Ba) (µg/L) 27.89 15.2 31.34 15.8 35 14.6 29.99 17.2 27 17.7

37 Boron (B) (µg/L) 12.46 30.2 14.51 35.5 15 35.9 13.21 36.4 13 26.2

38 Mercury (Hg) (µg/L) 0.71 ND 0.72 ND 0.92 ND 0.75 ND 0.84 ND

39 Alpha BHC (pesticide) (µg/L) ND ND 0.33 0.28 0.35 0.49 0.44 0.54 0.51 0.59

40 Gamma BHC (pesticide) (µg/L)

ND ND 0.38 0.16 0.42 0.25 0.47 0.28 0.62 0.26

41 4,4'-DDT (pesticide) (µg/L) ND ND 0.35 0.11 0.3 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.48 0.44

42 Phenolic Compounds (n-octylphenol)

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

ND= Not Detected.


35


Sampling Sites : Nullah Samples Sample collected on : September 27-28, 2007 Table: 7.2 COMPARISION OF PHASE I AND PHASE II

No. Parameter

Sampling Sites

Kandia River Summer Nallah Darel River Uchhar Nallah Barseen Nallah Churi Nallah

NSW-1 NSW-2 NSW-3 NSW-4 NSW-5

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

1 Temperature (°C) 12.5 7.2 13.4 7.2 12.2 7 12.6 7.5 12.9 7.5 13.5 7.5

2 Taste No No No No No No No No No No No No

Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste Taste

3 Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour Odour

Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less Less

4 pH 6.85 8.2 6.59 8 7.68 8.1 6.6 7.9 6.7 7.8 6.9 8.2

5 DO (mg/L) 8 7.9 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.7 8.5 8.1 8.7 8.2 7.9 7.9

6 Conductivity (µS/cm) 28.73 46.2 18.18 43.6 37.7 40.8 28.83 44.8 37.37 46.3 17.24 44.4

7 Turbidity (NTU) 7.1 9.2 5.7 8.2 14.54 7.9 7.43 9.1 6.23 9.5 9.5 8.6

8 Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) 28 64 44 59 55 57 72 62 32 64 52 59

9 BOD (mg/L) 1.3 2.4 1.55 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.75 2.4 1.5 2.4 1.7 2.2

10 COD (mg/L) 3.5 4.4 3.7 4.2 4.18 4.2 4.15 4.4 3.56 4.5 3.8 4.3

11 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

16.75 28.1 10.92 26.1 20.23 26.8 17.36 29.8 21.73 30.0 35.8 29.2

12 Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)

3.33 46 3.33 48 107 45 5.7 57 1 52 80 51


36


No. Parameter

Sampling Sites



Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

13 Chloride (mg/L) 1.4 3.5 2.4 2.8 2.85 2.6 2 3.3 1.75 3 2.5 3.2

14 Chlorine Total (µg/L) ND ND 0.03 ND ND ND 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND

15 Sodium (mg/L) 0.9 2.60 1.56 2.58 1.82 2.50 1.3 2.64 1.1 2.58 1.6 2.60

16 Fluoride (µg/L) ND 28 30 30.8 ND 30 ND 30 330 48 ND 31.2

17 Iodine (mg/L) 0.05 0.78 0.03 0.78 0.13 0.82 0.1 0.82 0.05 0.85 0.04 0.79

18 Sulphate (mg/L) 10.27 46.1 4.90 45.3 42.60 44.7 10.30 45.3 5.33 46.2 11.2 45.2

19 Sulphide (µg/L) ND 82.6 ND 81.2 ND 70.2 0.01 85.5 ND 86.8 0.01 84.6

20 Nitrogen Ammonia (mg/L) 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.96 0.03 0.04 0.15 0.025 0.11 0.05 0.06

21 Nitrate (mg/L) 1.5 0.80 1.7 0.85 1 0.82 1.6 0.83 1.9 0.85 1.4 0.84

22 Cyanide (µg/L) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

23 Coliforms (E.Coli) org/100ml) 38 7 4 5 1 3 2 5 1 5 3 4

24 Coliforms (Fecal) (org/100ml)

18 19 14 12 4 8 52 10 35 20 21 12

25 Copper (Cu) (µg/L) 0.62 1.26 5.56 1.28 1.02 1.22 5.2 5.0 0.7 3.1 0.77 1.38

26 Cadmium (Cd) (µg/L) 1.01 2.05 2.95 1.8 0.93 1.72 2.85 2.10 0.43 2.7 0.82 1.90

27 Chromium (Cr) (µg/L) 4.07 2.05 1.52 2.2 3.62 1.98 2.04 2.22 4.61 2.3 4.01 2.1

28 Lead (Pb) (µg/L) 14.04 12.1 16.88 12.5 19.17 12.1 6.88 12.2 10.79 12.8 17.1 12.5

29 Silver (Ag) (µg/L) 0.01 ND 0.02 ND 0.03 ND 0.01 ND 0.02 ND 0.02 ND

30 Zinc (Zn) (µg/L) 0.77 0.82 0.93 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.79 0.82 0.72 0.84 0.8 0.79

31 Nickle (Ni) (µg/L) 17 10.7 13 8.8 23.7 8.7 5.6 9.2 18 10.9 14.2 9.1

32 Arsenic (As) (µg/L) 1.8 1.15 1.5 0.92 1.4 0.90 2 0.98 1.7 1.80 1.9 0.92


37


No. Parameter

Sampling Sites



Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

Phase I

Phase II

33 Selenium (Se) (µg/L) 0.04 0.07 ND 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.08

34 Manganese (Mn) (µg/L) 12 29.6 8 31.2 6.8 30.1 7.5 9.1 15 31.5 11.7 30.5

35 Iron (Fe) (µg/L) 98 145.6 70 130.6 44 125.3 62 124 145 168.5 120 155.8

36 Barium (Ba) (µg/L) 19.32 12.5 12.39 12.1 11.23 11.8 10.98 12.4 10.15 12.7 17.65 12.2

37 Boron (B) (µg/L) 9.1 11.3 7.66 10.1 8.98 9.2 9.37 11.8 8.7 13.2 8 11.4

38 Mercury (Hg) (µg/L) 0.07 ND 0.52 ND 0.45 ND 0.75 ND 0.7 ND 0.8 ND

39 Alpha BHC (pesticide) (µg/L) 0.25 0.19 0.11 ND 0.05 ND 0.1 0.18 0.4 0.28 0.25 0.2

40 Gamma BHC (pesticide) (µg/L)

0.26 0.11 0.2 ND 0.09 ND 0.3 0.19 0.45 0.18 0.3 0.08

41 4,4'-DDT (pesticide) (µg/L) 0.3 0.15 0.18 ND ND ND ND 0.22 0.33 0.35 0.28 0.25

42 Phenolic Compounds (n-octylphenol)

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

ND= Not Detected.

Air and Water Sampling (DASU hydropower project Phase I)

Air and Water Sampling (DASU hydropower project Phase II)